Phosphorus uptake and rhizosphere properties of intercropped and monocropped maize, faba bean, and white lupin in acidic soil

Little information is available on phosphorus (P) uptake and rhizosphere processes in maize (Zea mays L.), faba bean (Vicia faba L.), and white lupin (Lupinus albus L.) when intercropped or grown alone in acidic soil. We studied P uptake and soil pH, carboxylate concentration, and microbial community structure in the rhizosphere of maize, faba bean, and white lupin in an acidic soil with 0–250 mg P (kg⁻¹ soil) as KH₂PO₄ (KP) or FePO₄ (FeP) with species grown alone or intercropped. All plant species increased the pH compared to unplanted control, particularly faba bean. High KP supply (>100 mg P kg⁻¹) significantly increased carboxylate concentration in the rhizosphere of maize. The carboxylate composition of the rhizosphere soil of maize and white lupin was significantly affected by P form (KP or FeP), whereas, this was not the case for faba bean. In maize, the carboxylate composition of the rhizosphere soil differed significantly between intercropping and monocropping. Yield and P uptake were similar in monocropping and intercropping. Monocropped faba bean had a greater concentration of phospholipid fatty acids in the rhizosphere than that in intercropping. Intercropping changed the microbial community structure in faba bean but not in the other corps. The results show that P supply and P form, as well as intercropping can affect carboxylate concentration and microbial community composition in the rhizosphere, but that the effect is plant species-specific. In contrast to previous studies in alkaline soils, intercropping of maize with legumes did not result in increased maize growth suggesting that the legumes did not increase P availability to maize in this acidic soil.     

间作小麦和接种AM真菌协同提高蚕豆抗枯萎病能力和根际微生物碳代谢活性

【目的】接种丛枝菌根 (arbuscular mycorrhizal,AM) 真菌和间作均是防治蚕豆枯萎病的有效方法,从土壤微生物学角度研究两者协同减轻蚕豆枯萎病的机理,对控制蚕豆枯萎病传播具有重要意义。【方法】利用盆栽试验方法,进行了间作和接种AM真菌摩西管柄囊霉 (Funneliformis mosseae,Fm) 和扭形球囊霉 (Glomus tortuosum,Gt) 试验。设蚕豆单作对照 (MF)、蚕豆小麦间作 (IF)、蚕豆单作接种Fm (MFFm)、蚕豆小麦间作接种Fm (IFFm)、蚕豆单作接种Gt (MFGt)、蚕豆小麦间作接种Gt (IFGt) 6个处理。于蚕豆开花期 (生长70天) 取土壤样品,测定蚕豆幼苗生长、枯萎病发生、根际镰刀菌数量和微生物碳代谢活性。【结果】间作显著增加蚕豆幼苗干重93.0%、降低蚕豆枯萎病病情指数71.4%,接菌显著增加蚕豆幼苗干重55.3%、降低病情指数76.6%,其中接种Fm真菌对蚕豆幼苗干重的影响更大,对病情指数的抑制效果更好。间作接菌显著增加蚕豆幼苗干重100%、降低病情指数89.8%。Biolog微平板测试结果显示,间作提高根际微生物碳代谢活性32.3%;接菌提高微生物活性85.4%;间作接菌提高微生物活性122%。主成分分析结果表明,间作和接菌均明显改变了根际微生物的群落结构,并主要改变了对碳水化合物类、氨基酸和羧酸类碳源的利用。相关性分析结果显示,枯萎病发病率和病情指数与根际镰刀菌数量呈极显著正相关关系,与AWCD值、Shannon多样性指数和丰富度指数均呈极显著负相关。【结论】蚕豆与小麦间作和接菌对抑制蚕豆枯萎病和促进蚕豆生长均具有积极效应,间作显著提高了AM真菌的定殖率,二者协同提高了根际微生物活性,改变了微生物群落结构,并抑制了病原菌增殖,进而控制蚕豆枯萎病发生。     

