咸水淋洗改良滨海盐渍土的潜力研究

通过室内土柱模拟试验,研究了不同矿化度咸水对砂壤质滨海盐碱土土壤入渗特征的影响,以及咸水淋洗土壤水盐变化规律和节水潜力。研究结果表明,高矿化度咸水略微降低土壤入渗性能,但当淋洗水矿化度高于15.61g/L时,土壤入渗性能不再继续降低;不同矿化度水处理淋出液矿化度都经历快速下降、较快下降、缓慢下降3个阶段,土壤盐分随咸水淋洗水量的增加先上升,再经历急剧下降、快速下降、缓慢下降,土壤经咸水淋洗后盐分含量明显下降;根据水盐平衡预估咸水淋洗具有较高的节水潜力,5.35g/L和10.36g/L的咸水淋洗节水潜力分别约为48.08%,38.46%,海水淋洗节水潜力最小,约为24.04%。     

高矿化度土壤水分特征曲线及拟合模型适宜性

为分析高矿化度对土壤水分特征曲线的影响,以淡水及矿化度分别为30、100和250g/L的水样对土体进行饱水处理(简称TDS-F、TDS-30、TDS-100和TDS-250处理),测定脱湿过程的土壤水分特征曲线。结果显示,试验吸力变化过程中,各处理比水容量相近,局部存在差异:TDS-100及TDS-250处理土体对水分的吸持能力明显小于TDS-30及TDS-F处理。分析表明:TDS-30处理使土体中等孔隙体积变小、TDS-100处理使土体较小孔隙体积变小、TDS-250处理使土体较大孔隙体积变小,进而影响土壤水分特征曲线形态。利用RETC软件结合统计分析确定,TDS-F、TDS-30、TDS-100及TDS-250处理土壤水分特征曲线的最优拟合模型分别为:vanGenuchten-Mualem、Dual-porosity-Mualem、Lognormaldistribution-Mualem及Dual-porosity-Mualem模型;各处理最优模型的非饱和导水率模式均为Mualem模型;从机理上解释各拟合模型优劣还较为困难。研究结果为干旱区高矿化度土壤水、盐运移计算提供一定参考。     

咸淡水交替灌溉下土壤盐分再分布规律的室内实验研究

咸水灌溉是解决目前淡水资源短缺的重要途径。为寻求合理的咸水农田灌溉方法,进行了不同矿化度和不同灌水模式的室内土柱咸淡水交替灌溉模拟试验,分析了咸淡水交替灌溉条件下土壤溶液电导率(EC)值和钠吸附比(SAR)的变化规律。结果表明：两种灌水模式下,灌水结束时土壤溶液EC值在22.5 cm处达到最高,且4 g/L>2 g/L,且与试验初期相比,土壤溶液EC值明显提高,土柱整体积盐明显。灌水模式对土壤溶液EC值的影响大于矿化度;两种灌水模式不同矿化度处理的SAR值变化规律基本一致。     

马颊河流域影响土壤盐渍化的几个因素的研究

本研究是根据马颊河流域区域水盐动态监测预报分区定量化的要求进行的室内模拟试验,采用了扰动土的土柱法。试验进行分干土柱的毛管水上升湿润锋的观测与湿土状态的蒸发两个阶段。共3个组合21个处理,在人为控制条件下,仅就地下水(潜水)矿化度、耕层土壤有机质、土体构型等三因素对土壤盐渍化的影响,进行了观测。试验表明:地下水矿化度与土壤积盐量之间存在着极显著的正相关;耕层有机质的含量在1.5%开始有明显的抑制土壤盐渍化的作用;明确了在有粘土夹层的土体中,不能以在风干土柱的毛管水上升速度来推测土壤表层返盐的快慢,而应以在湿润土时,土壤水的蒸发速度为依据。粘土夹层的抑盐作用是随其厚度的增加和层位的升高而加强。     

