豆禾牧草茎秆的力学特性试验

为了应用力学性能指标对豆禾牧草茎杆进行评价,以多年生豆科牧草紫花苜蓿、绿宝石小冠花和禾本科牧草扁穗冰草、无芒雀麦4个品种刈割期茎秆为试验对象,在500 N微机控制电子万能试验机上进行拉伸和剪切试验,测得4个品种拉伸和剪切（砍切、斜切和滑切）的最大载荷、应力、应变和弹性模量等力学指标。用统计软件对牧草茎秆力学特性进行相关性分析。结果表明：豆禾牧草的抗拉强度与其直径之间呈幂函数负相关关系;刈割期茎秆外径差异不大,豆科略大于禾本科牧草,但禾本科牧草抗拉强度是豆禾牧草的3～4倍;茎秆抗剪切强度均随直径增大有减小的趋势;加载速度为100 mm/min时,砍切的切割阻力最大,斜切的切割阻力比砍切低30%～40%;当滑切角为30°时,滑切阻力比砍切阻力降低50%～60%。试验结果为设计牧草收获机、打捆机及深加工等机具提供了理论依据。     

陕北黄土丘陵区牧草枯落物对针叶纯林土壤极化的修复效应

针对陕北半湿润黄土丘陵区的侧柏、油松和落叶松等针叶纯林,在前期关于土壤极化研究的基础上,通过采集林地腐殖质层土壤与7种不同牧草枯落物进行混合分解培养,研究不同牧草枯落物对针叶纯林土壤的修复效应,以此作为选择适宜修复牧草种的依据。结果表明：（1）针对侧柏纯林土壤,苜蓿等7种牧草对于速效钾含量,苜蓿、胡枝子、沙打旺、小冠花和草木樨对于蛋白酶活性的负向极化具有显著缓减作用。（2）针对油松纯林土壤,7种牧草对于碱解氮含量,毛苕子、苜蓿和草木樨对于有效磷含量,苜蓿对于蔗糖酶活性的负向极化均有显著缓减作用。（3）针对落叶松纯林土壤,胡枝子和红豆草对于碱解氮含量,苜蓿、红豆草、小冠花和毛苕子对于有效磷含量,除苜蓿和毛苕子外的其他牧草对于有机质含量,苜蓿以外其他牧草对于磷酸酶活性的负向极化均具有显著缓减作用。（4）综合主成分分析表明,对侧柏纯林土壤综合修复效果较好的依次是沙打旺、小冠花、胡枝子和毛苕子;对于油松纯林土壤综合修复效果较好的依次是苜蓿、小冠花和草木樨;对于落叶松纯林土壤综合修复效果较好的依次是苜蓿、草木樨和红豆草。     

陕北黄土丘陵区牧草枯落物对针叶纯林土壤极化的修复效应

针对陕北半湿润黄土丘陵区的侧柏、油松和落叶松等针叶纯林,在前期关于土壤极化研究的基础上,通过采集林地腐殖质层土壤与7种不同牧草枯落物进行混合分解培养,研究不同牧草枯落物对针叶纯林土壤的修复效应,以此作为选择适宜修复牧草种的依据。结果表明:(1)针对侧柏纯林土壤,苜蓿等7种牧草对于速效钾含量,苜蓿、胡枝子、沙打旺、小冠花和草木樨对于蛋白酶活性的负向极化具有显著缓减作用。(2)针对油松纯林土壤,7种牧草对于碱解氮含量,毛苕子、苜蓿和草木樨对于有效磷含量,苜蓿对于蔗糖酶活性的负向极化均有显著缓减作用。(3)针对落叶松纯林土壤,胡枝子和红豆草对于碱解氮含量,苜蓿、红豆草、小冠花和毛苕子对于有效磷含量,除苜蓿和毛苕子外的其他牧草对于有机质含量,苜蓿以外其他牧草对于磷酸酶活性的负向极化均具有显著缓减作用。(4)综合主成分分析表明,对侧柏纯林土壤综合修复效果较好的依次为沙打旺、小冠花、胡枝子和毛苕子;对于油松纯林土壤综合修复效果较好的依次为苜蓿、小冠花和草木樨;对于落叶松纯林土壤综合修复效果较好的依次为苜蓿、草木樨和红豆草。     

