宁夏低矿化度回归水灌溉对土壤盐碱化的影响

通过利用低矿化度回归水的土柱模拟实验研究表明，在排水较好条件下，含盐１．３－１．６ｇ／Ｌ的低矿化在归水灌溉可使中轻度盐渍化土壤脱盐。但随灌年限延长含盐量逐年增高，含盐量、ＳＳＰ、ＳＡＲ、Ｃｌ＾－的量与回归水中该值呈显著正相关。说明即使淡水也是土壤盐碱化的来源，采用混灌轮灌和良好的土地发言     

溶质类型与矿化度对土壤持水特性的影响

土壤水分特征曲线是研究土壤水分运动与调控等方面的重要科学依据。以往土壤水分特性曲线的研究关注土壤孔隙特性的影响,而对土壤液体的影响关注较少。为此,本研究以甘肃省秦安县果园黑麻土为研究对象,采用室内模拟的方法,研究了不同矿化度(0、1、3、5、10 g L-1)的NaCl和Na2SO4溶液对土壤脱水曲线及拟合参数的影响。结果表明:水质的矿化度对土壤饱和含水量有一定的影响,低矿化度(3 g L-1)仅对低吸力段(pF2.5)水分特征曲线有影响,高矿化度(≥3 g L-1)对整个吸力段(pF在0~4.2)水分特征曲线有影响,其中矿化度为5 g L-1的NaCl和Na2SO4处理土壤容积含水量最小,且较对照差异最大。相同矿化度的NaCl和Na2SO4溶液对土壤水分特征曲线参数变化率的影响程度不同,对α的影响最为显著,其次为θs,再次为n。NaCl对参数α和n变化率的影响均随矿化度的增大呈先增加后降低趋势,而Na2SO4对参数α和n变化率的影响随矿化度的增大呈先降低后增大的趋势,且NaCl对土壤持水特性的影响大于Na2SO4。     

高矿化度土壤水分特征曲线及拟合模型适宜性

为分析高矿化度对土壤水分特征曲线的影响,以淡水及矿化度分别为30、100和250g/L的水样对土体进行饱水处理(简称TDS-F、TDS-30、TDS-100和TDS-250处理),测定脱湿过程的土壤水分特征曲线。结果显示,试验吸力变化过程中,各处理比水容量相近,局部存在差异:TDS-100及TDS-250处理土体对水分的吸持能力明显小于TDS-30及TDS-F处理。分析表明:TDS-30处理使土体中等孔隙体积变小、TDS-100处理使土体较小孔隙体积变小、TDS-250处理使土体较大孔隙体积变小,进而影响土壤水分特征曲线形态。利用RETC软件结合统计分析确定,TDS-F、TDS-30、TDS-100及TDS-250处理土壤水分特征曲线的最优拟合模型分别为:vanGenuchten-Mualem、Dual-porosity-Mualem、Lognormaldistribution-Mualem及Dual-porosity-Mualem模型;各处理最优模型的非饱和导水率模式均为Mualem模型;从机理上解释各拟合模型优劣还较为困难。研究结果为干旱区高矿化度土壤水、盐运移计算提供一定参考。     

油田高矿化度废水对土壤微生物影响的研究

对油田高矿化度废水不同污染程度土壤中微生物调查研究结果表明,当旱地土壤中石油浓度＞0.5%、废水浓度＞0.1%时,对异养菌、放线菌和固N菌产生显著的抑制作用,而真菌、酵母菌数量随石油浓度的增高而增加,当水田中石油浓度＞3％时即对好气民养菌有显著抑制作用,废水浓度＞0.1%时即对厌氧异养菌和施线力产生显著抑制作用。     

