Xe NMR spectroscopy of adsorbed xenon as an approach for the characterisation of soil meso- and microporosity

¹²⁹Xe nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy of adsorbed xenon was applied for the characterisation of soil meso- and microporosity. Model systems (Ca-montmorillonite, quartz sand) and three soil types (Luvisol Alh, Bt and Cv horizons; Gleysol Go horizon; Podzol Bvs horizon) were studied. For Ca-montmorillonite, the average intercrystallite pore size has been evaluated. In natural soils, ¹²⁹Xe resonance parameters were shown to be affected by different factors: pore heterogeneity, influence of organic functional groups, possible presence of paramagnetic compounds, occurrence of xenon exchange between inter- and intraparticle void spaces. The effect of those factors on the pattern of ¹²⁹Xe NMR spectra was tested. In the three soils studied, no micropores within the mineral phase available for xenon adsorption were found. The most probable reason is that such pores are occupied by small molecules of the soil organic matter (SOM). Variable extent of accessibility of mesopores within the mineral phase of the various soils was revealed. It was highest in the Podzol. Here, xenon exchange between different adsorption zones (i.e., pores of differing size, e.g., internal and external void spaces) was slow on an NMR time scale that allowed to detect separate signals, each characterising xenon behaviour in the respective adsorption zone. The pore system of the soil organic matter was shown to be not accessible for xenon, as it is accepted for N₂ and other nonpolar adsorbates. Based on analysis of the spectra, a model for the possible mutual location of organic matter and iron compounds in natural soils was suggested. According to this model, a certain part of organic matter species can form the layers above iron species, thus masking them and preventing ¹²⁹Xe NMR spectra from significant low-field shifts and signal broadening.     

Production of NO and N2O in the presence and absence of C2H2 by soil slurries and batch cultures of denitrifying bacteria

We evaluated the potential of the C₂H₂-catalyzed NO oxidation reaction to influence N₂O production during denitrification. We measured the total amount of free NO and N₂O produced by slurries of sandy loam soil and by batch cultures of denitrifying bacteria under both anaerobic and low O₂ conditions. The maximum amount of free NO released by anaerobic Nos⁺ (able to reduce N₂O to N₂) and Nos⁻ (unable to reduce N₂O to N₂) batch cultures of Cytophaga johnsonae strains catalyzing denitrification of nitrate was 17-79 nmol NO per bottle. In all cases the maximum headspace concentrations of NO-N measured in anaerobic cultures in the absence of C₂H₂ was less than 0.21% of those of N₂O-N measured in the presence of 10 kPa C₂H₂. Peak NO production was delayed when between 2.0 and 4.5% O₂ was present. Less NO accumulated in cultures in the presence of both O₂ and C₂H₂, and the maximum amount of NO-N measured in the absence of C₂H₂ was less than 0.13% of the total amount of N₂O-N measured in the presence of C₂H₂. For an agricultural sandy loam soil, the maximum concentrations of free NO released from slurries were 598-897 ng NO-N g⁻¹ of dry soil in the absence of C₂H₂ and 118-260 ng NO-N g⁻¹ of dry soil in the presence of 10 kPa C₂H₂. The maximum concentration of NO-N released in the absence of C₂H₂ was between 0.32 and 8.1% of the maximum concentration of N₂O-N accumulated in the presence of 10 kPa C₂H₂. We conclude that scavenging of NO by the C₂H₂-catalyzed NO oxidation reaction in the presence of trace amounts of O₂ does not cause a serious underestimate of long-term measurements of active denitrification in anaerobic soils containing adequate carbon and nitrate sources.     

