EFFECTS OF TILLAGE AND DIRECT DRILLING ON SOIL TEMPERATURE IN WINTER

Continuous records of soil temperature were collected at 1 cm and 5 cm depth during two winters (1972–4) in cultivated and uncultivated (direct drilling) soil. When solar radiation levels were low, the observed large and irregular fluctuations in soil surface temperature appeared to be associated with advective heat flow. The stubble mulch on the uncultivated soil insulated the surface layers from temperature variation, resulting in less soil freezing than cultivated soil and fewer hours above 5° C. Some implications of these findings for cultivations for cereals are discussed.     

THE TEMPERATURE OF THE SOIL UNDER A BARLEY CROP

Continuous records of soil temperature were collected at 1, 5, and 20 cm depth, throughout the growing season, under crops of barley in the east of Scotland. The values obtained were considerably lower than the temperatures normally employed in laboratory studies of temperate cereal roots. The resulting hazards in extrapolating from the laboratory to the field are briefly discussed.     

种稻方式对后茬大麦生长及土壤氮素转化和氮肥利用的影响

稻麦轮作是我国南方一种传统的耕作模式，有关该体系下作物的生长和土壤氮素的转化已有较多报道。近年来，随着水稻种植方式的多元化，除传统的水稻水作外，还诞生了水稻旱作，即水稻在全生育期不建立水层的条件下生长，土壤的理化性状均有别于水稻水作，石英等120发现水稻旱作条件下不同覆盖物和常规淹水种植水稻条件下水稻生育期间土壤NH4^＋-N和NO3^--N的动态变化规律不同，殷晓燕等则报道水作水稻和旱作水稻的覆盖地膜、覆盖秸秆种植对土壤氮素盈亏的影响是不同的，     

EFFECTS OF TILLAGE AND STUBBLE MANAGEMENT ON THE STRUCTURE OF A SWELLING SOIL

A method, described previously, is used to quantify the macrostructure within the surface layers of swelling soil. Dissimilarity coefficients are defined and used to quantify soil structural differences resulting from different treatments. Structural differences over small increments in depth are resolved. Effects resulting from different tillage and stubble management practices are distinguished. Differences resulting from burning or retention of stubble had at least as great an effect as tillage practice on the void and aggregate size distributions. However, tillage increased the macro-porosity. The structures of two mechanically-prepared seed beds are compared with the structure of soil on tillage and stubble management trials where seed beds had not been prepared. It is shown in Appendix I that the structures measured on the two sections through each impregnated soil sample are essentially independent. A method is presented in Appendix II for converting the structural transition probabilities at unit spacing (e.g. 0.5 mm) to transition probabilities at double spacing (e.g. 1.0 mm). This enables results from different sources, which have been measured on the two scales, to be compared.     

耕作措施对土壤物理性状的影响

耕作措施对0~20cm土壤容重影响较大,深层影响较小。稳定入渗率呈现出强烈的时间变异性,从整个生育期看,翻耕都表现出较高的稳定入渗率,随时间的变化,差异减小;不同负压下,翻耕稳定入渗率最高,免耕次之,铁茬最低,不同时期变化趋势一致;翻耕大孔隙较其它两耕作措施多,翻耕后,土壤大孔隙增多,比免耕和铁茬处理高65%左右,达到5%水平差异显著,免耕与铁茬差异不显著。随着时间的推移,不同耕作措施大孔隙比例有所下降,中小孔隙比例增加,大孔隙数目翻耕仍最高,从显著性看,与免耕和铁茬在5%水平显著。     

EFFECT OF PLOUGHING AND DIRECT DRILLING ON SOIL NITRATE CONTENT

The concentration of nitrate-N at 30 cm depth in a clay soil was 2–5 times greater (p<.05) after ploughing than after direct drilling during the winter and spring of 1972–3. However, by early May no significant differences could be detected between cultivation treatments. It is concluded that decreased mineralization of soil nitrogen in the direct-drilled soil is the main factor responsible for the differences observed.     

