Zur aktuellen Situation des Hausrattenbefalls (Rattus rattus [L.]) in der Stadt Magdeburg

On the current situation of infestation of the City of Magdeburg with the house rat (Rattus rattus [L.]). In the City of Magdeburg, the current incidence (1998/99) of the house rat (Rattus rattus [L.]) was studied by way of cooperation with those concerned (millers, storekeepers, warehous keepers) as well as business and persons involved in pest control. The ‘blue attic rat’ was detected on ten premises or properties (grain mills, silos, big food companies). Many of the buildings have been infested with the house rat for years. Frequently, control action has failed to turn out successful and hence, not taken at all because of the high cost of eradication involved. Referring to the house rat re-appearing or detected after control action, it was difficult to decide whether it was a re-infestation or just remainders of the previous population of the buildings.     

Über die Wirksamkeit verschiedener Antikoagulantien gegen schädliche Nagetiere

The rodenticides Coumatetralyl, Chlorphacinone, Difenacoum and Bromadiolone were tested against the following species of rodents in Portugal: Brown rat (Rattus norvegicus), roof rat (R. rattus), house mouse (Mus musculus), freeliving house mouse (M. spretus) and Iberian Vole (Microtus [Pitymys] lusitanicus). The observed mortality rates were strongly correlated with the measured blood clotting times (quick values) after application of the anticoagulants. Wild specimens of the brown rat showed nearly the same susceptibility to Coumatetralyl as the laboratory inbreed strain “Wistar” of the same species. Until now no hints were found for resistance of the brown rat against derivates of Coumarin in Portugal. However, the roof rat was significantly less susceptible to Coumatetralyl than the brown rat. All specimens of the genusMus were nearly totally resistant against Coumatetralyl and Chlorphacinone and remarkable less susceptible to Bromadiolone and Difenacoum than the voles.     

明安绿苑翠庭屋顶花园设计

明安绿苑翠庭屋顶花园的设计巧妙利用了住宅建筑物的屋顶、平台、女儿墙和墙面等来开辟绿化场地.通过运用多种园林造景技法,精心布局,合理添置小品、花架、廊亭、铺地等造园要素,以营造出一个居民亲近自然、沐浴阳光、休闲娱乐、释放工作压力、排解生活烦恼、休身养性的优美场所,同时创造出一个艺术感染力强、舒适高雅、独具特色的屋顶花园空间环境.     

原竹隔热屋面隔热效果分析

针对夏热冬暖地区现有农村住宅屋面隔热性能差的现状,提出3种用于平屋面的原竹隔热屋面构造做法。屋面隔热测试结果表明,与无任何屋面隔热措施的钢筋混凝土平屋面相比,不同构造做法的原竹隔热屋面均显著改善了屋面隔热性能,对夏热冬暖地区现有农村住宅屋面隔热改造具有很高的实用价值,是一种就地取材、生态环保的屋面隔热做法。     

Effects of physical attributes and chemical composition of novel foods on food selection by Norway rats (Rattus norvegicus)

An organism’s food is a fundamental aspect of its survival niche. Free-ranging rodents are presented regularly with different types of novel food. To investigate the novel food selection process in Norway rats concerning chemical and physical characteristics, 288 laboratory bred Norway rats (Rattus norvegicus) were tested with a 2-h free choice for each animal. First, rats were tested against eight kinds of novel foods: corn, beans, broiler ration, soybeans, peanuts, rice, potatoes, and millet. Rats preferred corn over the other novel food types, and there was a significant positive correlation between the selective coefficient and carbohydrate content; rats chose novel food with highest energy content. Rats also appeared to be less neophobic to foods of high sugar content. Regarding physical characteristic, rats effectively differentiated between spectral colors of different wavelengths, and red-colored food was more attractive for rats than foods of four other colors. Small-sized food received the highest numbers of visits and longest feeding bouts compared to other sizes. These results suggest that the carbohydrates content, red color, and small size of novel food play a role in the novel food selection of Norway rats.     