硝化抑制剂影响小麦产量、N2O与NH3排放的研究

通过田间小区试验研究不同施氮水平下,施用硝化抑制剂CP对小麦产量、氮素利用率、氧化亚氮(N_2O)排放与氨(NH_3)挥发的综合影响规律。结果表明:在施氮水平为140 kg/hm2与180 kg/hm2时,施用CP促使小麦产量分别显著增加17.8%和15.4%,在同一施氮水平下,施用CP促进小麦氮素利用率提高11.3%~25.2%。施用硝化抑制剂CP可以降低麦季(特别是基肥与穗肥施用时期)土壤N_2O的排放速率,并显著减少39.3%~53.7%的累积N_2O排放量。但是在两个施氮水平下,施用CP导致麦季NH_3挥发量增加1.46~1.75倍,而且此效应主要发生于基肥与穗肥观测期。本研究说明:在麦季施用硝化抑制剂CP可以提高氮素利用率,从而提高小麦产量,并且能减少N_2O排放,但同时会导致一定程度的NH_3挥发增加,需加以控制。     

Can a mixed stand of N2-fixing and non-fixing plants restrict N2O emissions with increasing CO2 concentration?

Initial effects of elevated atmospheric CO₂ concentration on N₂O fluxes and biomass production of timothy/red clover were studied in the laboratory. The experimental design consisted of two levels of atmospheric CO₂ (ca. 360 and 720 μmol CO₂ mol⁻¹) and two N fertilisation levels (5 and 10 g N m⁻²). There was a total of 36 mesocosms comprising sandy loam soil, which were equally distributed in four thermo-controlled greenhouses. In two of the greenhouses, the CO₂ concentration was kept at ambient concentration and in the other two at doubled concentration. Forage was harvested and the plants fertilised three times during the basic experiment, followed by harvest, a fertilisation with the double amount of nitrogen and rise of water level. Under elevated CO₂, harvestable and total aboveground dry biomass production of a mixed Trifolium/Phleum stand was increased at both N treatments compared to ambient CO₂. The N₂O flux rates under ambient CO₂ were significantly higher at both N treatments during the early growth of mixed Phleum/Trifolium mesocosms compared to the N₂O flux rate under elevated CO₂. However, when the conditions were favourable for denitrification at the end of the experiment, i.e. N availability and soil moisture were high enough, the elevated CO₂ concentration enhanced the N₂O efflux.     

Net fluxes of CO2, but not N2O or CH4, are affected following agronomic-scale additions of urea to prairie and arable soils

While experimental addition of nitrogen (N) tends to enhance soil fluxes of carbon dioxide (CO₂), methane (CH₄), and nitrous oxide (N₂O), it is not known if lower and agronomic-scale additions of urea-N applied also enhance trace gas fluxes, particularly for semi-arid agricultural lands in the northern plains. We aimed to test if this were true at agronomic rates [low (11 kg N ha⁻¹), moderate (56 kg N ha⁻¹), and high (112 kg N ha⁻¹)] for central North Dakota arable and prairie soils using intact soil cores to minimize disturbance and simulate field conditions. Additions of urea to cores incubated at 21 °C and 57% water-filled pore space enhanced fluxes of CO₂ but not CH₄ and N₂O. At low, moderate, and high urea-N, CO₂ fluxes were significantly greater than control but not fluxes of CH₄ and N₂O. The increases in CO₂ emission with rate of urea-N application indicate that agronomic-scale N inputs may stimulate microbial carbon cycling in these soils, and that the contribution of CO₂ to net greenhouse gas source strength following fertilization of semi-arid agroecosystems may at times be greater than contributions by N₂O and CH₄.     