不同溶质及矿化度对土壤溶液盐离子的影响

中国西北旱区水源短缺已成为农业生产的重要限制因素,如何科学有效地利用微咸水资源对于提高灌区水资源利用效率和保障粮食安全生产具有十分重要的意义。该研究以甘肃省秦安县果园粉砂质黏壤土为研究对象,基于土壤水分特征曲线的测定方法,采用蒸馏水(CK)和不同矿化度(1, 3, 5, 10 g/L)的NaCl、Na2SO4两种类型的盐溶液对土壤饱和浸泡8～12 h后离心,收集不同转速下的释水溶液,研究不同吸力(pF分别为1.0,1.49,2.01,2.71,3.49,4.09)条件下土壤释水溶液盐分离子的组成。结果表明:不同矿化度的NaCl和Na2SO4对释水溶液电导率、HCO3-、Cl-、SO42-、Ca2+、Mg2+、Na+的影响差异均达极显著(p0.01)或显著水平(p0.05)。相同矿化度的NaCl和Na2SO4在土壤释水过程中对不同盐分离子的影响不同。同为1g/L的NaCl和Na2SO4,NaCl中的Cl-置换土壤中HCO3-的能力要强于Na2SO4中的SO42-。在土壤水吸力(pF)小于2.01时,高矿化度(3 g/L)的NaCl对于土壤溶液中Ca2+的解离具有促进作用,且促进能力随着矿化度的增大而增大;在土壤水吸力(pF)大于2.01时,加入溶液中的Cl-和SO42-均具有抑制土壤中HCO3-的解离,加入溶液中的Cl-具有抑制土壤中SO42-的解离,加入溶液中的SO42-具有抑制土壤溶液中Cl-的解离,低矿化度(1 g/L)的NaCl对于土壤溶液中Ca2+的解离具有抑制作用。不同矿化度的NaCl和Na2SO4,对土壤溶液中Mg2+的解离具有促进作用。因此,从微咸水利用于盐渍化土壤改良的角度来看,对于苏打型盐土,可尝试用含Cl-和SO42-的盐水灌溉;对于硫酸盐型盐土,可尝试用含Cl-的盐水灌溉;对于氯化物型盐土,可尝试用含SO42-的盐水灌溉。     

土壤构造对毛细管水上升影响的研究

研究土壤构造对毛细管水上升的影响及变化规律。通过观测并分析不同构造的土壤其毛细管水上升速度和高度,成层性构造土壤,当下部土壤层厚度小于该层毛细管水上升最大高度,毛细管水上升的最终高度取决于上部土壤层的性质;上部土壤层颗粒愈细,含水量愈大,毛细管水上升速度越慢,若上部绝对隔水,毛细管水不上升。     

浙江省丘陵砂化土壤的特性和复退性的研究

对位于亚热带的浙江省侵蚀砂化土壤（粗骨上）的特性和复退性的研究结果，该地区侵蚀砂化土壤的特性有别于其他土壤，其养分并不十分帛乏，但其持水量低，土层薄，供水能力差，易旱，水分条件是影响这些土壤植被和肥力复退的关键，只在土壤水分得以适当的保障，这些砂化土壤的肥力和植被的恢复是可能的。     

不同地下水矿化度条件下柽柳土柱的水盐分布特征

通过探讨土壤水盐分布特征对地下水矿化度的响应规律,为泥质海岸带盐碱土的合理利用和水土保持防护林的栽植管理提供科学依据.以栽植3年生柽柳苗木的土壤柱体为研究对象,在1.8m的地下水水位下,分别模拟设置淡水(0 g/L)、微咸水(3 g/L)、咸水(8 g/L)和盐水(20 g/L)4种地下水矿化度,并以不栽植柽柳的土壤柱体为对照,测定分析不同地下水矿化度处理的土壤水分、盐分以及溶液绝对浓度等水盐参数.结果表明:地下水矿化度可显著影响不同剖面的土壤水盐参数.随地下水矿化度的升高,整个土柱的含水量和含盐量均呈现升高趋势,而土壤溶液绝对浓度呈下降趋势.其中:柽柳土柱相对含水量均值在4种矿化度下,分别比对照下降24.4％、20.6％、11.3％和4.7％;微咸水、咸水和盐水矿化度下,柽柳土柱的含盐量均值,分别比对照下降6.7％、5.6％和8.7％.不同地下水矿化度条件下,随土壤深度的增加,土壤水分呈升高趋势,土壤溶液绝对浓度呈下降趋势,土壤盐分则表现为先下降再升高,并在80 cm土壤深度下,盐分达最低值.地下水矿化度的升高,有利于盐分随水分向土壤表层迁移.栽植柽柳可显著降低土柱的含水量、含盐量和土壤溶液绝对浓度,但随地下水矿化度的升高,栽植柽柳对土壤水分的降低作用在减弱,而抑制盐分作用在增强.     

