不同气候条件下片烟醇化效果的研究

为研究陕西不同地域气候条件对烟叶醇化质量的影响,以陕南和陕北烟厂存放的云南曲靖、陕西商洛片烟为试验对象,从片烟外观、感官评吸、化学成分三个方面验证片烟醇化效果.结果表明:(1)在外观质量上,陕南醇化的片烟比陕北醇化的烟叶颜色转深明显,油润感好；(2)在感官评吸质量上,陕南醇化烟叶香气质、刺激性和杂气指标好于陕北醇化烟叶,香气量、浓度差异不明显,陕北醇化烟叶的劲头略大于陕南醇化烟叶.(3)化学成分上,陕南醇化烟叶总糖含量高于陕北醇化片烟,烟碱和氯元素含量低于陕北醇化烟叶,其他化学指标变化不明显.(4)试验表明在两年醇化期内陕南醇化片烟的质量整体上好于陕北醇化烟叶.     

隆回烤烟生长与烟叶品质对移栽期的响应

为明确隆回烟区优质烟叶生产的适宜移栽期,研究了该烟区3月上旬、中旬和下旬膜上移栽烟株的生长及初烤烟叶品质特征。结果表明,随气温升高,光照强度增大,烟株大田生育期随移栽期推迟而缩短;受低温影响,上中旬移栽烟株的叶片宽度、单叶重、含梗率、总糖、还原糖均低于下旬移栽烟叶,而叶片厚度、总氮、烟碱、钾、氯含量均高于下旬移栽烟叶;上旬移栽烟叶的干物质积累过少,糖碱比、钾氯比和氮碱比低,烟气杂气大,中旬移栽的烟叶厚度过大,烟气刺激性大,感官评吸质量最差,下旬移栽烟叶糖碱比、钾氯比和氮碱比高,香气质和劲头最好,理化特性较为协调,感官评吸质量最好。因此,3月下旬是该烟区的适宜移栽期。     

网式装烟框装烟持续缓慢升温烘烤工艺研制与烘烤效果研究

为进一步提高网式装烟框散叶装烟的烟叶烘烤质量,研究了与之相匹配的持续升温烤香烤柔烘烤工艺(T),并与生产上推广应用的烘烤工艺(CK)进行了对比试验。结果表明,与CK相比,工艺T能显著改善烟叶等级结构;显著提高上等烟比例,下部叶、中部叶和上部叶分别提高294.32%、66.02%和17.89%;显著降低下低等烟、级外烟、光滑烟和僵硬烟的比例,下部叶的下低等烟、级外烟和光滑烟分别降低39.09%、58.98%和54.56%,中部叶的下低等烟降低31.19%,上部叶的下低等烟和僵硬烟分别降低47.02%和87.59%;烟叶总糖、还原糖含量和糖碱比更适宜;香气成分含量更高,下部叶、中部叶和上部叶分别提高5.88%、10.82%和2.92%;评吸质量更好。因此,烤香烤柔工艺(T)能显著改善烟叶外观质量、提高烟叶内在质量和可用性。     

密集烤房装烟密度对烤烟上部烟叶质量的影响

为了研究装烟密度对烤后上部烟叶质量的影响,为密集烤房烘烤工艺完善和优化提供依据,设低密度（3 000 kg/炕）,中密度（4 000 kg/炕）,高密度（5 000 kg/炕）3个装烟密度,对比分析了装烟密度对烤后上部烟叶外观质量、常规化学成分、中性挥发性香味成分和经济性状的影响。结果表明：（1）装烟密度为中密度时,烟叶的外观质量综合得分最高,表现较好。（2）提高装烟密度能够极显著降低上部烟叶的还原糖和淀粉含量,烟碱、水溶性总糖含量也有所降低,显著提高钾含量,而氯含量和石油醚提取物含量变化不大;中密度处理的大部分品质指标较好,化学成分更加协调。（3）增加上部烟叶的装烟密度能够提高中性致香物质含量,改善烟叶的香气质量,尤其以中密度最为明显,较低密度增加14.64%。可见,装烟密度为中密度时能够提高上部烟叶的质量和经济效益。     

曲靖烟叶质量评价指标间的相关性分析

运用描述统计和典型相关统计分析方法,研究了曲靖烟区烤烟物理性状、化学成分、外观质量和评吸质量4大烟叶质量评价指标间的关系.结果表明：（1）4大烤烟质量评价指标间均存在显著的典型相关关系,其中烟叶外观质量与评吸质量间关系最密切,其次是化学成分与评吸质量,而物理性状与化学成分间的密切程度最小;（2）不同烤烟质量评价指标的关联程度不-样,在烤烟质量组间关联上起主导作用的物理性状评价指标是叶面密度、平衡含水率、含梗率和填充值,化学成分评价指标是还原糖、总氮、烟碱和氯,外观质量评价指标是成熟度、结构、身份和油分,评吸质量评价指标是香气质、刺激性、余味和燃烧性.综合分析认为,典型相关分析能够简化曲靖烟区清香型烤烟的质量评价工作.     