Trace amounts of O2 affect NO and N2O production during denitrifying enzyme activity (DEA) assays

We evaluated the potential of trace amounts of O₂ inadvertently introduced into anaerobic incubations to initiate the C₂H₂-catalyzed NO oxidation reaction and affect NO and N₂O production rates during denitrifying enzyme activity (DEA) assays. We measured the rate of NO production in the presence and absence of 10 kPa C₂H₂ and N₂O production in the presence of 10 kPa C₂H₂ by short-term incubations of slurries of humisol and sandy loam soil. NO production, in the absence of C₂H₂, was similar for both soils (0.73-1.32 ng NO-N g dry soil⁻¹ min⁻¹) and replicate measurements of NO production rates were linear and exhibited small standard deviations. It was not possible to consistently measure NO production in the presence of C₂H₂. Replicate measurements of NO production were always lower and exhibited a wide range of variability when C₂H₂ was present. The rate of NO production in the absence of C₂H₂ was only 2.3-3.0% of the rate of N₂O production in the presence of C₂H₂ in humisol soil but was much larger (31.8-35.0%) in the sandy loam soil. Rates of NO production from sandy loam soil were reduced by 58% when trace amounts (30 μl) of O₂ were added to slurry incubations containing C₂H₂. We conclude that trace amounts of O₂ inadvertently introduced into the slurries during sampling could initiate scavenging of NO by the C₂H₂-catalyzed NO oxidation reaction and cause an underestimate of N₂O production during DEA assays in some soils.     

添加H2O2改性和HNO3/H2SO4改性生物质炭对一种酸性水稻土吸附Cd (Ⅱ)的影响

选择稻草、玉米秸秆和油菜秸秆作为制备生物质炭的原料，分别用H2O2和HNO3/H2SO4对生物质炭进行改性处理，以未改性的生物质炭和HCl处理的生物质炭作为对照。按土重3%的比例向采自安徽郎溪的酸性水稻土中添加上述生物质炭，在经历一个干湿交替周期后，进行Cd(Ⅱ)吸附/解吸实验，研究添加生物质炭对水稻土吸附Cd(Ⅱ)的影响及其机制。结果表明，两种改性方法均有效增加了生物质炭表面的质子结合位点数，且HNO3/H2SO4改性对生物质炭表面羧基官能团的扩增效果更显著。官能团的增加使得添加了HNO3/H2SO4改性生物质炭的水稻土对Cd(Ⅱ)的专性吸附能力显著增强。因此，添加HNO3/H2SO4改性生物质炭可以作为酸性水稻土吸附固定重金属Cd的一种新型方法。     

不同氮源及秸秆添加对菜地土壤N_2O排放影响

在饱和田间持水量WFPS(water-filled pore space)为75%、温度为25℃的条件下,用室内培养研究设施菜地土壤在不同氮肥种类(硝酸钙CN,碳酸氢铵AB,硫酸铵AS,尿素U,对照CK)和有无秸秆添加情况下N2O的排放特征。培养17天的结果表明,各种肥料类型中,对照和硝态氮肥处理最先出现N2O排放高峰,铵态氮肥处理出现较晚。无论有无秸秆,碳酸氢铵(AB)处理的累积排放量都最高,分别为4.206±0.899和2.159±0.256μg g-1干土,铵态氮肥处理N2O排放量明显高于硝态氮肥。添加秸秆后各处理N2O排放明显增加,比未施秸秆增加1倍多(CN处理除外)。不同处理(CK除外)的N2O累积排放量与时间的关系都可用y=aLn(x)+b表示(P<0.001)。实验还发现,施用氮肥会导致土壤酸化,添加秸秆可改善土壤酸化现象。     