小麦与蚕豆间作对根际真菌代谢功能多样性的影响

通过田间小区试验,采用Biolog FF微平板培养方法,研究小麦与蚕豆间作对小麦和蚕豆根际真菌代谢功能多样性的影响。结果表明:与单作相比,间作明显提高了小麦和蚕豆根际真菌的碳源平均利用率(AWCD),且间作提高蚕豆根际真菌活性的幅度大于小麦。与单作相比,间作显著提高了蚕豆和小麦根际真菌对Biolog FF板中聚合物、糖类、羧酸类、氨基酸类和胺类碳源的利用;同时间作使小麦和蚕豆根际真菌对碳源的总利用强度比单作分别显著提高63.30%和52.02%,小麦和蚕豆根际真菌对Biolog FF板中6类碳源的利用强度百分比以糖类、羧酸类和氨基酸最高,分别为36.66%~45.99%、25.65%~27.70%和16.37%~20.67%。小麦与蚕豆间作显著提高了小麦和蚕豆根际真菌的香农多样性指数(H)和丰富度指数(S)。主成分分析表明,间作明显改变了小麦和蚕豆根际真菌的群落结构。小麦与间作蚕豆明显促进了小麦和蚕豆根际土壤真菌的碳源代谢强度,显著提高了根际真菌的多样性和丰富度,改变了根际真菌的群落结构,因而是一种有利于改善蚕豆连作栽培根际微生态环境的有效措施。     

新开垦土壤上构建玉米/蚕豆-根瘤菌高效固氮模式

为了在新开垦土壤上构建高效种植模式,本文采用温室盆栽和大田试验相结合的方法,选用4种根瘤菌接种方式(保水剂拌种、清水拌种、三叶期灌根和种子丸衣化)接种4种不同蚕豆根瘤菌(NM353、CCBAU、G254和QH258),分析接菌后新开垦土壤上玉米/蚕豆间作体系的生产潜力、地上部氮素吸收和结瘤特性以及生物固氮等方面的优势,拟为该体系筛选出高效的根瘤菌及其接种技术。结果表明:接种NM353后,玉米/蚕豆间作体系中蚕豆籽粒产量比单作平均增加152.84%,而玉米保持相对稳产;以保水剂拌种的方式接种NM353的间作蚕豆地上部氮素积累量最高,蚕豆结瘤数、瘤重、固氮比例和固氮量均高于本试验中其他3种方式接种的根瘤菌。在盛花期和盛花鼓粒期,接种NM353蚕豆的固氮比例比接种CCBAU的分别高19.1%和11.1%,在各个生育时期两者固氮量之间差异均达显著水平;接种NM353与接种其他菌种间固氮量和固氮比例差异更显著。因此,在新开垦土壤上,用保水剂拌种的方式对间作蚕豆接种NM353根瘤菌,构建玉米/蚕豆-根瘤菌高效固氮体系,为新开垦土壤合理开发利用的可持续发展模式。     

Community composition of ammonia-oxidizing bacteria in the rhizosphere of intercropped wheat (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Triticum aestivum</Emphasis> L.), maize (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Zea mays</Emphasis> L.), and faba bean (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Vicia faba</Emphasis> L.)

Cereal/cereal and cereal/legume intercropping systems are popular in the north, northwest, and southwest of China and often result in yield increases compared to monocropping. Rhizosphere interactions may play a significant role in the yield increases, particularly with respect to nutrient availability. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of intercropping on N availability and community composition of ammonia-oxidizing bacteria in the rhizosphere of wheat, maize, and faba bean at different growth stages. Denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) based on 16S rRNA genes was used to analyze the community composition of bacterial ammonia oxidizers belonging to β-proteobacteria. The results showed that intercropping with faba bean significantly increased nitrate concentrations in the rhizosphere of wheat and maize at the second sampling time (20 June) compared to monocropping or intercropping between maize and wheat. Intercropping significantly affected the community composition of ammonia-oxidizing bacteria in the rhizosphere compared to monocropping, and the effects were most pronounced in the maize/faba bean and wheat/maize intercropping systems when faba bean and wheat were at anthesis and maize was in seedling stage. In wheat/faba bean intercropping, the effects of intercropping on community composition of ammonia-oxidizing bacteria were less pronounced at the seedling stage of the two species but were significant at anthesis.     