耕作及水蚀影响下坡耕地土壤有机碳动态模拟

土壤侵蚀和沉积明显影响土壤有机碳(SOC)的积累与损耗,在以往土壤碳平衡模拟中却未得到应有的重视。本文以典型黑土漫岗坡耕地表层土壤为研究对象,利用CENTURY模型模拟特定质地下自然黑土有机碳的积累过程,估算研究区黑土有机碳及各组分的背景值;对比研究侵蚀泥沙对SOC富集的影响,将模型模拟值与实测值进行统计比较来验证模型;进而模拟侵蚀区开垦后SOC以及各组分随时间的变化,定量研究土壤侵蚀对SOC各组分损失的贡献。研究结果表明:黑土有机碳的累积大致可分为初期的快速积累和后期缓慢积累两个阶段,前期慢性有机碳库的累积对SOC库的增加贡献最大,后期SOC累积主要由惰性有机碳缓慢累积来完成。达到平衡状态时,研究区黑土有机碳含量为7 240 g m-2,以慢性和惰性有机碳为主,约占总SOC的97.4%。考虑泥沙对SOC的富集作用,模型模拟值与实测值更加吻合。自然黑土开垦后,微生物分解矿化作用是活性和慢性有机碳损失的主要途径,土壤侵蚀明显降低惰性有机碳含量,其贡献率随侵蚀速率的增加而增大。因研究区侵蚀不严重,土壤侵蚀对开垦以来的SOC库损耗贡献较小。     

耕作对土壤生物碳动态变化的影响

本文讨论了耕作方法对作玉米地土壤生物碳动态变化的影响。实验证明，传统耕法、短期免耕和长期免耕处理中的不同点位，土壤生物碳量分布有系统的差异。     

施肥水平对冬大麦干物质和氮素积累与转运的影响

为合理利用氮肥,进一步提高大麦产量和品质,以扬饲麦3号、港啤1号、扬农啤2号和Frankin共4个品种为供试材料,研究了0(CK),90(NL),180(NM)和270kg/hm2(NH)4个氮肥水平下冬大麦干物质和氮素积累、转运及对籽粒贡献的规律。结果表明,随着施氮量的提高,大麦干物质花前积累量呈增加趋势,积累率及对籽粒的贡献率呈下降趋势,各器官的转运量在NM处理(180kg/hm2)范围内呈增加趋势,高于此范围则下降。氮素营养花前积累量和转运量各品种均呈上升趋势,花前积累率、转运率和对籽粒氮的贡献率都呈下降趋势。不同品种不同氮肥处理下大麦干物质转运量以茎秆为最大,转运率大部分以芒壳+穗轴为最高,对籽粒的贡献率以茎秆为最高。各器官氮素转运量以叶片最高,转运率以芒壳+穗轴最大,氮素转运对籽粒的贡献率以叶片最高。大麦各品种籽粒产量与施氮量呈二次曲线关系,氮素积累量与施氮量呈显著线性正相关关系。表明在本试验条件下,大麦最高产量的最佳施氮范围为212.42～261.97kg/hm2。     

焚烧秸杆对土壤有机质和微生物的影响研究

采用直接灼烧法和稀释平板法研究了焚烧秸杆对土壤有机质和微生物的影响。结果表明:焚烧秸杆使土壤有机质减少16.56%;土壤微生物中的细菌、放线菌和真菌分别减少了85.95%、78.58%和87.28%。     

A COMPARISON OF THE SUITABILITY OF TWO SOILS FOR DIRECT DRILLING OF SPRING BARLEY

A long-term tillage experiment near Edinburgh on two soils types, one suitable for direct drilling and the other not, allowed comparisons to be made of soil responses to tillage and traffic. For all tillage treatments tests, bulk density was always higher and air capacity lower on the soil unsuitable for direct drilling. Cone resistance, while dependent on treatment, was independent of soil type, The results suggested that compactability influences soil suitability for direct drilling. Differences between soils in compactability were greater under direct drilling than other tillage treatments or in laboratory tests, probably due to the interaction of traffic and drainage regime. Drainage was not impaired under direct drillingon either soil type, despite significant reductions in macro-porosity. Crop yields and root distribution in relation to soil physical conditions suggested the increased importance of subsoil conditions in direct drilling compared with ploughing systems.     