N2O and NO production in various Chinese agricultural soils by nitrification

Eleven types of agricultural soils were collected from Chinese uplands and paddy fields to compare their N₂O and NO production by nitrification under identical laboratory conditions. Before starting the assays, all air-dried soils were preincubated for 4 weeks at 25 °C and 40% WFPS (water-filled pore space). The nitrification activities of soils were determined by adding (NH₄)₂SO₄ (200 mg N kg⁻¹ soil) and incubating for 3 weeks at 25 °C and 60% WFPS. The net nitrification rates obtained fitted one of two types of models, depending on the soil pH: a zero-order reaction model for acidic soils and one neutral soil (Group 0); or a first-order reaction model for one neutral soil and alkaline soils (Group 1). The results suggest that pH is the most important factor in determining the kinetics of soil nitrification from ammonium. In the Group 1 soils, initial emissions (i.e. during the first week) of N₂O and NO were 82.6 and 83.6%, respectively, of the total emissions during 3 weeks of incubation; in the Group 0 soils, initial emissions of N₂O and NO were 54.7 and 59.9%, respectively, of the total emissions. The net nitrification rate in the first week and second-third weeks were highly correlated with the initial and subsequent emissions (i.e. during the second and third weeks), respectively, of N₂O and NO. The average percentages of emitted (N₂O+NO)-N relative to net nitrification N in initial and subsequent periods were 2.76 and 0.59 for Group 0, and 1.47 and 0.44 for the Group 1, respectively. The initial and subsequent emission ratios of NO/N₂O from Group 0 (acidic) soils were 3.77 and 2.52 times, respectively, higher than those from Group 1 soils (P<0.05).     

Robot系统测定旱地N2排放的方法优化及其与其他方法的对比研究

反硝化是生态系统氮循环的最后一环同时也是活性氮转化为惰性氮（N2）的最主要过程。由于空气中背景N2浓度高达78%,在如此高的背景浓度N2环境中直接和准确测定反硝化过程产生的微量N2,一直是个巨大的挑战。Robot系统（Robotized incubation and analyzing system）是基于无N2背景（氦环境）的用以研究纯菌或土壤体系N2排放速率的方法,该系统平台搭建简单且测定效率高,目前应用比较广泛。但该系统在运行过程中需要频繁利用微量注射器进行取样和测定,极易造成外界N2的渗漏。为解决这一问题,本文通过使用预先置于氦（He）环境的橡胶隔垫、采用充He后的蒸馏水配制溶液及实施破坏性取样的处理,对Robot系统测定旱地N2排放速率的方法进行了优化,同时与乙炔抑制法和RoFlow系统（Robotized continuous flow incubation system）的测定结果进行了对比。研究结果表明,通过方法优化,可以大幅降低Robot系统的N2渗漏率,未优化前系统的渗漏率为5.15 μL·L-1·h-1,方法优化后系统的渗漏率在0～0.8 μL·L-1·h-1之间。优化后的Robot系统对碳源和氮源添加后N2排放速率差异的响应较好,并且对旱地土壤背景N2排放速率的测定误差最小（0.003～0.045 mg·kg-1·d-1）,显著优于乙炔抑制法（0.34～3.29 mg·kg-1·d-1）和RoFlow系统（0.41～1.02 mg·kg-1·d-1）。综上,优化后的Robot系统在测定旱地N2排放速率时具有N2渗漏率低,对外源底物添加响应好及测定结果精确度高的特点,未来在研究旱地土壤背景N2排放及相关机理方面有较好的应用前景。     

Emissions of CO2, CH4 and N2O from Southern European peatlands

Peatlands play an important role in emissions of the greenhouse gases CO₂, CH₄ and N₂O, which are produced during mineralization of the peat organic matter. To examine the influence of soil type (fen, bog soil) and environmental factors (temperature, groundwater level), emission of CO₂, CH₄ and N₂O and soil temperature and groundwater level were measured weekly or biweekly in loco over a one-year period at four sites located in Ljubljana Marsh, Slovenia using the static chamber technique. The study involved two fen and two bog soils differing in organic carbon and nitrogen content, pH, bulk density, water holding capacity and groundwater level. The lowest CO₂ fluxes occurred during the winter, fluxes of N₂O were highest during summer and early spring (February, March) and fluxes of CH₄ were highest during autumn. The temporal variation in CO₂ fluxes could be explained by seasonal temperature variations, whereas CH₄ and N₂O fluxes could be correlated to groundwater level and soil carbon content. The experimental sites were net sources of measured greenhouse gases except for the drained bog site, which was a net sink of CH₄. The mean fluxes of CO₂ ranged between 139 mg m⁻² h⁻¹ in the undrained bog and 206 mg m⁻² h⁻¹ in the drained fen; mean fluxes of CH₄ were between −0.04 mg m⁻² h⁻¹ in the drained bog and 0.05 mg m⁻² h⁻¹ in the drained fen; and mean fluxes of N₂O were between 0.43 mg m⁻² h⁻¹ in the drained fen and 1.03 mg m⁻² h⁻¹ in the drained bog. These results indicate that the examined peatlands emit similar amounts of CO₂ and CH₄ to peatlands in Central and Northern Europe and significantly higher amounts of N₂O.     