茎秆作物抗倒伏生物力学评价研究及关联分析

研究茎秆作物的生物力学性质可为相关作物机械化生产及产品深加工等作业装备提供设计参数,还能对茎秆作物优种筛选进行评价指标。该文在高秆、中秆和矮秆3个品种,4个不同生长期的小麦茎秆弯折性能试验,2个玉米品种灌浆高峰期弯折性能试验,2个高粱品种灌浆高峰期弯折性能试验,2个大豆品种结荚鼓粒期弯折性能试验数据的基础上,进行了茎秆作物抗倒伏特性的生物力学评价指标研究及关联分析。采用灰色关联法分析了不同生长期惯性矩、弹性模量、抗弯刚度、抗弯强度等与弯折性能有关的各生物力学指标与抗倒性之间的关系,并以小麦茎秆为例对评价指标进行了权重数确定和检验。结果表明：茎秆作物不同品种茎秆生物力学性能指标中的弹性模量、抗弯折强度和惯性矩对倒伏的影响程度基本相当,抗弯刚度对倒伏影响较小。该结论为茎秆作物生物力学评价提供了新的途径和方法。     

不同类型豆科植物对黄土母质生土的改土效果

以黄土母质生土为供试土壤,以不同类型豆科植物为生物材料,对生物改土效应进行研究.结果表明:①草木樨、苜蓿根际土壤容重在1.00～1.35 g/cm3之间,是最适宜的土壤容重范围;黑豆、大豆对0.25～3 mm之间团粒具有较强的作用;种植草木樨、苜蓿、黑豆、大豆后,土壤>0.5 mm水稳性团聚体的含量均在90%以上.草木樨、苜蓿、黑豆和大豆对土壤物理性质具有良好的改良作用.②草木樨、苜蓿、小冠花在短时期内对土壤氮素具有较强的补给作用;豆科牧草在生土地上生长两季后,对土壤0-60 cm土层氮素具有明显的衰聚效应;土壤表层有机质含量以小冠花最高;0-20 cm土壤表层速效P的含量均极显著高于其他层次的;红三叶和小冠花土壤速效K含量高于草木樨和苜蓿的.种植红三叶和小冠花对土壤表层肥田效果比草木樨和苜蓿占优势.③一年生高产植物大豆随生长进程的前、中、后期土壤N素表现了高-低-高的积累-消耗-再积累的过程,土壤N素循环较大.研究为生物改土、有机沃土提供了理论参考.     

不同生长期小麦茎秆力学性质与形态特性的相关性（简报）

为了研究小麦茎秆生物力学性质指标与小麦优种特性的相关性,以正在优种选育过程中的4个北方小麦品种为研究对象,试验测定了开花期、乳熟期及蜡熟期茎秆基部第二节间的惯性矩、拉伸强度、弯曲强度、剪切强度、弹性模量、抗弯刚度等生物力学指标及小麦形态、生理特性指标值;应用SAS软件进行相关性分析,筛选出了开花期主要生物力学评价指标为弯曲强度,乳熟期为抗弯刚度.并且确定了与相应生物力学相关度较大的形态、生理特性指标,开花期为:外径、茎秆干质量、株高、节间距、含水率、壁厚、穗质量;乳熟期为穗质量、外径、株高、叶鞘高、茎秆干质量.并且随着生长期的不同,相关度也不同,尤其是与含水率的相关度逐渐减小.该研究为建立生物力学指标评价体系提供了选择依据.     