密集烘烤不同变筋温度对‘红花大金元’烟叶质量的影响

2014年在云南省陆良县小百户镇采用云烟-12型四台密集烤房,研究不同变筋温度对‘红花大金元’烟叶质量的影响。结果表明,44~46℃的变筋温度有利于淀粉的降解,烤后烟叶还原糖含量较高,含氮化合物含量较低;橘黄色烟比例较高,外观质量评分较高;烤后烟叶的评吸质量最高。     

新中温中湿烘烤工艺下不同采收方式对烟叶质量的影响

以‘K326’为材料,探讨新中温中湿烘烤工艺下上部烟叶不同采收方式对产质量的影响。结果表明:上部叶分两次采烤,其上等烟比例、均价及产值比一次采烤分别显著提高6.98%、9.13%和16.57%,烟叶平均经济效果指数(ECI)显著增加5.3;上部烟叶外观质量、物理特性指标、内在化学成分的协调性显著改善,化学成分可用性指数(CCUI)显著增加2.2;感官质量有所改善;类胡萝卜素香气物总量和中性致香物总量分别提高1.80、80.4μg/g。     

云南文山加热不燃烧卷烟烟草种质资源比较研究

为筛选适宜生产加热不燃烧卷烟烟叶原料的烟草种质资源,以4个晾晒烟品种Va359、八大河晒烟、柳叶、小黑烟为材料,在丘北县开展品种比较试验,对不同品种烟草的农艺性状、产量、化学成分、感官质量等进行比较分析。结果表明：小黑烟、八大河晒烟田间烟株生长整齐,长势较强,烟叶外观质量较好;各品种的产量表现为Va359>八大河晒烟>小黑烟>柳叶。在烟叶化学品质方面,柳叶和八大河晒烟的烟碱和总氮含量整体偏高,总糖和还原糖含量偏低,但八大河晒烟的氯离子含量显著高于其他3个品种,而Va359钾含量较高;在香气前体物质含量方面,4个品种烟叶中的芸香苷、绿原酸含量相对较高,其中小黑烟烟叶中的绿原酸、新绿原酸、芸香苷、咖啡酸、山奈酚苷含量最高;总体感官评吸得分为小黑烟>八大河晒烟>柳叶>Va359。综合分析,小黑烟、八大河晒烟具有典型的晾晒烟风格特征,田间表现、感官质量等指标较优,比较适合作为加热不燃烧卷烟的烟叶原料。     

云南曲靖烟区K326烟叶适宜采收成熟度研究

为确定曲靖烟区膜下小苗移栽后,烤烟品种K326的田间适宜成熟度,对K326中、上部烟叶不同采收时间的鲜烟叶外观成熟特征、烤后烟叶的外观质量、化学成分和评吸质量进行了分析。结果表明,随着采收时间的推迟,烟叶外观质量、内在化学成分和评吸质量均基本呈先升高后降低的趋势。中部和上部叶外观质量均以较常规推迟5 d采收得分较高,分别为37.0和37.5分;化学成分,中部叶以常规采收、较常规推迟5 d采收,上部叶以较常规推迟5 d和10 d采收较为适宜;评吸质量均以较常规推迟5 d采收较好,其得分分别为65.20和63.70分;烤后烟叶经济效益也均以较常规推迟5 d采收最高。在曲靖烟区采用膜下小苗移栽,K326烤烟中部叶以移栽后131d左右,主脉和支脉1/2以上变白、绒毛脱落、茎叶角度80~90°;上部叶以移栽后145~150 d,主脉和支脉全白、绒毛脱落、茎叶角度110~120°为适宜采收成熟度标准。     

湖南衡阳浓香型烟叶重要质量指标评价与分析

为了探讨不同年份间衡阳浓香型烟叶感官和外观质量及主要化学成分指标可用性指数的变化规律,评价烟叶质量及其工业可用性,对2010~2014年不同部位烟叶主要质量指标进行了分析评价。结果表明:年份间变异系数中,以外观质量指标中的等级纯度最大,其次是成熟度,油分最小;感官质量指标中的香气质、刺激性和余味变异系数较大,其余指标年份间差异较小;主要化学成分含量指标中,还原糖/烟碱、总糖和还原糖变异系数较大,其余指标变异系数较小;烟叶主要化学成分指标可用性指数表现为B2FC3FX2F;不同年份烟叶质量及工业可用性均较好。烟叶采收成熟度及烤后烟叶分级纯度是影响不同年份间烟叶外观等主要烟叶质量的重要因素。     