Emission of N2O, N2 and CO2 from soil fertilized with nitrate: effect of compaction, soil moisture and rewetting

Soil compaction and soil moisture are important factors influencing denitrification and N₂O emission from fertilized soils. We analyzed the combined effects of these factors on the emission of N₂O, N₂ and CO₂ from undisturbed soil cores fertilized with (150 kg N ha⁻¹) in a laboratory experiment. The soil cores were collected from differently compacted areas in a potato field, i.e. the ridges (ρ_D=1.03 g cm⁻³), the interrow area (ρ_D=1.24 g cm⁻³), and the tractor compacted interrow area (ρ_D=1.64 g cm⁻³), and adjusted to constant soil moisture levels between 40 and 98% water-filled pore space (WFPS).High N₂O emissions were a result of denitrification and occurred at a WFPS≥70% in all compaction treatments. N₂ production occurred only at the highest soil moisture level (≥90% WFPS) but it was considerably smaller than the N₂O-N emission in most cases. There was no soil moisture effect on CO₂ emission from the differently compacted soils with the exception of the highest soil moisture level (98% WFPS) of the tractor-compacted soil in which soil respiration was significantly reduced. The maximum N₂O emission rates from all treatments occurred after rewetting of dry soil. This rewetting effect increased with the amount of water added. The results show the importance of increased carbon availability and associated respiratory O₂ consumption induced by soil drying and rewetting for the emissions of N₂O.     

Dinitrogen emissions and the N2:N2O emission ratio of a Rendzic Leptosol as influenced by pH and forest thinning

Reduction of nitrous oxide (N₂O) to dinitrogen (N₂) by denitrification in soils is of outstanding ecological significance since it is the prevailing natural process converting reactive nitrogen back into inert molecular dinitrogen. Furthermore, the extent to which N₂O is reduced to N₂ via denitrification is a major regulating factor affecting the magnitude of N₂O emission from soils. However, due to methodological problems in the past, extremely little information is available on N₂ emission and the N₂:N₂O emission ratio for soils of terrestrial ecosystems. In this study, we simultaneously determined N₂ and N₂O emissions from intact soil cores taken from a mountainous beech forest ecosystem. The soil cores were taken from plots with distinct differences in microclimate (warm-dry versus cool-moist) and silvicultural treatment (untreated control versus heavy thinning). Due to different microclimates, the plots showed pronounced differences in pH values (range: 6.3–7.3). N₂O emission from the soil cores was generally very low (2.0 ± 0.5–6.3 ± 3.8 μg N m⁻² h⁻¹ at the warm-dry site and 7.1 ± 3.1–57.4 ± 28.5 μg N m⁻² h⁻¹ at the cool-moist site), thus confirming results from field measurements. However, N₂ emission exceeded N₂O emission by a factor of 21 ± 6–220 ± 122 at the investigated plots. This illustrates that the dominant end product of denitrification at our plots and under the given environmental conditions is N₂ rather than N₂O. N₂ emission showed a huge variability (range: 161 ± 64–1070 ± 499 μg N m⁻² h⁻¹), so that potential effects of microclimate or silvicultural treatment on N₂ emission could not be identified with certainty. However, there was a significant effect of microclimate on the magnitude of N₂O emission as well as on the mean N₂:N₂O emission ratio. N₂:N₂O emission ratios were higher and N₂O emissions were lower for soil cores taken from the plots with warm-dry microclimate as compared to soil cores taken from the cool-moist microclimate plots. We hypothesize that the increase in the N₂:N₂O emission ratio at the warm-dry site was due to higher N₂O reductase activity provoked by the higher soil pH value of this site. Overall, the results of this study show that the N₂:N₂O emission ratio is crucial for understanding the regulation of N₂O fluxes of the investigated soil and that reliable estimates of N₂ emissions are an indispensable prerequisite for accurately calculating total N gas budgets for the investigated ecosystem and very likely for many other terrestrial upland ecosystems as well.     