砂壤黄土比水容量对土壤容重变异敏感性分析

基于砂壤黄土的室内土壤水分特征曲线系列试验,讨论了砂壤黄土比水容量对Gardner经验模型的适用性,重点分析Gardner经验模型参数对土壤容重变化的敏感性。试验结果表明:Gardner比水容量经验模型对砂壤黄土具有很好的适用性,拟合的决定系数R2均达到0.97以上,具有较好的拟合效果;在低吸力段,比水容量随着土壤干容重的增大而增大,增幅明显;在中、高吸力段,比水容量随着土壤干容重的增大而趋于平缓,因此砂壤黄土容重变异对比水容量的影响主要集中于低吸力段;表征比水容量的Gardner经验模型的两个参数A和B中,参数A的敏感度mA远大于参数B的敏感度mB,土壤容重变异是参数A的敏感因素,参数B的非敏感因素,比水容量曲线参数A、B均与容重变异同方向变化。     

灌水矿化度及土壤含盐量对南疆棉花出苗率的影响

为获知新疆棉花苗期耐盐度阀值及其影响因素,该文进行了不同灌水矿化度单因素及不同灌水矿化度和土壤含盐量2种组合因素对棉花出苗的耐盐性试验研究,结果表明,灌水矿化度及土壤含盐量均与棉花相对出苗率呈线性负相关;而灌水矿化度则随土壤盐碱程度的不同而改变,当土壤盐质量分数在0.33%以下,灌水矿化度不超过5 g/L,土壤盐质量分数在0.33%～0.5%之间灌水矿化度不超过3 g/L,土壤盐质量分数大于0.5%时,则应采用淡水灌溉;从对比这2种因素对出苗率的影响来看,在中度及以下盐渍土壤中,灌水矿化度的影响较土壤含盐量的大;同时结合大田出苗率调查,则表明在轻度盐碱土中灌水矿化度的临界值为4.28 g/L,而对土壤而言棉花苗期的耐盐阀值则为0.58%。该研究为进一步研究棉花耐盐性提供参考,对指导新疆棉花生产具有重要意义。     

Effects of biochar application on phreatic water evaporation and water-salt distribution in coastal saline soil

A 35-day simulated evaporation experiment was conducted to evaluate the effects of biochar application on phreatic water evaporation and water-salt distribution in coastal saline soil. Three biochar rates (0, 1%, and 5%; w/w) were applied to 65-cm-long soil columns. Results showed that applying the low biochar application rate effectively inhibited soil water evaporation. The 1% biochar treatment resulted in 4.4% lower cumulative soil water evaporation compared with the control, while it caused salt accumulation in the surface soil. By contrast, the high biochar application rate had little effect on cumulative soil water evaporation. Nonetheless, the 5% biochar treatment significantly increased the soil water-holding capacity while decreasing sodium adsorption ratio and salinity in the surface soil. In conclusion, applying a higher biochar rate (e.g., 5%) could improve salt water-distribution in the coastal saline soil under the experimental conditions.     

Effects of bentonite on water infiltration in a loamy sand soil

Water loss as deep percolation is considerable in furrow irrigation in light soils due to the high infiltration rate. Application of soil conditioners such as bentonite reduces the infiltration rate and improves irrigation application efficiency (E_a) in these soils. The effects of bentonite application rates (BAR) of 0, 2, 4 and 6 g L^?1 on infiltration of a loamy sand soil were determined in a soil column in the laboratory. The exponent of the Kostiakov infiltration equation was not influenced by BAR. Maximum reduction in infiltration equation coefficient and final infiltration rate (i _f) occurred with 2 g bentonite L^?1 and this reduction was lower on increasing BAR from 2 to 4 and 4 to 6 g L^?1 compared with control. The effect of 2 g L^?1 BAR on infiltration and its effect on the design of furrow irrigation in a field with a loamy sand soil indicated that in the first irrigation after field ploughing and seed planting, longer furrow length, lower deep percolation and higher E_a are obtained.     