Comparative Assessment of the Efficacy of Various Nitrogen Fertilizers

Summary

The efficiency of N fertilizers is usually poor; often less than 50% of the applied N is taken up by the crop. This review focuses on various N fertilizers with respect to the significance of different N loss pathways, namely (i) ammonia volatilization, (ii) dinitrogen and nitrogen oxide emissions, and (iii) nitrate leaching. Further, the significance of biological N immobilization, ammonium fixation and, finally, the impact of nitrate vs. ammonium uptake on crop yield are also discussed. The reviewed literature shows that N fertilizers may differ markedly in their susceptibility to losses. There is, however, considerable scope to improve N efficiency of each N source by proper N management practices.     

Studies on natural repellents against potato tuber moth (Phthorimaea operculella Zeller) in country stores

Summary The effects of the leaves of five plant species, one from each of the generaAmbrosia, Anemone, Eupatorium, Eucalyptus andLantana, on potato tuber moth were investigated under indigenous storage conditions at the Central Potato Research Station, Shillong (1800 m above sea level). Their action was compared with that of a biological insecticide (spores ofBacillus thuringiensis), a chemical insecticide (carbaryl), and an untreated control. The data collected after six months storage on tuber damage, sprout damage and the rotting indicated that the leaves ofLantana aculeata provided most protection to the tubers, reducing damage from over 70% in the check to below 5%, and sprout damage from over 45% to below 3%. Next best wasEucalyptus globulus followed byB. thuringiensis. They may be used on tubers stored for table use or for seed as they had no adverse effect on germination or on the yield of a subsequent crop.     

Mineral composition of some traditional Mexican teas

Teas of plant origin traditionally consumed by the Mountain Pima of Chihuahua, Mexico, were analyzed for mineral nutritional content. Fe, Cu, Zn, Ca, and Mg composition was determined for native teas made from shoots ofTagetes lucida, T. filifolia, Elytraria imbricata, andHolodiscus dumosus, and from root xylem ofCeanothus depressus andPhaseolus ritensis. Native uses of these teas are also described.     

Novel food and non-food uses for sorghum and millets

Sorghum and millets have considerable potential in foods and beverages. As they are gluten-free they are suitable for coeliacs. Sorghum is also a potentially important source of nutraceuticals such antioxidant phenolics and cholesterol-lowering waxes. Cakes, cookies, pasta, a parboiled rice-like product and snack foods have been successfully produced from sorghum and, in some cases, millets. Wheat-free sorghum or millet bread remains the main challenge. Additives such as native and pre-gelatinised starches, hydrocolloids, fat, egg and rye pentosans improve bread quality. However, specific volumes are lower than those for wheat bread or gluten-free breads based on pure starches, and in many cases, breads tend to stale faster. Lager and stout beers with sorghum are brewed commercially. Sorghum's high-starch gelatinisation temperature and low beta-amylase activity remain problems with regard to complete substitution of barley malt with sorghum malt . The role of the sorghum endosperm matrix protein and cell wall components in limiting extract is a research focus. Brewing with millets is still at an experimental stage. Sorghum could be important for bioethanol and other bio-industrial products. Bioethanol research has focused on improving the economics of the process through cultivar selection, method development for low-quality grain and pre-processing to recover valuable by-products. Potential by-products such as the kafirin prolamin proteins and the pericarp wax have potential as bioplastic films and coatings for foods, primarily due to their hydrophobicity.     

In vitro antimicrobial activity of different accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. from Uruguay

Summary The in vitro antimicrobial activity of extracts from accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. collected in the south of Uruguay was investigated against five microorganisms including the pathogenRalstonia solanacearum. A total of 30 extracts corresponding to organic and aqueous extracts were studied. Interestingly, most of the positive results for growth inhibition were againstR. solanacearum. The extracts were also analyzed for the presence of glycoalkaloids and lectins. Six of the ten aqueous extracts showed lectin presence and a wide variation in the type and amounts of glycoalkaloids, was found. Results indicate that there is no clear relationship between the antimicrobial activity against the five microorganisms screened and the presence or amounts of lectins and glycoalkaloids, traditionally regarded as possible antimicrobial metabolites in theSolanum genus, which indicates the presence of as yet unidentified antimicrobial compounds.     