不同品种小麦与蚕豆间作对蚕豆枯萎病发生、根系分泌物和根际微生物群落功能多样性的影响

通过田间小区试验和盆栽试验,研究了3个不同品种小麦［云麦42（YM42）,云麦47（YM47）和绵阳29（MY29）］与蚕豆间作对蚕豆枯萎病发生、 根系分泌物和根际微生物群落功能多样性的影响。结果表明,云麦42与蚕豆间作处理（YM42//B）和云麦47与蚕豆间作处理（YM47//B）使蚕豆枯萎病病情指数分别降低47.6%和33.3%,而绵阳29与蚕豆间作处理（MY29//B）对蚕豆枯萎病病情指数无显著影响。与蚕豆单作相比,YM42//B和YM47//B处理显著增加了根系分泌物中有机酸的含量,显著降低了根系分泌物中可溶性总糖和游离氨基酸含量; 显著提高了蚕豆根际微生物对碳源的利用强度,明显改变了蚕豆根际微生物群落结构,并且YM42//B处理的影响大于YM47//B; 而MY29//B处理对碳源利用强度、 根际微生物群落结构和根系分泌物中有机酸、 可溶性总糖和游离氨基酸含量均无显著影响。 YM42//B处理根际微生物利用碳源的种类比YM47//B处理多,同时YM42//B和YM47//B处理利用的糖类、 氨基酸类和羧酸类碳源种类完全不同。表明云麦42和云麦47与蚕豆间作通过增加有机酸含量,从而提高根际微生物活性和多样性,促进了根际微生物利用更多的碳源,同时云麦42和云麦47与蚕豆间作抑制了氨基酸和总糖的分泌,而最终控制了蚕豆枯萎病的发生。表明不同品种小麦与蚕豆间作系统根系分泌物-根际微生物的互作是影响蚕豆枯萎病抗性的重要原因。小麦与蚕豆间作控病效果受小麦品种的影响,以云麦42与蚕豆间作效果最好,其次为云麦47与蚕豆间作,而绵阳29与蚕豆间作无显著控病效果。     

Growth,P uptake in grain legumes and changes in rhizosphere soil P pools

In soils with low P availability, several legumes have been shown to mobilise less labile P pools and a greater capacity to take up P than cereals. But there is little information about the size of various soil P pools in the rhizosphere of legumes in soil fertilised with P although P fertiliser is often added to legumes to improve N₂ fixation. The aim of this study was to compare the growth, P uptake and the changes in rhizosphere soil P pools in five grain legumes in a soil with added P. Nodulated chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.), faba bean (Vicia faba L.), white lupin (Lupinus albus L.), yellow lupin (Lupinus luteus L.) and narrow-leafed lupin (Lupinus angustifolius L.) were grown in a loamy sand soil low in available P to which 80 mg P kg⁻¹ was added and harvested at flowering and maturity. At maturity, growth and P uptake decreased in the following order: faba bean > chickpea > narrow-leafed lupin > yellow lupin > white lupin. Compared to the unplanted soil, the depletion of labile P pools (resin P and NaHCO₃-P inorganic) was greatest in the rhizosphere of faba bean (54% and 39%). Of the less labile P pools, NaOH-P inorganic was depleted in the rhizosphere of faba bean while NaOH-P organic and residual P were most strongly depleted in the rhizosphere of white lupin. The results suggest that even in the presence of labile P, less labile P pools may be depleted in the rhizosphere of some legumes.     

