石灰性褐土中磷锌镉相互作用对其有效性的影响

采用室内培养的方法,研究了石灰性褐土中磷、锌、镉相互作用对土壤中磷、锌、镉有效性的影响。结果表明：（1）磷锌共同培养时,施锌提高了土壤速效磷含量,且随培养时间的延长而降低。在相同锌浓度处理下,土壤中的有效锌含量随施磷量的增加而增加,不同锌浓度处理下,有效锌含量随土壤培养时间的延长而显著降低。（2）磷镉共同培养时,施镉对土壤速效磷含量影响不明显;施磷降低了有效镉含量,但效果不显著;且都随时间的延长而降低。（3）锌镉共同培养时,在培养的前30d,土壤中有效锌含量随施镉浓度增加而降低,但在30d后,有效锌含量有增加的趋势。土壤中有效镉含量在不同锌-镉处理下随培养时间变化有较大差异：在Cd3处理下,加入高浓度锌后显著降低土壤有效镉含量;Cd30处理下,在培养前30d,锌的施入对土壤中有效镉含量影响不明显,但30d以后,土壤有效镉含量随施入锌浓度的增加而显著降低。说明两者的竞争机制随时间的延长发生变化,且施锌能明显降低镉的毒性。     

酸性物质对石灰性褐土上小麦产量的影响

本文探讨了硫磺粉、硫酸亚铁和糖醛渣三种酸性物质对石在性褐土上小麦产量的影响。结果表明，单施酸性物质或与氮磷肥配合施用均可提高小麦产量，增产幅度可达６．２％～１２．０％，其中硫酸亚铁与氮磷肥配合施用的效果最好，单施硫酸亚铁的处理次之。施用酸性物质代替部分磷肥可在一定程度上降低肥料投入。     

磷锌配施对石灰性土壤磷锌有效性及小麦对其吸收分配的影响

针对磷锌在土壤-植物系统中复杂的交互作用,本文采用盆栽试验,研究了磷锌配施对石灰性土壤中磷锌有效性及小麦对其吸收分配的影响。结果表明,施锌明显增加了土壤中DTPA提取态锌含量,土壤中DTPA提取态锌含量随着施磷水平的提高逐渐增加;施磷明显增加了土壤中速效磷含量,在相同施磷水平下,土壤中速效磷含量随施锌量的增加而增加;施锌提高了小麦茎叶和籽粒锌含量,且在各施锌背景下随施磷量的增加明显地降低了小麦茎叶中锌含量,但提高了籽粒中锌含量。施磷提高了小麦茎叶和籽粒磷含量。在低磷水平(不施磷和施21.82 mg kg-1)时,施锌对茎叶中磷含量的提高作用明显,且随施锌浓度的提高而提高,但籽粒中磷含量逐渐降低;而在高磷水平(174.56 mg kg-1)下,施锌则降低了小麦植株茎叶中磷含量,而籽粒中磷含量却随施锌水平的提高而提高。因此,石灰性土壤中施磷肥提高了土壤中锌的有效性,而锌也提高了磷的有效性,同时发现施磷降低了小麦茎叶中锌含量,促进了锌元素从植株向籽粒的运输,增加了小麦籽粒中锌含量,但是在低磷条件下,施锌提高了茎叶磷含量,却降低了籽粒磷含量,而在高磷条件下,施锌降低了茎叶磷含量,提高了籽粒含量。     

铜在石灰性褐土中的淋溶转化研究

以石灰性褐土为供试土壤,采用室内土柱淋溶模拟试验方法,研究了相当于山西省太谷县年平均降水量条件下,铜在土壤垂直方向上的迁移转化特征.结果表明:不同肥力土壤中的铜在0-20 cm土层中均有不同程度的迁移转化.淋溶后可交换态铜、有机结合态铜、残渣态铜的含量均有所降低,碳酸盐结合态铜、铁锰氧化物结合态铜的含量均有所增加.有效铜在淋溶后含量增加,有机质含量越高的土壤增加越明显.在淋溶过程中有机质在一定程度上抑制了可交换态铜的转化,促进了有机结合态铜和残渣态铜向其它形态铜的转化,从而增加了土壤中微量元素铜的有效性.为提高土壤中微量元素铜的有效利用或防止铜污染提供了科学依据.     