土壤磷酸盐的吸收对Cu2+二次吸附动力学的影响

The effects of sorbed phosphate on the kinetics of Cu^2 secondary adsorption on three major types of soils in southern and Central China were studied using the batch method and flow (or miscible displacement) techniques.Both of the methods showed that diffusions were the ratedetermining steps in the Cu^2 adsorption by the soils.By the flow method,the course of Cu^2 adsorption kinetics consisted of two steps-sn initial rapid process and a later slow process of Cu^2 adsorption;while by the batch method,the 90% of Cu^2 adsorption reaction was found to finish within first 1 minute.The results obtained using the flow method also indicated that for red soil and yellow-brown soil ,Cu^2 adsorptions during the initial reaction periods were restrained when the soils sorbed phosphate,whereas the adsorption reactions were stimulated at the final time,For grey Chao soil,sorbed phosphate retarded the Cu^2 adsorption in the whole reaction period.The results obtained using the batch method and low techniques all implied that the different effects of sorbed phosphate would be attributed to its effects on Cu^2 ion diffusion in soil solution.     

庐山毛竹扩张及模拟氮沉降对土壤N_2O和CO_2排放的影响

毛竹是我国南方广泛分布的一种典型的森林资源,其扩张已引发了多方面的生态问题,但是目前关于氮沉降背景下毛竹扩张引起的土壤N_2O和CO_2气体排放变化的研究甚少,且无原位观测数据。采用静态箱-气相色谱法,分析江西庐山毛竹纯林、毛竹扩张形成的毛竹-日本柳杉混交林及日本柳杉纯林3种林分土壤的N_2O和CO_2排放速率和累积排放量及其对模拟氮沉降的响应。结果表明:(1)混交林土壤的NH_4~+-N含量、NO_3~--N含量及pH分别为14.39mg·kg~(-1)、8.65mg·kg~(-1)、4.88,显著高于日本柳杉纯林的9.75 mg·kg~(-1)、5.58 mg·kg~(-1)、4.05,但是混交林土壤DOC含量(236.5 mg·kg~(-1))却显著低于日本柳杉纯林(382.0mg·kg~(-1))。(2)混交林土壤N_2O累积排放量(393.6mg·m~(-2))显著高于毛竹纯林(202.5mg·m~(-2))和日本柳杉纯林(192.8mg·m~(-2)),混交林土壤CO_2累积排放量(4 655 g·m~(-2))显著高于日本柳杉纯林(2 815 g·m~(-2))。(3)模拟氮沉降未对3种林分类型土壤的CO_2排放速率和累积排放量产生显著影响,但明显增加了混交林和日本柳杉纯林的N_2O累积排放量。本研究表明:毛竹扩张不同阶段土壤的理化性质、N_2O及CO_2排放表现出不同特征。毛竹扩张过程中一定程度上增大了土壤N_2O和CO_2的排放量,但是完全扩张后N_2O排放出现明显下降趋势,而CO_2的排放未发生显著变化。同时,氮沉降促进了毛竹未扩张和扩张初期土壤的N_2O排放,而对CO_2排放未产生显著影响。表明在未来气候变化条件下管理亚热带毛竹扩张时,必须明确考虑这些生态系统组成、结构和影响因子之间的影响。     