Effectiveness of native Rhizobium on nodulation and yield of faba bean (Vicia faba L.) in Eastern Ethiopia

This study was initiated to evaluate the effect of locally isolated Rhizobium on nodulation and yield of faba bean at Haramaya, Ethiopia for three consecutive years. Ten treatments comprising of eight effective isolates of rhizobia, uninoculated, and N-fertilized (20 kg N ha^?1) were laid out in a randomized complete block design with three replications. The result of the experiment indicated that all inoculation treatments increased nodule number and dry weight over the control check in all cropping seasons. The result, however, showed the non-significant effect of Rhizobium inoculation on shoot length, number of tiller per plant and 100 seed weight in all cropping season. Inoculating Haramaya University Faba Bean Rhizobium (HUFBR)-15 in 2011 and National Soil Faba Bean Rhizobium (NSFBR)-30 in 2012 and 2013 gave the highest grain yields (4330, 5267 and 4608 kg ha^?1), respectively. These records were 75%, 48%, and 5% over the uninoculated treatment of respective years. Over the season, NSCBR-30 inoculation resulted in the highest nodulation and grain yield production as compared to the other treatments. In general, isolates from central Ethiopia were better than those isolated from eastern Ethiopia and Tropical Agricultural Legume (TAL)-1035 in enhancing faba bean production at Haramaya site. Therefore, NSFBR-30 is recommended as a candidate isolate for faba bean biofertilizer production in eastern Ethiopia soils.     

Biological nitrogen fixation in faba bean (Vicia faba L.) in the Ethiopian highlands as affected by P fertilization and inoculation

 N₂ fixation by leguminous crops is a relatively low-cost alternative to N fertilizer for small-holder farmers in developing countries. N₂ fixation in faba bean (Vicia faba L.) as affected by P fertilization (0 and 20 kg P ha^–1) and inoculation (uninoculated and inoculated) with Rhizobium leguminosarium biovar viciae (strain S-18) was studied using the ¹⁵N isotope dilution method in the southeastern Ethiopian highlands at three sites differing in soil conditions and length of growing period. Nodulation at the late flowering stage was significantly influenced by P and inoculation only at the location exhibiting the lowest soil P and pH levels. The percentage of N derived from the atmosphere ranged from 66 to 74%, 58 to 74% and 62 to 73% with a corresponding total amount of N₂ fixed ranging from 169 to 210 kg N ha^–1, 139 to 184 kg N ha^–1 and 147 to 174 kg N ha^–1 at Bekoji, Kulumsa and Asasa, respectively. The total N₂ fixed was not significantly affected by P fertilizer or inoculation across all locations, and there was no interaction between the factors. However, at all three locations, N₂ fixation was highly positively correlated with the dry matter production and total N yield of faba bean. Soil N balances after faba bean were positive (12–58 kg N ha^–1) relative to the highly negative N balances (–9–44 kg N ha^–1) following wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), highlighting the importance of rotation with faba bean in the cereal-based cropping systems of Ethiopia. Received: 13 January 2000     

Effect of intercropping on crop yield and chemical and microbiological properties in rhizosphere of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), maize (Zea mays L.), and faba bean (Vicia faba L.)

In this study, we investigated crop yield and various chemical and microbiological properties in rhizosphere of wheat, maize, and faba bean grown in the field solely and intercropped (wheat/faba bean, wheat/maize, and maize/faba bean) in the second and third year after establishment of the cropping systems. In both years, intercropping increased crop yield, changed N and P availability, and affected the microbiological properties in rhizosphere of the three species compared to sole cropping. Generally, intercropping increased microbial biomass C, N, and P availability, whereas it reduced microbial biomass N in rhizosphere of wheat. The rhizosphere bacterial community composition was studied by denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis of 16S rRNA. In the third year of different cropping systems, intercropping significantly changed bacterial community composition in rhizosphere compared with sole cropping, and the effects were most pronounced in the wheat/faba bean intercropping system. The effects were less pronounced in the second year. The results show that intercropping has significant effects on microbiological and chemical properties in the rhizosphere, which may contribute to the yield enhancement by intercropping.     