中国北方主要牧草品种的辐射敏感性与辐射育种适剂量的探讨

选用我国西北的主要牧草苜蓿、少打旺、草木樨、三叶草、小冠花及偃麦草等９６个品种，用＾６０Ｃｏγ射线照射种子，测定出苗率。辐照剂量与出苗率的相关关系分析表明，出苗率与剂量之间呈显著、极显著的负相关，出苗率随辐照剂量的增加而降低。计算出各品种的半致死剂量，并按射敏感性将牧草品种划分为敏感型、中间型和迟钝型三类。其中敏感型品种１４个（含禾本科牧草品种１０个），占总数的１４．５９％；迟钝型品种１１个（含上     

~(15)N天然丰度法测量豆科牧草共生固氮的评估

无氮营养液砂培7个品种苜蓿茎叶的固氮分馏因数β值为1.0000～1.0015(δ~(15)N为-0.05～-1.47‰),白三叶、绿豆和银合欢的β值分别为0.9979、0.9983和1.0018(δ~(15)N分别为2.15、1.74及-1.81‰)。根据~(45)N天然丰度的变化,估测了田间生长苜蓿的固氮能力,表明6个品种的共生固氮能力不同。格洛里及润布勒苜蓿两品种最高,保定、阿尔贡奎因及明托苜蓿3个品种次之,秘鲁苜蓿最低。苜蓿不同时期的固氮活性有变化,6、7月间固氮活性达高峰。根据所测豆科牧草茎叶的δ~(15)N值,可以对豆科牧草进行定性或半定量水平上的固氮研究,以筛选高效固氮牧草和检测野生固氮资源。本文还对不固氮参照植物和不同方法对％Ndfa估计位的影响进行了讨论。     

甘薯收获期藤蔓茎秆的机械特性

为探明甘薯收获期藤蔓茎秆机械特性,以便提高甘薯藤蔓机械粉碎还田作业质量,该文农机农艺结合,以江苏南京地区鲜食紫甘薯宁紫1号、宁紫2号为试验对象,应用电子万能试验机、甘薯藤蔓粉碎还田试验机等仪器设备,研究了收获期甘薯藤蔓茎秆含水率和剪切强度的变化,揭示了茎秆含水率、剪切强度和机械碎蔓作业质量的内在关系,获得了含水率在86.92%~70.08%时,2个紫甘薯品种藤蔓茎秆剪切力与含水率之间变化的二次函数回归方程;明确了经验收获期开始时藤蔓茎秆含水率分别为81.5%和78.1%、剪切力分别为90.1和94.8 N;从提高机械作业质量角度出发,提出了收获期内最宜机械碎蔓作业时间约为6~8 d。研究结果为新型甘薯藤蔓粉碎还田机转速、切刀线速度等参数设计提供了直接依据,并为适宜的甘薯收获期选择和适宜机械作业的栽培农艺研究提供了参考。     

谷子茎秆叶鞘叶片及其结合部位的拉伸力学性能

针对谷子机械收获作业过程中存在的秆叶易缠绕问题,该文以晋谷21、张杂10为对象,分别对谷子不同节间的茎秆、叶鞘、叶片和叶环各部位进行拉伸力学测试,并利用SAS统计软件对测试数据做分析,在此基础上分析了相关力学参数沿茎秆节间的变化规律。两个谷子品种的茎秆在上下节间处的弹性模量、抗拉力和抗拉强度均差异显著（P<0.05）。由茎秆表皮拉伸测试测得晋谷21的茎秆弹性模量为4.2～6.6 GPa,抗拉强度为67.65～130.13 MPa,抗拉力为344～1 600 N;张杂10的茎秆弹性模量为4.5～8.0 GPa,抗拉强度为73.22～136.50 MPa,抗拉力为167～567 N。两个谷子品种在不同节间位置、不同部位（叶鞘、叶片及叶环）的抗拉力和抗拉强度差异均极显著（P<0.01）。晋谷21的中上部节间叶鞘、叶片及叶环平均抗拉强度分别为13.30、10.13和4.18 MPa,平均抗拉力分别为122.16、41.23和25.80 N。张杂10的中上部节间叶鞘、叶片及叶环平均抗拉强度分别为13.30、11.77和4.24 MPa,平均抗拉力分别为104.30、59.48和22.87 N。测试结果表明,谷子茎秆、叶鞘、叶片和叶环部位中抗拉强度最弱位置在鞘叶相连接的叶环位置处。谷子机械收获时可选择在茎秆中部以上、穗部第2节间以下各节间的叶环位置处进行秆叶分离,施力大小25～30 N。研究结果可为谷子收获装置的设计与优化提供参数依据。     