The effect of temperature‐induced soil water repellency on transient capillary pressure–water content relations during capillary rise

Long‐term capillary rise experiments (0 to about 89 000 hour) were performed at 19°C on homogenized and heat‐treated podsolic forest top‐ and subsoil samples. These were packed into columns, the bases of which were then partially immersed, at constant depth, in water reservoirs to simulate a constant water table. Selected columns were equipped with tensiometer and TDR probes. Other columns were removed at prescribed times and divided into 2‐cm horizontal segments whose volumetric water contents were determined. The degree of saturation was then estimated by comparison with the capillary rise in duplicate arrangements of samples immersed in ethanol. It was found that the heat treatments conferred increased water repellency (WR) on the soil, which increased with temperature (significantly so at greater than 60°C). This had a profound effect on the capillary rise characteristics and development of water content in the soil behind the wetting front, indicating an effective, albeit slow, reduction in effective WR. This has implications for hydraulic modelling of soils with significant WR and demonstrates that sub‐surface WR exerts a significant influence on capillary rise from a water table and suggests that commonly used indicators of surface WR using droplet tests may not be useful for such modelling purposes.     

Steady state capillary rise in some soil profiles

Results of calculations of steady state capillary rise are presented for one-layered and multi-layered soil profiles ranging from coarse sand to heavy clay. The effect of the considered hydraulic conductivity function on the calculated height of capillary rise is shown by using four different methods of describing the relation for the same uniform sand profile. The methods include: power and exponential functions; a table of data derived from only the saturated conductivity and the soil moisture retention curve; a modified Brooks and Corey method calculating the coefficients from soil texture and organic matter content, including hysteresis; approximation of the data in the table by three power functions. A practical application of the steady state calculations is computing the groundwater table depth that yields the optimum production for a soil profile covered by grass.     

潜水埋深为零时塔里木盆地不同土质潜水蒸发与水面蒸发关系分析

根据渭干河灌区潜水蒸发试验站和阿克苏水平衡试验站的实际监测资料,分析了E601型蒸发器与E20蒸发皿观测的水面蒸发的关系、不同土质潜水埋深为零时潜水蒸发与水面蒸发的关系,提出了潜水蒸发能力系数的概念,并分析了其与土壤机械组成的关系.结果表明塔里木盆地非冻结期E601型蒸发器与E20蒸发皿观测的水面蒸发的折算系数变化在0.65～0.78之间;除细砂土外,E601蒸发器观测的水面蒸发强度不能代替潜水埋深为零时的潜水蒸发强度;不同质地土壤的粉粘粒(d<0.02 mm)含量百分数与潜水蒸发能力系数呈指数相关关系.     

潜水埋深为零时塔里木盆地不同土质潜水蒸发与水面蒸发关系分析

根据渭干河灌区潜水蒸发试验站和阿克苏水平衡试验站的实际监测资料，分析了E₆₀₁型蒸发器与E₂₀蒸发皿观测的水面蒸发的关系、不同土质潜水埋深为零时潜水蒸发与水面蒸发的关系，提出了潜水蒸发能力系数的概念，并分析了其与土壤机械组成的关系。结果表明：塔里木盆地非冻结期E₆₀₁型蒸发器与E₂₀蒸发皿观测的水面蒸发的折算系数变化在0.65～0.78之间；除细砂土外，E₆₀₁蒸发器观测的水面蒸发强度不能代替潜水埋深为零时的潜水蒸发强度；不同质地土壤的粉粘粒(d<0.02 mm)含量百分数与潜水蒸发能力系数呈指数相关关系。     