Extreme resistance to infection by potato virus X in genotypes of wild tuber-bearingSolanum species

Summary Clones derived from thirty-one different accessions (nineteen of Argentine origin) belonging to eightSolanum species were screened for resistance to infection by potato virus X strain cp (PVX cp) by mechanical inoculation of plantlets that had been micropropagated in vitro. Estimates of PVX multiplication obtained by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay and slot blot nucleic acid hybridization allowed the identification of resistant clones derived from five accessions belonging toS. commersonii S. oplocense, S. sparsipilum andS. tuberosum andigena. Resistant genotypes supported PVX concentrations 5 to 15 times smaller than did the susceptible control cultivar Spunta. Graft inoculation test confirmed the presence of extreme resistance similar to that conferred by the ‘immunity’ gene X¹ (also called RX_act).     

Cyanobacteria Secondary Metabolites as Biotechnological Ingredients in Natural Anti-Aging Cosmetics: Potential to Overcome Hyperpigmentation,Loss of Skin Density and UV Radiation-Deleterious Effects

The loss of density and elasticity, the appearance of wrinkles and hyperpigmentation are among the first noticeable signs of skin aging. Beyond UV radiation and oxidative stress, matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) assume a preponderant role in the process, since their deregulation results in the degradation of most extracellular matrix components. In this survey, four cyanobacteria strains were explored for their capacity to produce secondary metabolites with biotechnological potential for use in anti-aging formulations. Leptolyngbya boryana LEGE 15486 and Cephalothrix lacustris LEGE 15493 from freshwater ecosystems, and Leptolyngbya cf. ectocarpi LEGE 11479 and Nodosilinea nodulosa LEGE 06104 from marine habitats were sequentially extracted with acetone and water, and extracts were analyzed for their toxicity in cell lines with key roles in the skin context (HaCAT, 3T3L1, and hCMEC). The non-toxic extracts were chemically characterized in terms of proteins, carotenoids, phenols, and chlorophyll a, and their anti-aging potential was explored through their ability to scavenge the physiological free radical superoxide anion radical (O₂^•−), to reduce the activity of the MMPs elastase and hyaluronidase, to inhibit tyrosinase and thus avoid melanin production, and to block UV-B radiation (sun protection factor, SPF). Leptolyngbya species stood out for anti-aging purposes: L. boryana LEGE 15486 presented a remarkable SPF of 19 (at 200 µg/mL), being among the best species regarding O₂^•− scavenging, (IC₅₀ = 99.50 µg/mL) and also being able to inhibit tyrosinase (IC₂₅ = 784 µg/mL), proving to be promising against UV-induced skin-aging; L. ectocarpi LEGE 11479 was more efficient in inhibiting MMPs (hyaluronidase, IC₅₀ = 863 µg/mL; elastase, IC₅₀ = 391 µg/mL), thus being the choice to retard dermal density loss. Principal component analysis (PCA) of the data allowed the grouping of extracts into three groups, according to their chemical composition; the correlation of carotenoids and chlorophyll a with MMPs activity (p < 0.01), O₂^•− scavenging with phenolic compounds (p < 0.01), and phycocyanin and allophycocyanin with SPF, pointing to these compounds in particular as responsible for UV-B blockage. This original survey explores, for the first time, the biotechnological potential of these cyanobacteria strains in the field of skin aging, demonstrating the promising, innovative, and multifactorial nature of these microorganisms.     

Marine Pharmacology in 2009–2011: Marine Compounds with Antibacterial,Antidiabetic, Antifungal,Anti-Inflammatory,Antiprotozoal, Antituberculosis,and Antiviral Activities; Affecting the Immune and Nervous Systems,and other Miscellaneous Mechanisms of Action ?

The peer-reviewed marine pharmacology literature from 2009 to 2011 is presented in this review, following the format used in the 1998–2008 reviews of this series. The pharmacology of structurally-characterized compounds isolated from marine animals, algae, fungi and bacteria is discussed in a comprehensive manner. Antibacterial, antifungal, antiprotozoal, antituberculosis, and antiviral pharmacological activities were reported for 102 marine natural products. Additionally, 60 marine compounds were observed to affect the immune and nervous system as well as possess antidiabetic and anti-inflammatory effects. Finally, 68 marine metabolites were shown to interact with a variety of receptors and molecular targets, and thus will probably contribute to multiple pharmacological classes upon further mechanism of action studies. Marine pharmacology during 2009–2011 remained a global enterprise, with researchers from 35 countries, and the United States, contributing to the preclinical pharmacology of 262 marine compounds which are part of the preclinical pharmaceutical pipeline. Continued pharmacological research with marine natural products will contribute to enhance the marine pharmaceutical clinical pipeline, which in 2013 consisted of 17 marine natural products, analogs or derivatives targeting a limited number of disease categories.