Social distancing measures differentially affected rats in North America and Tokyo

Journal of Pest Science - Because rats are commensal organisms that depend on human activities for food, shifts in human behavior will have pronounced effects on local rat populations. In the...     

Zur Lebensweise der Hausratte (Rattus rattus L.). Langjährige Beobachtungen in einer Getreidemühle bei Magdeburg

A large flour mill near Magdeburg was built in 1912 and has since been infested with house rats (Rattus rattus L.). Observations made over the past decades by personnel interested were acquired, and recorded together with own findings, in the course of which well-known facts of the habits of house rats were confirmed and thought-provoking shades added. Reference is made in this paper to varied issues including degree of infestation, skin colours, food, reproduction, as well as behavioural patterns and the problem area of control and extermination.     

Modelling the predisposition of Norway spruce to <Emphasis Type="Italic">Ips typographus</Emphasis> L. infestation by means of environmental factors in southern Finland

New measures for effective monitoring and controlling of bark beetle infestations are needed as a response to intensified outbreaks caused by the climate change. Various environmental factors affect tree health and susceptibility, as well as stand predisposition to bark beetles. European spruce bark beetle Ips typographus L. abundance and outbreak frequency in Finland has significantly increased during the last decade. The ability to identify sites under a high risk of infestation would facilitate adaptation to this new situation and help target limited forest health management resources. Accordingly, our goal was to investigate the importance of various stand, soil and topographic characteristics in the assessing predisposition of Norway spruce dominated urban forest in southern Finland to I. typographus infestations. Information on the environmental factors was assessed in the field in 2014 and derived from a digital elevation model. Ips typographus infestation intensity was classified into three infestation index classes based on tree-wise symptoms of resin flow, discoloration and defoliation. Cumulative logit link models were utilized for investigating stand-level infestation probability. The best explanatory factors were aspect, slope, site type and soil texture. Models with the highest cumulative probabilities for severe infestation were linked with eastern aspect, moderate steep slope and rich site type fertility (0.72) and eastern aspect, shallow soil and rich site type fertility (0.71). Higher soil C/N ratios with east aspect and rich site type fertility was associated with an increased risk of severe infestation in a third model. The lowest risk was associated with southern and southwestern aspects, fine soil texture, moderate site fertility and gentle slopes.     

Masseninvasion der SchildlausRhizoecus halophilus (HARDY, 1860) in einem Wohnhaus auf Sylt

Summary It is reported on the invasion of the new food plants seeking nymphs of the scale insectRhizoecus halophilus (Hardy, 1860) in a house thatched roof. The adult females live on roots of various grasses and other plants mostly halophilous.     

Erfahrungen bei der bekämpfung der wanderratte,Rattus norvegicus (Berk.) 1999 in Magdeburg

Data of a pest control business was used to study infestation with the brown, or Norway rat (Rattus norvegicus Berkenhout, 1769]) in the City of Magdeburg for the year 1999. Swarms of rats were found to live all over the territory of the city. Blocks of residential buildings erected during G. D. R. times and, more specifically, their basements were noted to be focal sites of infestation with rats. The problem of rats living in the sewerage system of the city turned out to be unresolved. Detailed reference is made to rodenticides and active substances as well as to control strategies. The priority given to economical issues over the application of scientific findings is considered to be the decisive factor which accounts for the needs in the extermination of rats.     

屋顶花园——建筑“生态补偿”设计的有效途径

面对城市发展中出现的环境问题,人们开始考虑对自然进行生态补偿性设计,建筑的屋顶花园是一个有效的途径,具有缓解城市热岛效应、增加城市绿地面积、净化城市空气等多个方面生态功能,作者论述了屋顶花园在人居环境建设中的作用,并对我国屋顶花园的发展提出了建议。     

排污权交易:一种基于市场的环境控制制度

排污权交易是一种基于市场的环境污染间接控制制度。微观上,排污权的交易有利于企业以最小的成本费用解决排污问题和提高企业投资污染控制设施的积极性;宏观上,排污权的交易有利于降低整个社会控制环境总成本和实现资源优化配置。有赖于市场机制的排污权交易制度的实施需要一定的前提和条件。     