低氮和干旱胁迫对富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的影响

【目的】以富士（Fuji）、 秦冠（Qinguan）嫁接在平邑甜茶（Malus hupehensis Rehd.）上的当年生盆栽苗为试验材料,采用砂培方法,研究了缺氮胁迫和干旱对富士和秦冠生长情况、 光合参数、 植株各部位氮磷钾含量及氮素利用效率的影响,分析比较了低氮干旱条件下富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的差异,以期为果树生产高效肥水利用提供理论指导。【方法】试验共设四个处理: 正常氮正常水（ZZ）、 低氮正常水（DZ）、 正常氮干旱（ZG）、 低氮干旱（DG）。氮素和水分均设置两个水平,分别为正常氮（6 mmol/L NO-3-N）、 低氮（0.3 mmol/LNO-3-N）、 正常供水（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的80%~85%）、 干旱处理（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的60%~65%）。【结果】富士和秦冠的生物量（茎和叶）、 株高茎粗等生长指标以及光合速率、 气孔导度、 蒸腾速率均为正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）,并且相对应处理下秦冠的以上指标均高于富士;正常供水下,缺氮处理使富士、 秦冠的根冠比比正常氮处理均有所增加,富士提高了2.05%,秦冠提高了22.40%。富士和秦冠的氮、 磷、 钾含量均表现出正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）; 氮、 钾元素含量在植株各部位的分布顺序依次是叶＞根＞茎,磷元素则是根＞叶＞茎;光合氮素利用效率（PNUE）和氮素利用效率表现为秦冠处理之间差异极显著,富士处理之间差异不显著;秦冠的PNUE和NUE明显高于富士,在低氮正常水（DZ）处理下,秦冠氮肥利用率比富士高42.07%,在低氮干旱（DG）处理下高64.14%;低氮胁迫下富士和秦冠的NUE显著提高,并且秦冠提高的幅度高于富士。【结论】施用氮肥能够显著提高富士与秦冠的干物质量,同等水肥条件下,秦冠生长优于富士;水分亏缺会减少叶片对氮的吸收,干旱条件下适度增施氮肥,可提高果树的抗旱能力;低氮干旱胁迫下秦冠的生长指标、 光合指标及氮素利用效率指标均优于富士,表现出较强的抗低氮干旱胁迫的能力。     

Pasture Vegetation Elemental Analysis by Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy

Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is a new technique for the analysis of plant material. This study investigates the application of LIBS to pasture-based plant samples. The LIBS measurements were obtained from pelletized pasture samples (100 samples) that had been also analyzed by inductively coupled plasma–optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) following microwave digestion for calibration and comparison purposes. Comparisons for elements sodium (Na), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), boron (B), phosphorus (P), and sulfur (S) showed that LIBS could be used for almost all the standard profile total elements with concentrations down to low mg/kg levels (observed error of Na: 0.024 percent, K: 0.18 percent, Mg: 0.016 percent, Ca: 0.073 percent, P: 0.017 percent, Mn: 31 mg/kg, Fe: 150 mg/kg, Zn: 6.6 mg/kg, and B: 1.1 mg/kg). Elemental analysis at less than mg/kg levels was not possible using LIBS. The elements S and Cu were particularly difficult to analyze with reliability using LIBS at the concentration levels found in the plant samples. Replacing microwave digestion and subsequent ICP analysis with a direct analysis of dried plant samples using LIBS has the potential to improve the productivity and reduce the cost of testing.     