掺砂对土壤水分入渗和蒸发影响的室内试验

通过掺砂调控农田土壤水分入渗和蒸发,对新疆干旱绿洲农田抑盐、保水及合理的掺砂制度制定具有重要意义。该研究以不同的掺砂率为影响因子进行土柱模拟试验,设置了4个掺砂率水平,分别是0（对照）、25%、50%、75%。结果表明：不同掺砂率条件下湿润锋和累积入渗量与入渗历时有显著地乘幂关系,影响顺序为75%＞50%＞25%＞0,且在掺砂率≥25%影响幅度较大;不同掺砂处理对土壤水分蒸发过程同样也有显著地影响,随着掺砂率的增加,土壤蒸发显著减弱,随着掺砂率的增加,抑制土壤蒸发越强,且在掺砂率≥75%时有较大幅度影响。土壤在连续20 d蒸发过程中,各个处理的土壤累积蒸发量随时间的关系和Rose经验公式拟合度高; 不同掺砂处理能显著提高土壤掺砂层以下的土壤含水率,随着掺砂率的增加而增加,其中掺砂75%时最高。     

Wetting of agricultural soil measured by a simplified capillary rise technique

We describe the use of a capillary rise method to measure the wettability of 10 samples of agricultural soil from Rothamsted long-term experimental sites. The samples have very similar clay contents, but organic carbon (C) contents range from 11.5 to 31.2 g kg⁻¹. Their wetting rates were interpreted by an improved method of data analysis, consistent with the Washburn equation, and showed an increase in the effective contact angle between the water meniscus and the soil with increasing C content. This corresponds to a decrease in wettability with increasing C content, and accords with other results reported in the literature. By contrast with water, we found that capillary rise for n -hexane into soil did not depend on the soil's bulk density or C content. A priori calculations of the expected wetting rates from fluid properties and an effective hydraulic radius estimated by other methods gave magnitudes and trends that agreed with our experimental data. The results show that estimates of effective hydraulic radius can provide a useful approximation for characterizing soil wetting, but that further modelling should be carried out.     

土壤微生物膜对风沙土固沙保水特性的影响

土壤微生物膜胞外聚合物具有较强的黏结性,为增强风沙土抗蚀性,提高风沙土保水性提供了新途径。鉴于此,该研究采用室内控制试验设置6个微生物菌剂施用水平(0、1、3、5、7和10 g/kg),以期阐明土壤微生物膜对风沙土特性的影响。研究结果表明:1)施用微生物菌剂可产生土壤微生物膜,并胶结风沙土颗粒。2)试验结束时(第49 d),与对照组相比,不同菌剂施用处理的土壤容重降低0.54%～8.88%,孔隙度提高0.39%～3.91%,含水率显著提高0.11%～0.25%(P0.05),大团聚体质量分数增加5.59%～25.01%,土壤pH值由7.16显著增加至8.32～9.23(P0.05)。3)土壤多糖含量对土壤特性的解释率为47%,是影响土壤特性的关键因素。土壤微生物膜能够有效改善风沙土特性,增强风沙土抗蚀性,提高风沙土保水性,但较高的微生物菌剂施用量会增加土壤pH值,造成土壤盐碱化,建议微生物菌剂施用水平为1～5 g/kg。研究成果有利于深入理解微生物膜固沙保水机制,并可为沙化土地防治新技术研发提供重要理论依据和科技支撑。     

Miscible displacement studies in capillary tubes,sand and soil columns

Misciple displacement studies were conducted in the laboratory to determine the dispersion and diffusion coefficients of nitrate and bicarbonate ions in capillary tubes, sand and soil columns. Necessary mathematical equations used for the evaluation of the dispersion coefficients are discussed. The dispersion coefficients evaluated with use of two different models are compared, particularly with reference to their velocity dependence. The values of the dispersion coefficients (D₁ and D₂) and molecular diffusion coefficients (D₀₁ and D₀₂) were found to be several times higher in the Kirkham and Powers' moving coordinate model than those in a probability model.