石灰性土壤施用不同磷肥对玉米苗期生长和土壤无机磷组分的影响

研究旨在探讨不同磷肥品种对玉米生长发育和土壤无机磷组分的影响,以期为磷肥高效利用提供参考.采用盆栽试验,设置6个处理:磷酸一铵(MAP)、过磷酸钙(SSP)、聚磷酸铵(APP)、氮磷复合肥硝酸磷肥(NiP)、硫酸铵+过磷酸钙混施(SA+P),试验60天后测定了玉米的生物学指标和玉米植株磷素含量,同时测定了土壤有效磷与土...     

磷含量和秸秆添加量对褐土锌吸附—解吸的影响

采用室内培养的方法,通过人为添加不同量的玉米秸秆和磷,研究不同含量磷和作物秸秆对土壤锌吸附—解吸的影响,以探讨磷—锌在土壤中的交互作用机制。结果表明:低锌(Zn10:添加Zn2+浓度为10 mg L-1)条件下,土壤对Zn2+的吸附量随土壤速效磷含量的增加而逐渐降低,表明在石灰性土壤中,随磷含量的增加提高了土壤锌的有效性;而Zn2+的解吸量随土壤中磷含量的增加先升高后降低,添加Zn2+浓度为80 mg L-1(Zn80)条件下,土壤对Zn2+的吸附量明显大于Zn10条件下。土壤中添加不同秸秆量对不同浓度Zn2+吸附时,低锌(Zn10)处理下,在相同磷含量情况下,土壤对Zn2+的吸附量随秸秆添加量的增加而减少,而土壤对Zn2+的解吸量随秸秆量的增加而增加。在不同磷水平下,不同秸秆添加量对Zn2+的吸附趋势差异较大。高锌(Zn80)处理下,土壤对Zn2+的吸附量在不同秸秆量处理下趋势大致相同,且Zn2+吸附量随磷含量的提高先升高后降低;在同一磷水平下,土壤对Zn2+的吸附趋势和Zn10时相似。利用KNO3进行解吸Zn2+时,不添加秸秆和低量秸秆处理变化趋势相同,均在添加磷量为360 mg kg-1时解吸量达到最大,分别为363.5 mg kg-1、424 mg kg-1,而高量秸秆处理下,Zn2+解吸量随磷含量的增加先升高后降低。     

山东石灰性潮土、褐土无机磷的形态、转化和有效性

应用蒋柏藩、顾益初提出的“石灰性土壤无机磷分级方法”研究了山东省石灰性潮土、褐土、砂姜黑土的无机磷组成、转化和对作物的有效性。结果表明,石灰性土壤无机磷中以Ca10-P占绝对优势,约占无机磷总量的54.52％,其次为O-P,占21.55％,Al-P、Fe-P,Ca8-P分别占5～10％,Ca2-P只有1.08％;在土壤剖面中各级无机磷皆随剖面深度增加而减少;水溶性磷肥施入土壤后,在作物一个生长季节内主要转化成Ca8-P,占全部转化量的50～70％,其次是Ca2-P,占10～30％,Al-P占11～13％,Fe-P很少,占5％左右;在各级无机磷中对作物有效性顺序是Ca2-P>Al-P、Fe-P>Ca8-P>O-P、Ca10-P。     

尿素粒肥在石灰性砂壤土上对夏玉米效应及氮素去向的研究

本文报告了尿素粒肥在石灰性砂壤土上对夏玉米的效应及其氮素去向.在石灰性砂壤土上尿素粉肥条撒(雨前施肥或结合灌溉)可以起到尿素深施的作用.在供试土壤上施用尿素,肥料氮的淋洗程度是重2.17克的粒肥深施>重1.09克的粒肥深施>粉肥深施>粉肥条撒.但玉米地上部分吸收肥料氮的情况正好与肥料氮在土壤中的淋洗难易趋势相反.收获时玉米地上部分吸收利用了48.5%的肥料氮量,0-80厘米微区土壤中残留了17.6%,而氮肥损失(亏缺)为33.9%.     