微咸水滴灌对绿洲棉田水盐运移特征及棉花产量的影响

在南疆绿洲棉田,以河水为对照(CK),利用咸水与河水混合方式,设置矿化度为3,5g/L的微咸水,研究微咸水滴灌对棉田水盐运移特征及棉花产量的影响。结果表明:矿化度为3,5g/L处理的土壤含水量、含盐量在整个生育期呈上升趋势,且随矿化度增加而增大,盛花期(7月21日)前土壤含水量差异不显著,CK的土壤含盐量最高,盛花期后土壤含盐量5g/L3g/LCK,差异显著(p0.05)。垂直方向,土壤深度增加土壤含水量增大,且随着微咸水矿化度增加土壤含水量呈增大趋势,不同处理在盛花期以后差异显著;随土壤深度的增加土壤含盐量呈下降趋势,滴灌次数越多处理间差异越大,至盛铃期(8月4日)达显著水平。水平方向,距离滴头越远土壤含水量越小,且随着矿化度增加土壤含水量逐渐增大;3,5g/L土壤含盐量在盛花期前低于CK,盛花期后距离滴头越远土壤含盐量下降越小,且与矿化度呈正相关。与CK相比,3g/L皮棉产量下降2.1%,差异不显著,5g/L则下降9.6%,差异显著,产量下降主要原因是单株结铃数和单铃重显著下降,而对衣分影响不显著。因此,棉花盛花期前可利用微咸水进行滴灌,且微咸水矿化度不宜超过3g/L。     

滨海盐渍土和棕壤咸水入渗特征分析

基于室内均匀土柱一维垂直积水人渗试验,分析了入渗水矿化度对滨海盐渍土和棕壤人渗历时、入渗速率、累积入渗量、平均含水率增量的影响.结果表明,相对淡水入渗,咸水入渗显著增加土壤入渗能力,盐渍土和棕壤入渗能力分别在矿化度为12 g/L和3 g/L时最强,到达25 cm湿润锋处入渗历时分别比淡水少32.5％和38.2％.同一矿化度条件下,通常盐渍土入渗能力较棕壤强;不同矿化度条件下,盐渍土入渗能力差异较小.Philip模型对短历时咸水入渗拟合精度较高,偏差在±0.19％范围内.不同矿化度水入渗,盐渍土湿润剖面平均含水率增量为38.22％～38.85％,棕壤为36.64％～37.82％.     

微咸水滴灌条件下沙穴种植的土壤水盐二维空间分布规律

河套灌区重度盐碱土具有结构性差、导水率低的特点,且该地区淡水资源短缺,为提高土壤水入渗性能,合理开发利用微咸水资源,可在滴头下方设置沙穴并利用微咸水灌溉。为探明不同矿化度微咸水滴灌的沙穴种植条件下二维土壤水盐分布规律,采用室内50 cm×50 cm二维土槽模拟试验,设置蒸馏水(0 g/L),2.0,3.0,4.0 g/L 4种不同矿化度处理,试验历时100 h。结果表明:在深度5 cm距滴头两侧15~20 cm及滴头下方25 cm的盐碱土处,土壤含水量较高,沙土土壤含水率随着矿化度的增加而增加,盐碱土土壤含水率随着矿化度的增加呈现先增加后降低的趋势,采用3.0 g/L灌溉水滴灌时,盐碱土含水率最大(变异系数为7.64%),说明利用3.0 g/L微咸水灌溉可有效提高沙穴种植条件下土壤含水率;入渗100 h后盐分主要聚集在滴头下方25~30 cm处,沙穴结构试验中,灌溉水矿化度为4.0 g/L的情况下土壤平均电导率最大(变异系数为50.59%),水平方向盐分淋洗效果优于垂直方向,且灌溉水矿化度越低,淋洗效果越显著,蒸馏水处理脱盐率为13.99%,灌溉水矿化度为2.0,3.0,4.0 g/L时积盐率分别为7.93%,14.57%,30.05%,脱盐半径随矿化度的增大而减小,3.0 g/L与2.0 g/L积盐量差异不显著(P=0.460>0.05),与4.0 g/L处理下积盐量差异显著(P=0.024<0.05)。结合土壤水盐空间分布规律,利用3.0 g/L微咸水可提高盐碱土土壤含水率,控制沙穴种植结构土壤积盐量,提高根系层土壤保水性。     

去电子处理微咸水矿化度对土壤水盐运移特征的影响

为探究去电子处理微咸水对土壤水盐运移的影响,该文通过室内土柱试验,分析了不同矿化度微咸水(0.14、2、3、4、5 g/L)经去电子处理后土壤水分入渗及盐分分布规律。结果表明:不同矿化度去电子微咸水土壤入渗速率及湿润锋运移速率明显大于未处理微咸水,入渗时间为200 min时,累积入渗量和湿润锋运移深度在矿化度为4 g/L时增加幅度最大。相同矿化度去电子微咸水与未处理微咸水相比,Philip入渗公式吸渗率、Green-Ampt入渗公式饱和导水率及湿润锋处吸力均显著增加。去电子微咸水能够显著提高土壤的持水效率和上层土壤盐分的淋洗效果,矿化度为4 g/L时,相对淋盐率和Na+相对淋洗率最大。该研究表明去电子化处理能够改善土壤水盐运移特性,有利于微咸水安全利用。     