Appearance and migration of the horse-chestnut leafminer Cameraria ohridella in relation to city size and leaf-raking, using the example of two cities in Western Poland

Possible differences in the size and dynamics of the appearance of particular generations of Cameraria ohridella were studied at two city sites of different size and character. The differences in the degree of infestation of Aesculus hippocastanum by the horse chestnut leafminer in the two towns are interpreted as a result of the differences in the size of food resources. The greater degree of infestation of trees in Mosina relative to trees in Pozna is most probably a result of the difficulty of aerial dispersion and thereby much stronger competition for food. This conclusion confirms a positive correlation of the distance between localities with the degree of tree infestation in a small town and the lack of such a correlation in a big city. The presence of refuges in the city outskirts at which no raking and removal of leaves is performed does not seem to have a significant effect on the degree of horse chestnut infestation in the centre.     

Shading System on Sandalwood Seedlings in Timor, East Nusa Tenggara, Indonesia

Mortality rates of seedlings of sandalwood (Santalum album L.) of more than 40% have been observed in cool wet upland areas in various countries. Mortalities are caused by low sunlight intensity and high soil humidity after watering, when seedlings are growing in modern shade houses (paranet roof with 50% solar intensity) in relatively high rainfall upland areas. To cope with this problem, it is proposed to use conventional sheltering construction with roof material modification as one of the alternatives to implemented to intensity solar radiation and reduce soil humidity. This method was proposed to increase the growth rate and reduce fungal decay in seedlings. The study observed the effect of various roof materials used with conventional nursery construction on growth of sandalwood seedlings. A randomized block design was adopted, with treatments consisting of roof material types, including coconut leaf (Cocus nucifera), imperata grass (Imperata cylindrica), transparent plastic, plastic roof (laserlaip), and paranet. A modern shade house was used as a control variable. The experimental design included three blocks and each block consisted of 50 replications. Conventional sheltering devices were found to be superior to other devices for 8-month-old sandalwood seedling. The conventional seedling sheltering device from corrugated plastic roof (laserlaip) resulted the greatest growth in height and diameter and greatest survival percentage of sandalwood seedlings. The highest to lowest rank of growth in order were plastic roof, paranet, transparent plastic, coconut leaf, imperata grass, and shade house, with survival percentage in each sheltering device of 62.12%, 53.55%, 41.81%, 40.82%, 38.51%, and 12.82%, respectively. Waving plastic roof resulted in highest seedling growth than other treatment because it is protected from rain water (waterlogging) and will raise the temperature and the intensity of sunlight received.     

Effects of seed quality and seed location on the removal of acorns and beechnuts

We examine whether different guilds of foragers remove seeds differentially according to seed quality (seed size and insect infestation) and seed location (habitat and microhabitat) in a mixed oak-beech forest. Video recordings indicated that the wood mouse (Apodemus sylvaticus) was first to encounter seeds. Foragers preferred acorns to beechnuts, large to small size and sound to infested. Nevertheless, infested seeds were removed by rodents even when sound seeds were present. Seeds that were not preferred by scatter-hoarding rodents remained longer on the ground and were more vulnerable to predation and desiccation (4% moisture loss per day). However, seeds that were removed by scatter-hoarders were moved away from their mother trees (96%) and cached individually (32%), increasing their moisture content (3% per day). Buried seeds, simulating scatter-hoarding behavior, experienced only a 17% removal after 4 months. Seed removal differences among habitats were not due to habitat attributes but to the spatial distribution of rodent-preferred microhabitats. Thus, a significant lower seed removal was observed under the tree canopy with no shrubs. However, seed removal in forest gaps with deadwood cover was not significantly different from the preferred microhabitat (under shrub cover). In pure beech forests, seed removal by rodents only occurred under Ilex aquifolium (the only perennial cover) and under woody debris. This study concludes that seed quality and seed location determine the contribution of different removers (predators vs. dispersers), their seed selection and their removal speed, leading to different seed fates which will eventually affect tree regeneration.     