Faculty positions:Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Biodiversity and ecogeography of wild Lactuca spp. in some European countries

Staff members of the Department of Botany of Palacký University in Olomouc and Gene Bank Department – Workplace Olomouc, Research Institute of Crop Production in Prague, Czech Republic, conducted an expedition in seven European countries (Austria, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Switzerland) in August/September 1999 to collect wild Lactuca spp. germplasm and study its geographic distribution, ecology and biodiversity. During the mission, more than 600 locations were visited resulting in the collection of 602 seed samples (accessions) of wild Lactuca species and 13 seed samples of related genera (Chondrilla and Mycelis). Lactuca serriola f. serriola, L. serriola f. integrifolia, L. saligna and L. viminea subsp. chondrilliflora were prevalent in southern Europe (Italy, France), however, only L. serriola was common in central and western Europe (Austria, Czech Republic, Germany, Netherlands, Switzerland). The greatest diversity of Lactuca species was found in France, where also the most seed samples (165) were collected. The most characteristic habitats with a high density of Lactuca spp. populations were observed along roads and highways, grassy ditches, ruderal communities, and dust-heaps. Natural infections by powdery mildew (Erysiphe cichoracearum) and downy mildew (Bremia lactucae) on some wild Lactuca spp. were observed. Recent observations concerning the geographic distribution, population structure, habitats, and natural occurrence of diseases of Lactuca spp. are discussed. This assemblage of genetic resources of Lactuca spp. can serve as the basis of future studies of species diversification, spatial population structure, plant microevolution, domestication processes, and genetic variability of host-parasite interactions.     

Macroinvertebrates in North American tallgrass prairie soils: effects of fire, mowing, and fertilization on density and biomass

The responses of tallgrass prairie plant communities and ecosystem processes to fire and grazing are well characterized. However, responses of invertebrate consumer groups, and particularly soil-dwelling organisms, to these disturbances are not well known. At Konza Prairie Biological Station, we sampled soil macroinvertebrates in 1994 and 1999 as part of a long-term experiment designed to examine the effects and interactions of annual fire, mowing, and fertilization (N and P) on prairie soil communities and processes. For nearly all taxa, in both years, responses were characterized by significant treatment interactions, but some general patterns were evident. Introduced European earthworms (Aporrectodea spp. and Octolasion spp.) were most abundant in plots where fire was excluded, and the proportion of the total earthworm community consisting of introduced earthworms was greater in unburned, unmowed, and fertilized plots. Nymphs of two Cicada genera were collected (Cicadetta spp. and Tibicen spp.). Cicadetta nymphs were more abundant in burned plots, but mowing reduced their abundance. Tibicen nymphs were collected almost exclusively from unburned plots. Treatment effects on herbivorous beetle larvae (Scarabaeidae, Elateridae, and Curculionidae) were variable, but nutrient additions (N or P) usually resulted in greater densities, whereas mowing usually resulted in lower densities. Our results suggest that departures from historical disturbance regimes (i.e. frequent fire and grazing) may render soils more susceptible to increased numbers of European earthworms, and that interactions between fire, aboveground biomass removal, and vegetation responses affect the structure and composition of invertebrate communities in tallgrass prairie soils.     

Properties of anaerobically digested and composted municipal solid waste assessed by linking soil mesofauna dynamics and nitrogen modelling