微咸水造墒对油葵生长及土壤盐分分布的影响

为了研究微咸水造墒对油葵生长及土壤盐分分布状况的影响,采用盆栽试验与田间小区试验相结合的方式,将底墒水矿化度划分为5个级别,分别为淡水（＜2 g/L）、3、4、5、6 g/L。结果表明：不同矿化度的微咸水造墒对油葵的出苗率及出苗时间有着不同程度的抑制作用;当底墒水矿化度相同时,与盆栽相比较,小区各处理的出苗率较低,出苗时间较长;利用3 g/L的微咸水造墒对油葵的生长非但不会造成抑制,反而还有一定的促进作用,使其株高、叶面积指数、根冠比等参数均大于淡水处理;3 g/L处理盘粒数、百粒重均超过淡水处理,空壳率降低19.7%,增产8.1%,4 、5、6 g/L处理与淡水处理相比分别减产7.0%、14.8%、23.9%;生育期结束时,淡水及各微咸水处理0～20 cm土层土壤平均含盐量均达到底墒水前的初始值附近,无显著的脱盐与积盐现象;20～40 cm及40～120 cm土层土壤均处于不同程度的积盐状态,随着底墒水矿化度的增大,积盐程度逐渐增大,且土层越深积盐量越大。     

土壤粒径对灌木植物根-土摩阻特性影响

为了系统性研究灌木植物根系的固土力学效应,探讨土体对根系的摩阻特性,以4种不同土壤粒径（原级配,1.0~2.0,0.5~1.0,<0.5 mm）和3年生的典型护坡植物种火棘及紫穗槐为研究对象,采用室内直剪的方式对根系进行根—土界面直剪摩擦试验。结果表明：（1）根—土及土—土界面的摩阻强度与垂直荷载呈明显的正线性关系;随土体粒径的增加,根—土及土—土界面的摩阻强度、摩擦系数、黏聚力和摩擦角均呈现下降趋势,且在相同粒径范围内,火棘根—土界面摩阻特性显著优于紫穗槐和素土;（2）根—土界面与素土界面的剪应力随位移的增长速率呈现先增大后减小的趋势;根—土界面剪应力与位移关系曲线呈现曲折蜿蜒式上升,而素土曲线表现为平缓式上升;（3）土体粒径越小,根土间接触面的比表面积越大,细小的土壤颗粒与根表面发生镶嵌,加大接触面的咬合力,使摩阻能力加大。研究结果对进一步探讨灌木植物根—土相互作用力学机制,以及利用灌木植物提高试验区边坡土体稳定性、防治坡面浅层滑落具有一定的理论指导意义。     

不同质地裸土潜水蒸发估算方法

为定量分析裸土区潜水蒸发与水面蒸发的关系,该文通过自制试验装置,对粗砂、细砂、壤土和砂土4种质地土壤开展了二者之间相关关系的试验研究。结果表明:相同条件下,不同土壤质地的潜水蒸发与水面蒸发量不相等,二者之间存在一个折算系数,除粗砂外,细砂、壤土和砂土的折算系数均大于1,二者表现出较强的线性相关性,基于该相关性,建立了数学关系表达式。与实测数据的对比分析表明,若用水面蒸发强度代替潜水蒸发,相对误差达-17.79%,这将不可避免地影响到潜水蒸发计算结果的精度;而通过二者相关关系建立的折算系数法,可将相对误差减小至-1.94%,有效提高了潜水蒸发计算结果的可靠度。     