吉林市居住区绿化设计的现状分析

回顾吉林市居住区景观的发展历程及设计存在的问题,提出了相应的发展对策。提倡以人为本、以生态为本,做到住宅和环境的和谐、功能的完善,使住宅建筑、人文景观、户外空间、绿化系统等交融在一起,形成良性居住区绿地景观生态系统。     

Hausrattennachweise (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Rattus rattus</Emphasis> L.) in bewohnten Wohnhäusern in Magdeburg

Storehouses and mills in the Magdeburg region are known to be infested with black (ore house) rats. In residential buildings, however, house rats (Rattus rattus L.) have not been detected for at least 20 years. Therefore, it was of much interest for the expert to note that this rat species had been seen in two occupied residential buildings (a refurbished old building and a terraced house). It has been suspected for a longer time that black rats can be found in certain residential buildings in towns or even cities.     

Intraspezifische Differenzierung in der Epidemiologie und Ökologie vonPityogenes chalcographus L. (Col., Scolytidae) unter dem Aspekt der interpopularen Bastardierung

Four regionally different strains and six F₁ interpopular crosses ofPityogenes chalcographus were used for infestation and starvation experiments. In the infestation experiment beetles were placed for three days on vital Norway spruce and the amount of nuptial chambers were recorded. During the viability experiment the insects were kept under a daily varying temperature for 16h at 20°C and for 8h at 10°C. The rel. humidity was set at 93%, 77% and 57%. The infestation potential differs in the susceptibility of host trees and within the populations. Especially the F₁ crosses provide an enhanced attack and potential of injury which are to be considered a case of heterosis. Because of the irregular host-tree preference in some populations it is assumed that there is a highly specific interaction in feeding stimulation. The effect of heterosis is also present in starvation experiments, but it seems to be only restricted to an optimal survival range. It is emphasized that genetic factors play a remarkable role in the interactions between bark beetles and host trees as well as in population dynamics.     

木材防腐的现状及研究开发方向

对国内外木材防腐、阻燃的研究与产业状况进行了概述,并对我国木材防腐、防蓝变、阻燃技术的研究开发提出了建议,如在低毒对环境无害的防腐剂、防蓝变药剂、抗渗出/抗吸湿阻燃技术的研究开发与推广应用方面.并对国内木材防腐产业的前景进行了分析,如用于建材等领域.     

Recent spruce decline with biotic pathogen infestation as a result of interacting climate,deposition and soil variables

Decline or health deterioration of Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst.) dominated forest stands has recently been observed mainly in sub-mountainous parts of Central Europe. Forest inventory of 208 randomly distributed circular plots including field observations of spruce tree health and rot symptoms by honey fungus (Armillaria ostoyae) was used for assessing intensity of spruce forest health decline in a managed forest area of 12.7 th. ha located in Beskids Mts., NE Czech Republic. First, principal component analysis was used to separate inventory variables related to environmental stress (reduced apical increment, dry tree top and stem resin exudation due to A. ostoyae infestation) into PC1, and health deterioration symptoms associated with mechanical damage (peeling, crown breaks) into PC2. The first two principal components explained 59% of the total variability in health decline symptoms. Spatial variability of both principal components was explained using spatial lag regression model identified from a set of environmental variables including sulfur and nitrogen deposition, elevation, solar radiation, age of the forest stands and geological properties (geochemical reactivity index). Environmental stress (PC1) was associated with low elevations (sub-optimal for spruce), high level of nitrogen and sulfur deposition (their interaction), low geochemical reactivity and also stand age. On the other hand, mechanical damage (PC2) significantly increased with elevation and stand age. As the forest decline in Beskids Mts. is related to A. ostoyae spreading from local infestation hot spots, both principal components had a significant spatial autocorrelation, partly distorting the signal of environmental conditions. The results indicate that the disturbed forest soils by long-term acid deposition and subsequent nutrient degradation and more pronounced drought stress at low elevations are the most important drivers of the recent spruce health decline in Beskids Mts.