CH4 oxidation and emissions of CH4 and N2O from Lolium perenne swards under elevated atmospheric CO2

Emissions of N₂O and CH₄ and CH₄ oxidation rates were measured from Lolium perenne swards in a short-term study under ambient (36 Pa) and elevated (60 Pa) atmospheric CO₂ at the Free Air Carbon dioxide Enrichment experiment, Eschikon, Switzerland. Elevated pCO₂ increased (P<0.05) N₂O emissions from high N fertilised (11.2 g N m⁻²) swards by 69%, but had no significant effect on net emissions of CH₄. Application of ¹³C-CH₄ (11 μl l⁻¹; 11 at.% excess ¹³C) to closed chamber headspaces in microplots enabled determination of rates of ¹³C-CH₄ oxidation even when net CH₄ fluxes from main plots were positive. We found a significant interaction between fertiliser application rate and atmospheric pCO₂ on ¹³C-CH₄ oxidation rates that was attributed to differences in gross nitrification rates and C and N availability. CH₄ oxidation was slower and thought to be temporarily inhibited in the high N ambient pCO₂ sward. The most rapid CH₄ oxidation of 14.6 μg ¹³C-CH₄ m⁻² h⁻¹ was measured in the high fertilised elevated pCO₂ sward, and we concluded that either elevated pCO₂ had a stimulatory effect on CH₄ oxidation or inhibition of oxidation following fertiliser application was lowered under elevated pCO₂. Application of ¹⁴NH₄¹⁵NO₃ and ¹⁵NH₄¹⁵NO₃ (10 at.% excess ¹⁵N) to different replicates enabled determination of the respective contributions of nitrification and denitrification to N₂O emissions. Inhibition of CH₄ oxidation in the high fertilised ambient pCO₂ sward, due to competition between NH₃ and CH₄ for methane monooxygenase enzymes or toxic effects of NH₂OH or NO₂⁻ produced during nitrification, was hypothesised to increase gross nitrification (12.0 mg N kg dry soil⁻¹) and N₂O emissions during nitrification (327 mg ¹⁵N-N₂O m⁻² over 11 d). Our results indicate that increasing atmospheric concentrations of CO₂ may increase emissions of N₂O by denitrification, lower nitrification rates and either increase or decrease the ability of soil to act as a sink for atmospheric CH₄ depending on fertiliser management.     

Fluxes of CO2, CH4 and N2O from drained organic soils in deciduous forests

We examined net greenhouse gas exchange at the soil surface in deciduous forests on soils with high organic contents. Fluxes of CO₂, CH₄ and N₂O were measured using dark static chambers for two consecutive years in three different forest types; (i) a drained and medium productivity site dominated by birch, (ii) a drained and highly productive site dominated by alder and (iii) an undrained and highly productive site dominated by alder. Although the drained sites had shallow mean groundwater tables (15 and 18 cm, respectively) their average annual rates of forest floor CO₂ release were almost twice as high compared to the undrained site (1.9±0.4 and 1.7±0.3, compared to 1.0±0.2 kg CO₂ m⁻² yr⁻¹). The average annual CH₄ emission was almost 10 times larger at the undrained site (7.6±3.1 compared to 0.9±0.5 g CH₄ m⁻² yr⁻¹ for the two drained sites). The average annual N₂O emissions at the undrained site (0.1±0.05 g N₂O m⁻² yr⁻¹) were lower than at the drained sites, and the emissions were almost five times higher at the drained alder site than at the drained birch site (0.9±0.35 compared to 0.2±0.11 g N₂O m⁻² yr⁻¹). The temporal variation in forest floor CO₂ release could be explained to a large extent by differences in groundwater table and air temperature, but little of the variation in the CH₄ and N₂O fluxes could be explained by these variables. The measured soil variables were only significant to explain for the within-site spatial variation in CH₄ and N₂O fluxes at the undrained swamp, and dark forest floor CO₂ release was not explained by these variables at any site. The between-site spatial variation was attributed to variations in drainage, groundwater level position, productivity and tree species for all three gases. The results indicate that N₂O emissions are of greater importance for the net greenhouse gas exchange at deciduous drained forest sites than at coniferous drained forest sites.     