干旱区农田不同类型土壤盐碱化发生规律

为明晰西北干旱区平原农田典型土壤发生盐碱化的规律,2014年在新疆代表性平原农场采集砾砂、粉土/粉砂、粉土/粉细砂、粉土和亚黏土5类主要土壤进行试验,分析其岩性组成、毛细管作用及土壤表层积盐之间的内在关系,寻求3者相互影响机理。结果表明:土壤中粗颗粒含量越大,早期毛细管现象越明显,土壤表面积盐越多。细颗粒含量越多,早期毛细管作不明显,地表积盐量较少但持续时间较长,最终积盐量大于粗颗粒土壤。5类土壤在盐碱化发生早期(12 d左右)毛细现象最为突出,尤其1~4 d内地表的积盐大,速度最快。粗颗粒的砂性土发生盐碱化时,表面容易形成3~4 mm厚盐痂,阻止了地表盐碱化的发展。当土壤中粉粒和黏粒较多时,地表积盐主要以晶体形式出现。土壤的颗粒级配较好、压实度较大时,土壤表面的积盐量就较少。研究成果可为西北地区不同类型的土壤盐碱化治理方法、治理时段的选取等提供参考。     

夹砂层状土壤潜水蒸发特性及计算模型

针对西北地区农田土壤常见的砂土夹层土壤结构,通过室内土柱实验,研究了浅层地下水埋深条件下夹砂层状土壤的潜水蒸发特性。研究结果表明：砂层对水分蒸发既有促进也有抑制作用,相同厚度时潜水蒸发强度随砂层层位的升高以及级配的变差而降低。以砂层的相对层位和相对有效粒径作为砂层的量化指标,建立了适用于不同层位和质地夹砂层土壤稳定蒸发强度的修正模型,并对其进行了验证。该实验为定量研究夹砂层状土壤潜水蒸发提供了新思路。     

降雨条件下分层土壤入渗特性

通过室内模拟降雨入渗试验,研究了粘土、壤土和沙土3种土壤不同分层组合方式对土壤入渗特性的影响。结果表明:垂直入渗条件下,分层土壤入渗特征由土壤分层组合方式决定;分层土壤累计入渗量与湿润锋距离呈线性相关关系;分层土壤入渗过程中,当粗沙覆盖细沙且降雨强度大于下层细沙土稳定入渗率时,湿润锋以上剖面可以达到或接近饱和,当细沙覆盖粗沙且降雨强度大于细沙土稳定入渗率时,湿润锋剖面中,除细沙土部分剖面达到饱和,其余粗沙土剖面无法达到饱和,且其饱和程度和下层粗沙土土壤持水能力有关。     

THE DISTRIBUTION OF LABELLED SUGARS IN SOIL PARTICLE SIZE FRACTIONS AS A MEANS OF DISTINGUISHING PLANT AND MICROBIAL CARBOHYDRATE RESIDUES

Soils of the Countesswells and Insch series incubated with ¹⁴C labelled glucose or plant materials have been separated into clay (< 2 μm), silt, (2–20 μm), fine sand (20–250 μm) and coarse sand (>250μm) fractions and the distribution of individual labelled and unlabelled sugars was determined in each fraction. Both soils contained about 10–15 per cent clay, 18–23 per cent silt and about 60 per cent fine and coarse sand. For all soil samples the concentrations of sugars were usually greatest in the clay, slightly less in the silt, with values in the sand fractions being five or ten times lower, except when fresh plant material was present. In ¹⁴C glucose amended Insch soil, 55 per cent of the radioactivity in sugars (predominantly hexoses) occurred in the clay, 36 per cent in the silt, 3 per cent in the fine sand and 6 per cent in the coarse sand after 28 days incubation. For the Countesswells soil the values were 55, 42, 2 and 1 per cent respectively. In ¹⁴C ryegrass amended soil before incubation. 77 per cent of the radioactivity in sugars (predominantly glucose, arabinose and xylose) was in the coarse sand. After one year's incubation this had fallen to 59 per cent. In soil amended with ¹⁴C cereal rye straw the distribution of radioactivity in sugars after four years incubation was: clay, 21 per cent; silt, 43 per cent; fine sand, 21 per cent; coarse sand, 4 per cent. These distributions were compared with that of the naturally occurring sugars: clay, 31–42 per cent; silt, 40–43 per cent; fine sand, 3–11 per cent; coarse sand, 12–20 per cent.     

Steady state capillary rise in some soil profiles

Results of calculations of steady state capillary rise are presented for one-layered and multi-layered soil profiles ranging from coarse sand to heavy clay. The effect of the considered hydraulic conductivity function on the calculated height of capillary rise is shown by using four different methods of describing the relation for the same uniform sand profile. The methods include: power and exponential functions; a table of data derived from only the saturated conductivity and the soil moisture retention curve; a modified Brooks and Corey method calculating the coefficients from soil texture and organic matter content, including hysteresis; approximation of the data in the table by three power functions. A practical application of the steady state calculations is computing the groundwater table depth that yields the optimum production for a soil profile covered by grass.     