THREE EFFECTS OF TEMPERATURE ON THE REACTIONS BETWEEN INORGANIC PHOSHATE AND SOIL

Phosphate was added to soil, incubated at a range of periods and of temperatures, and the rate of desorption was measured at several solution: soil ratios at 25°C. One sample was incubated at a high temperature for several days and the rate of desorption was measured at 5, 15, 25 and 38 °C. A regression approach was used to describe the results which were interpreted in terms of a model in which phosphate was present (a) in solution, (b) adsorbed in equilibrium with the solution, and (c) firmly held. When neither adsorption nor desorption occurred, the phosphate concentration in solution increased with temperature. This was interpreted as an effect of temperature on the position of the equilibrium between solution phosphate and adsorbed phosphate. The direction of the effect indicates that adsorption was exothermic. When either adsorption or desorption occurred the rate increased with temperature and to a similar extent. For both reactions, the change in heat content was small. Thus, while temperature affected the rate of interchange between adsorbed and firmly-held forms it should not affect the position of the equilibrium between these forms.     

植物性脲酶抑制剂对作物营养和土壤特性的影响

采用15N 尿素进行盆栽试验 ,研究了 4种植物材料 (P1、P2 、P3、P4 )作脲酶抑制剂对高粱和水稻营养效应及土壤特性的影响。结果表明 ,4种植物性脲酶抑制剂对水稻和P1对高粱生长、地上部干重有明显的提高作用 ,且植株叶绿素a b值变幅小。植物性脲酶抑制剂 (除P3外 )提高水稻叶片氨基酸含量 1 2 9%～ 2 5 1 %和植株氮素利用率 5 2 %～ 7 7% ,亦促进高粱植株对氮素的利用。 4种植物性脲酶抑制剂提高两种作物氮素表观利用率 4 3 %～ 1 9 2 %和水稻磷、钾吸收量 ,而对高粱磷、钾吸收有降低作用。植物性脲酶抑制剂能提高两种作物的土壤碱解氮含量。淹水条件下植物性脲酶抑制剂持续作用时间相对较短 ,水稻生长 3 6d ,土壤脲酶活性变化不大 ;高粱生长 48d ,土壤脲酶活性降低 1 0 5%～ 1 8 3 %。     

免耕和常规耕作农田生态系统冬季覆盖作物残茬分解和养分变化

免耕和常规耕作农田生态系统冬季覆盖作物红三叶草和黑麦草残体分解的格局和养分释放速率有明显区别.免耕地面残体养分释放和生物固定作用均缓于常规掩埋残体.常规耕作下,残体在掩埋后十天,C:N比值仍高时,红三叶草和黑麦草残体养分元素降低率,氮素分别为32.0%和52.0%、磷素为62.1%和78.3%、钾素为92.5%和91.2%、钙素为84.3%和61.2%、镁素为65.0%和75.2%.在分解早期,养分“损失”可能是由机械作用所加速的,如切碎、压榨、汁液外渗、扩散和淋洗作用等等.文中最后提出了减少残茬中早期养分过速“释放”的对策.     