INFLUENCE OF TERBUFOS AND NICOSULFURON ON IRON CHLOROSIS AND GROWTH OF CORN

The larval stage of the spotted cucumber beetle (Diabrotica vigifera zeae), the Mexican corn rootworm, is a highly devastating pest of cornfields in Texas and the Southwest. A systemic organophosphate insecticide, standard release terbufos (ST), applied in row with the corn seed at planting, has been termed effective in reducing crop damage from the Mexican corn rootworm. However, recent field observations have indicated possible association of micronutrient deficiency symptoms with use of terbufos and over-the-top sulfonyl urea herbicides (nicosulfuron, primisulfuron) on crops such as corn. This experiment was conducted to determine if this systemic soil insecticide would affect plant metabolic activities as measured by nutrient deficiency chlorosis and plant growth. The study also involved testing a controlled release terbufos (CR) version of the same insecticide. Each soil insecticide was compared with and without foliar treatments with one of the sulfonyl urea herbicides (nicosulfuron) used in controlling grass-type weeds in corn. The greenhouse study was conducted on a Monteola sandy clay loam (Typic Pellusterts), which is a typical soil used in corn production in southern Texas. Standard release (ST) and CR forms of terbufos were compared at the label recommended rate (1.1 kg a.i./ha) and also at 2 kg a.i./ha. All materials were banded in the seed row at planting. Treatments were arranged in a randomized block design with three replications. Early visual chlorosis ratings (7 days) and chlorophyll readings at 28 days indicated increased interveinal chlorosis with soil insecticide applications. Plants overcame these early effects with time and showed higher chlorophyll than untreated plants at 42 days. Depressed early plant growth and reduced tissue levels of certain micronutrients indicated these systemic insecticides both with and without over-the-top herbicide could be injurious during early stages of plant growth. However, the affected plants were able to overcome most of the effects later in the growing season. Tissue iron (Fe) concentrations were slightly reduced by terbufos alone and reduced further when nicosulfuron was applied. Zinc was reduced substantially by terbufos but appeared to not change when the over-the-top herbicide was included.     

石灰性土壤中油菜根际磷的化学动态及生物有效性

采用网膜分隔三室栽培系统研究了供磷水平不同的石灰性土壤中,油菜根际磷的各种化学组分的动态分布特征。发现在正常供磷水平下油菜根际范围内Olsen-P,Ca2-P均处于亏缺状态,表明这两种形态的磷是油菜吸磷的主要给源。而在土壤磷极度缺乏条件下,根际Ca8-P和Al-P呈现亏缺状态,该二种磷成为油菜吸磷的给源,这时Olsen-P和Ca2-P反而呈现均匀分布。这一结果表明,在严重缺磷胁迫条件下,油菜根际的难溶性磷(Ca8-P和Al-P)可以被活化而为植物利用,成为生物有效磷。这是油菜抗低磷胁迫根系适应反应的间接证明。     

光合固氮细菌Rhodobacter capsulata对土壤肥力和植物生长的影响

Rhodobacter capsulata(ATCC 23702)菌体进入土壤后,土壤pH值下降,菌体释放出的NH_4~+-N在土壤中不积累,迅速转变成NO_3~--N形式,后者在土壤中的累积量与加入的菌体量呈正比,土壤有机氮含量略有升高。在每公斤土壤中加入0.5克菌体时,土壤的呼吸作用在5周后达到平衡状态。玉米幼株的盆栽试验结果表明,R.capsulata菌液不仅在植株干重上,而且在植物的含氮量上,都比其它处理提高显著。R.capsulata菌体有可能作为植物生长的附加氮肥。     

再生水灌溉对草坪草生长和土壤的影响

随着城市绿地与人争水的问题日益突出,再生水作为替代水资源在草坪草上的应用日益广泛。本试验于2003-2005年用3种类型灌溉水(清水、“清水+再生水”、再生水)处理5种草坪草(草地早熟禾、高羊茅、结缕草、野牛草和山麦冬),从观赏品质和生长指标方面进行耐污性评价,并分析再生水对土壤的影响。结果表明:本研究使用的再生水对所供测试绿化草种的颜色、覆盖度、质地和均匀性无不良影响,再生水灌溉条件下,高羊茅表现出了最强的综合耐污能力,其次是结缕草和野牛草。灌溉水类型对于草坪草的生长指标的影响具有种的特异性。再生水灌溉和“清水+再生水”交替灌溉提高了土壤的阳离子交换量(CEC)和总孔隙度,有利于土壤物理性状的改善。     