魔芋葡甘聚糖酯化改性产物对空气中SO2吸附及抑菌效果研究

以魔芋葡甘聚糖为原料，分别采用苯甲酸、醋酸和没食子酸对魔芋葡甘聚糖进行酯化改性，研究了改性pH值、温度及改性处理时间对改性产物吸附空气中SO₂和抑菌效果的影响，优化了改性工艺参数，得到了有较好使用效果的天然的有机大分子空气净化材料。研究结果表明：当采用苯甲酸为魔芋葡甘聚糖酯化改性剂时，改性产物对空气中的SO₂吸附效果和抑菌作用效果优于使用醋酸和没食子酸的改性产物。其改性处理温度50℃，反应时间2 h，pH值3，改性反应产物对空气中SO₂的吸附率可达98.7%，抑菌率可达到86.3%。     

农田土壤N2O生成与排放影响因素及N2O总量估算的研究

综述了国内外农田土壤N2 O生成与排放及其影响因素、N2 O排放测定技术及总量估算等方面的研究进展 ,指出硝化与反硝化过程均可产生N2 O ,而影响硝化、反硝化过程的土壤水分含量、温度、pH、有机碳含量和土壤质地等是影响农田土壤N2 O生成与排放的重要因素。根据我国各地农田土壤N2 O排放通量测定结果及相应模型分析 ,初步估算全国农田土壤N2 O年排放总量为N 398Gg ,约占全球农田土壤排放总量的 1 0 % ,其中旱田N2 O年排放总量为N 31 0Gg ,水田为N 88Gg。     

Fluxes of CO2, CH4, and N2O in an alpine meadow affected by yak excreta on the Qinghai-Tibetan plateau during summer grazing periods

To assess the impacts of yak excreta patches on greenhouse gas (GHG) fluxes in the alpine meadow of the Qinghai-Tibetan plateau, methane (CH₄), carbon dioxide (CO₂), and nitrous oxide (N₂O) fluxes were measured for the first time from experimental excreta patches placed on the meadow during the summer grazing seasons in 2005 and 2006. Dung patches were CH₄ sources (average 586 μg m⁻² h⁻¹ in 2005 and 199 μg m⁻² h⁻¹ in 2006) during the investigation period of two years, while urine patches (average −31 μg m⁻² h⁻¹ in 2005 and −33 μg m⁻² h⁻¹ in 2006) and control plots (average −28 μg m⁻² h⁻¹ in 2005 and −30 μg m⁻² h⁻¹ in 2006) consumed CH₄. The cumulative CO₂ emission for dung patches was about 36-50% higher than control plots during the experimental period in 2005 and 2006. The cumulative N₂O emissions for both urine and dung patches were 2.1-3.7 and 1.8-3.5 times greater than control plots in 2005 and 2006, respectively. Soil water-filled pore space (WFPS) explained 35% and 36% of CH₄ flux variation for urine patches and control plots, respectively. Soil temperature explained 40-75% of temporal variation of CO₂ emissions for all treatments. Temporal N₂O flux variation in urine patches (34%), dung patches (48%), and control (56%) plots was mainly driven by the simultaneous effect of soil temperature and WFPS. Although yak excreta patches significantly affected GHG fluxes, their contributions to the whole grazing alpine meadow in terms of CO₂ equivalents are limited under the moderate grazing intensity (1.45 yak ha⁻¹). However, the contributions of excreta patches to N₂O emissions are not negligible when estimating N₂O emissions in the grazing meadow. In this study, the N₂O emission factor of yak excreta patches varied with year (about 0.9-1.0%, and 0.1-0.2% in 2005 and 2006, respectively), which was lower than IPCC default value of 2%.