无机氮对土壤氮矿化与固定的影响——兼论土壤氮的“激发效应”

用室内培养和¹⁵N技术研究了土壤氮的矿化和固定,结果表明:无机氮添加不能引起土壤有机氮的加速分解;无机氮添加可显著增强添加氮的生物固定,但以减弱对土壤氮的固定为交换,因此培养期的总固定氮量并无显著增长。培养期间土壤净矿化氮因添加无机氮而有所增长,这一现象(时常被称为氮激发效应)看来主要是由于添加氮在土壤氮固定过程中替代了部分土壤氮之故。     

太湖地区黄泥土氮肥对水稻产量、叶片碳氮同化及不同土层氮的影响

在长期定位试验的基础上研究了太湖地区黄泥土不同施氮水平对水稻产量、碳氮同化及不同土层氮的影响。结果表明，长期施氮量（N）在161．0kg hm^-2处理和高于该施氮量处理的产量之间没有显著差异。拔节期、孕穗期和灌浆期施氮量在161．0kg hm^-2处理和高于该施氮量处理的碳氮同化水平之间几乎没有差异，但都高于施氮量在57．5kg hm^-2处理的。不同土层氮分布结果表明，长期施氮量在161．0kg hm^-2和高于该施氮量各处理中，长期施入有机肥配施NPK肥处理残留最深，其次是长期施入化肥N的处理，长期秸秆还田配施N肥处理较浅。     

施用预处理秸秆对土壤供氮特征及菠菜产量和品质的影响

采用盆栽试验方法,研究了施入经过预处理的水稻秸秆(预处理秸秆)后土壤的供N特征和菠菜产量与品质的变化。研究结果表明,经预处理后,秸秆中纤维素、半纤维素和二氧化硅的含量显著降低,但可溶性物质含量显著增加;预处理稻秆与N肥配合使用,土壤中微生物量N、有效态N(NO3--N和NH4 -N)含量显著增加,并且在供N方式上具有鲜明的渐进性和持续性;第41天时每钵菠菜的鲜重比对照增产81.4%,菠菜中Vc含量高于单施尿素处理,硝酸盐积累量低于单施尿素处理。可见预处理稻秆配施N肥能显著改善土壤的供N能力,提高菠菜的产量和品质。     

沙区旱垄作对油菜生长环境的影响

垄作是沙区旱作农田常用的集水防风耕作技术。本文通过野外试验观测和土壤样品分析,对不同结构的垄作与平作下油菜生长环境进行了研究。结果表明,垄作相对于平作增加了生长季内土壤耕作层水分含量,降低了其波动幅度,改变了土壤水分在垂直剖面上的分布,使湿润锋位于耕作层,有利于油菜对土壤水分的吸收,对缓解干旱对作物生长的胁迫有积极作用。垄作下土壤易蚀性颗粒含量降低,地表粗糙度和垂直风速梯度增大,有效降低了土壤可蚀性和近地表风速,对防治土壤风蚀和保护作物幼苗有重要作用。不同结构的垄作比较,垄高15 cm、垄沟比1/12和垄高25 cm、垄沟比1/24的两种垄作在油菜生长季内集水效果较优,而垄高25 cm、垄沟比1/6的垄作在农田休闲期内防治风蚀效果较好。故结构合理的垄作是沙区旱作农田微观土地利用结构调整的有效措施。     

EFFECTS OF GREEN MANURING, FARMYARD MANURE, AND STRAW ON THE ORGANIC MATTER OF SOIL AND OF GREEN MANURING ON AVAILABLE NITROGEN

In an experiment on green manuring started at Woburn in 1936, farmyard manure (FYM) was applied in alternate years until 1954 and straw similarly from then until 1963. Various green manures were grown from 1936 to 1953. From 1954 to 1963 ryegrass and trefoil were grown either each year or in alternate years; in 1964 and 1965 they were grown each year. After annual cropping without organic manuring the organic-C and total-N decreased from 0·86 per cent and 0·091 per cent respectively in 1936 to 0·76 percent and 0·082 per cent in 1966. Ploughing in straw alone approximately halved the loss. FYM and green manures both maintained the original percentages of soil C and N. The effect of FYM and straw applied together was approximately the sum of the effects of FYM and straw applied separately. Of the green manures ploughed in, trefoil returned the most nitrogen to the soil. Trefoil increased and ryegrass decreased the mineralizable-N in the soil.