SULFUR APPLICATION EFFECTS ON SOIL PROPERTIES IN A CALCAREOUS SOIL AND ON SUGARCANE GROWTH AND YIELD

High pH soils limit availability of pH sensitive nutrients including phosphorus (P), even though abundant levels are present. Application of such nutrients to the soil is ineffective because they quickly get tied up in unavailable forms. Elemental sulfur (S) application in a narrow band to lower root zone pH and increase nutrient availability to the crop is a possible economically feasible solution. A four year field study was conducted in which S was applied to sugarcane (Saccharum spp.) at rates up to 1120 kg S ha^?1 each of the 1st three years in a band using different application methods. Sulfur application effects on soil pH were gradual, causing only a slight reduction in the application zone after one year; but was long lasting, resulting in continuing substantial declines in soil pH in an adjacent zone four years after the first S application. Soil available P, sulfate (SO₄)-S, and salinity levels increased with increasing S applied. Sugarcane plant growth, as indicated by leaf area index during the grand growth period responded to moderate S application levels. Sugarcane yields increased linearly in the plant crop, but showed quadratic responses to S applications in the 1st through 3rd ratoon crops. Initial soil available P levels prior to the first treatment application were at the critical level considered adequate for crop requirements, yet growth and yield increases in response to S application suggest that the critical available soil P levels for sugarcane may be higher than previously established. Sulfur application at rates beyond those necessary to produce maximum yields resulted in salinity problems which probably reduced yields. The ‘stool splitter’ application method, which slices the plant stool using a coulter and places the fertilizer directly in the middle of the furrow caused crop damage and stand loss which persisted for the remainder of the sugarcane crops. Based on the results of this study, a single application of elemental S at up to 1120 kg S ha^?1 directly below the seed cane at planting is recommend for sugarcane on a calcareous soil, with no additional applications in later crops.     

EFFECTS OF SALINITY AND SOIL ZINC APPLICATION ON GROWTH AND CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF PISTACHIO SEEDLINGS

The effects of four salinity levels [0, 1000, 2000, and 3000 mg sodium chloride (NaCl) kg^?1 soil] and three zinc (Zn) levels [0, 5, and 10 mg kg^?1 soil as zinc sulfate (ZnSO₄.7 H₂O)] on growth and chemical composition of pistachio seedlings (Pistacia vera L.) cv. ‘Badami’ were studied in a calcareous soil under greenhouse conditions in a completely randomized design with three replications. After 26 weeks, the dry weights of leaves, stems and roots were measured and the total leaf area determined. Salinity decreased leaf, stem, and root dry weights and leaf area, while this effect diminished with increasing Zn levels. Zn fertilization increased leaf, stem and root Zn concentrations, leaf potassium (K) concentration, and stem and root sodium (Na) concentrations, while decreased leaf Na concentration, and stem and root K concentrations. Salinity stress decreased leaf, stem, and root Zn concentrations, and leaf K concentration, while salinity increased leaf, stem and root Na concentrations, and stem and root K concentrations. Proline accumulation increased with increasing salinity levels, whereas the reverse trend was observed for reducing sugar contents. Zn application decreased proline concentration but increased reducing sugar contents. These changes might have alleviated the adverse effects of salinity stress.     

土壤静电场对水稻生长发育的影响

稻田在淹水期间,水层的氧化还原电位明显高于土壤耕层,二者的电位差一般为0.2—0.6伏。于天仁等研究过水稻土淹水期间氧化还原电位在剖面上的分布^[1]。     

膨润土和磷肥对石灰性土壤无机磷形态转化及有效性的影响

对山西石灰性土壤无机磷的形态、加入外源磷后无机磷形态的转化及施加膨润土后对提高磷素的有效性进行了初步探讨 ,结果表明 :山西石灰性土壤中磷素以无机磷为主 ,而无机磷中以Ca P为主 ,Ca10 P和Ca8 P占无机磷总量的 85 % ,Ca2 P仅占 4 42 %。土壤加入外源磷后 ,Ca2 P有所增加 ,其次是Ca8 P、Ca10 P、Fe P ,Al P和O P增加很少。施加膨润土后使加入外源磷的土壤无机磷都有所增加 ,其中Ca2 P增加最明显 ,Ca8 P、Al P、Fe P增加较多 ,而Ca10 P和O P增加最少 ,说明施用膨润土是实现土壤无机磷释放的主要途径