We have studied the effect of anaerobically digested (ADMSW) and composted municipal solid waste (CMSW) on mineralization and foodweb dynamics to verify the hypothesis that ADMSW would immobilize N right after addition to soil in contrast to addition with CMSW. Another hypothesis was that the mesofauna (enchytraeids and microarthropods) would stimulate N release from the decomposer community. We measured excretion of -N and urea-N from the mesofauna and hypothesized that enchytraeids would release urea. ADMSW and CMSW were amended to pots with sandy loam and barley. The pots were divided into treatments with or without mesofauna. Mesofauna, plant N and biomass, soil N and ergosterol (fungal biomass) were measured over a 113-day period of four equidistant samplings. Soil respiration, N mineralization and N release by the mesofauna were modelled from concurrent studies. ADMSW- and CMSW-treated soils initially (<20 days) immobilized N. The amendments did not increase plant growth substantially, and this was probably due to N-limitation in the early stages of plant growth. Enchytraeid abundance was about three times higher in ADMSW- than CMSW-treated soils, indicating that ADMSW contained more labile compounds, bacteria, and microfauna. The mesofauna did not affect N-content, but the cumulated -N excreted by the mesofauna was estimated to be substantial and about one-fifth of total plant N in ADMSW. An explanation for this discrepancy might be that in the absence of the mesofauna, other members of the detrivore and microbivore community performed the mesofauna’s function. Neither enchytraeids nor microarthropods excreted urea.     

Faculty positions: Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Faculty positions: Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Variation in quality parameters between and within 14 Nordic tree fruit and berry species

Abstract

A 3-year study was carried out to investigate quality parameters in 14 tree fruit and berry species grown in southern Norway. The species were blueberry, apple, aronia, sour cherry, sweet cherry, red raspberry, strawberry, blackcurrant, gooseberry, red currant and elderberry, harvested along with wild bilberry, cloudberry and lingonberry. Significant differences between species were identified for all quality parameters. The coefficient of variation between species was lowest for pH (12.5%), dry matter (18.9%) and soluble solids (25.3%), followed by titratable acids (59.3%), total phenolics (83.8%), antioxidant capacity FRAP (85.7%) and antiradical power by the DPPH-assay (97.8%), total monomeric anthocyanins (132%) and ascorbic acid (137%). Average coefficient of variation within species were lower and ranged from 4 (pH) to 62% (ascorbic acid). Only the FRAP values were significantly affected by harvesting year with lower levels in 2004 than in 2005 and 2006. There were significant interactions between species and harvesting year for dry matter, soluble solids, pH, ascorbic acid and FRAP. The results indicate generic ranges in composition within species independent upon growing location and climate, and the composition of the tree fruits and berries is not likely to deviate from these ranges. It is concluded that desirable composition of tree fruits and berries and their products should primarily be achieved by selection among species rather than searching fors broadened variation within individual species.     

Potassium Fixation and Release Characteristics in Rhizosphere and Nonrhizosphere Soils for a Rapeseed–Rice Cropping Sequence

Potassium (K) fixation and release in soil are important factors in the long-term sustainability of a cropping system. Changes in K concentration and characteristics of K fixation and release in rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils in the rapeseed (Brassica napus L.)–rice (Oryza sativa L.) rotation were investigated using a rhizobox system. The concentrations of different forms of K in both rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils decreased with plants compared to without plants, regardless of K fertilizer application. Potassium uptake by crops mainly came from the rhizosphere soil. In the treatment without K fertilizer (–K), the main form of K supplied by the soil to the crops was 1.0 mol L^?1 nitric acid (HNO₃) nonextractable K, followed by nonexchangeable K, and then exchangeable K. In the treatment with K fertilizer (+K), the main K forms supplied by the soil to the crops were exchangeable K and nonexchangeable K. The amount and rate of K fixation after one cycle of the rapeseed–rice rotation was greater in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The amount and rate of K fixation of soil in the +K treatment were significantly less than in the –K treatment. The cumulative amounts of K released with 1.0 mol L^?1 ammonium acetate (NH₄OAc) and 1.0 mol L^?1 HNO₃ extraction increased with the increasing numbers of extractions, but the K-releasing power of soil by successive extraction decreased gradually and finally became almost constant. The release of K was less in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The release of K in the +K treatment was similar to that in the –K treatment in rhizosphere soil, but the K release in nonrhizosphere soil was greater with the +K than the –K treatment. Overall, the information obtained in this study will be helpful in formulating more precise K fertilizer recommendations for certain soils.