我国北方半干旱地区土壤的沙漠化演变过程与机制

土地沙漠化是我国北方干旱半干旱地区土地退化最严重的类型之一。但迄今为止,人们对这一地区土地沙漠化过程中土壤沙化过程和机制的了解还不够透彻。2002-2003年,我们在科尔沁沙地选择具有明显沙漠化梯度的一个区域,调查和研究了土壤沙漠化演变过程和机制。结果表明,在科尔沁沙地,不同粒径土壤颗粒的理化特性具有较大差异,其中土壤粘粉粒和粗沙相比,具有较低的土壤容重和较高的土壤结持力、起沙风速、毛管持水力和养分含量。从土壤粘粉粒到粗沙,容重增加了10.32%,结持力、毛管持水量、有机碳、全氮分别下降了99.15%,51.23%,83.73%和80.24%。沙漠化过程中,土壤的理化性质随着土地沙漠化程度的增强而明显恶化。和非沙漠化土地相比,严重沙漠化土地的土壤粗沙含量、非毛管孔隙度和容重分别增加了35.04%,117.50%和21.7%,细沙含量、粘粉粒含量、总孔隙度、毛管孔隙度、田间持水量、毛管持水量、土壤有机碳、全氮、全磷、有效氮和有效磷分别下降了77.78%,70.00%,15.38%,27.49%,54.34%,37.54%,64.15%,70.77%,65.90%,66.32%和50.59%。相关分析结果表明,沙漠化过程中,土壤有机碳、全氮、全磷、土壤含水量和土壤结持力的变化与土壤粘粉粒的减少呈明显正相关,与土壤粗沙含量的增加呈明显负相关。这说明,沙漠化过程中,由于风蚀而导致的富含养分和具有较高持水能力的土壤细颗粒的损失,是沙漠化过程中土壤退化的主要机制。     

Laboratory Investigation Into Factors Affecting Performance of Capillary Barrier System in Unsaturated Soil

Covers of the nuclear waste repository are of great significance to the long-term safe storage and disposal of nuclear wastes. Capillary barriers have proven to be effective to resist the downward water seeping into the underlying nuclear wastes, especially in dry climate, and have been widely used worldwide. Infiltrating water is removed from the fine layer by evaporation or transpiration or through percolation into the coarse layer, which plays a critical role in preventing the water from further infiltration in the bulk wastes. In this paper, laboratory infiltration tests were conducted with an organic glass box, filled with fine-grained quartz sand in which a layer of coarse-grained quartz sand was emplaced horizontally or at various slopes (10° and 20°), and the capillary barrier effect under various conditions (different thickness, slop of coarse-grained quartz sand layer, and sprinkling intensity) was investigated in detail. The results show that the thickness of the underlying coarse layer plays a critical role in governing the performance of the capillary barrier. The efficiency of capillary barrier increases with increasing thickness and/or slope of the coarse layer, but decreases with increasing sprinkling intensity. For a sprinkling intensity of 20 mm/day, a 30-mm-thick coarse layer even emplaced horizontally can achieve 100% water diversion. In addition, a visible tracer test was performed with an inert red dyestuff to trace the streamlines; the results indicate that even with a 7-mm-thick coarse layer, the capillary barrier can offer marked ability to prevent water from percolating into the coarse layer. The findings could be useful for improving engineered uses of capillary barriers at waste repository sites.     

Abstracts of nippon Dozyohiryogaku Zasshi

This study is an attempt to establish an evaluation method of water repellency of soil ranging complete wettability to complete nonwettability. The principal used was the theory of capillary rise.

The samples were packed into teflon tubes which are verv hydrophobic and placed at a certain depth in water. In this method, the height of capillary rise of very nonwettable sample would remain under the free water level even for an infinite lime. On the other hand, the letting front of the wettable samples would be above the free water level for an infinite lime. This method is considered to he suitable for both writable and nonwettable samples. It was found that not onlv writable samples but also nonwettable samples changed to be completely lettable bv healing at 250 C, and also thai this change was particularly remarkable in the case of humic acid.

From the ratio of the maximum height of capillary rise of the sample heated at 105°C to that 250 C, the sample heated at 250 C, the water repellency of the soil sample can be represented as contact angle, whether the sample is very wettable of nonwettable.