Rapid identification and discrimination among Egyptian genotypes of Rhizobium leguminosarum bv. viciae and Sinorhizobium meliloti nodulating faba bean (Vicia faba L.) by analysis of nodC, ARDRA, and rDNA sequence analysis

Twenty-eight Rhizobium strains were isolated from the root nodules of faba bean (Vicia faba L.) collected from 11 governorates in Egypt. A majority of these strains (57%) were identified as Rhizobium leguminosarum bv. viciae (Rlv) based on analysis of a nodC gene fragment amplified using specific primers for these faba bean symbionts. The strains were characterized using a polyphasic approach, including nodulation pattern, tolerance to environmental stresses, and genetic diversity based on amplified ribosomal DNA-restriction analysis (ARDRA) of both 16S and 23S rDNA. Analysis of tolerance to environmental stresses revealed that some of these strains can survive in the presence of 1% NaCl and a majority of them survived well at 37 °C. ARDRA indicated that the strains could be divided into six 16S rDNA genotypes and five 23S rDNA genotypes. Sequence analysis of 16S rDNA indicated that 57% were Rlv, two strains were Rhizobium etli, one strain was taxonomically related to Rhizobium rubi, and a group of strains were most closely related to Sinorhizobium meliloti. Results of these studies indicate that genetically diverse rhizobial strains are capable of forming N₂-fixing symbiotic associations with faba bean and PCR done using nodC primers allows for the rapid identification of V. faba symbionts.     

Complement of integrated fertilizer management and integrated pest management concepts to ameliorate faba bean growth and yield

Twenty-one microbial preparations recommended for controlling pathogenic fungal strains causing root rot and wilt diseases of faba bean were investigated for antibiosis against several symbiotic and associative diazotrophs adopting a modified agar-plate-inhibition-zone assay. Rhizobium and Bradyrhizobium exhibited a somewhat similar susceptibility to biocontrol agents while associative diazotrophs showed variable responses. Azotobacter, compared to others, was severely inhibited by such bio-candidates. The members of the biofertilizer formulation ‘Biofertan’ did bear mixed cultivation with the majority of biocontrol agents. Among those, Bacillus subtilis was deemed the pioneer. In pot experiments, almost all the antagonists significantly restricted the severity of root rot and wilt diseases besides modifying faba bean seedling stand and improving plant development. This was very obvious with shoot biomass increases of >?50%. Moreover, the bioagents successfully recovered the legume establishment, seriously injured due to pathogenic fungal infection. Simultaneous inoculation with Rhizobium and biocontrol agents provided more growth stimulation compared to either when introduced individually. Field-grown faba beans were inoculated with the diazotroph and representatives of biocontrol strains by two different methods, seed coating and over-head soil. Growth parameters determined were the highest when the legume plant was seed-coated by Rhizobium simultaneously over-head soil inoculated with the bacterial bioagents; this was reported with Bacillus subtilis and Pseudomonas aerugenosa. The significance of combined application of biofertilizer and bioagent to ensure cheap, clean and safe farm products is discussed.     

Influence of management practices on the diversity of pseudomonads in rhizosphere soil of wheat cropping system

The composition and diversity of the bacterial communities associated with plant root is influenced by various biotic and abiotic factors. In this study, effect of soil management practices, conventional (pf) and raised bed (rb), are compared for bacterial diversity in rhizosphere of wheat (Triticum aestivum) var. UP2338, taking pseudomonads as a biomarker. Microbial diversity was assessed employing culturable and unculturable approaches. Amplified rDNA restriction analysis showed that soil management practices and site of sampling (rhizosphere-RS and rhizoplane-RP) affected the composition of microbial communities. Sample from conventional management showed a higher Pseudomonas diversity (H′ = 3.7) than that from raised bed (H′ = 2.78). However, total bacterial diversity (SSCP data) was more complex in rb than pf management. Dominant members of both pf and rb were γ-proteobacteria as Pseudomonas was dominant over other forms, while Bacillus species were only present as low numbers in rb.     

根瘤菌菌株NM353对小麦/蚕豆间作体系中作物生长及养分吸收的影响

采用不同根系分隔方式(小麦与蚕豆根系完全分隔、尼龙网分隔和不分隔)研究了间作蚕豆接种根瘤菌菌株NM353,在施氮和不施氮情况下,蚕豆和小麦的生长和养分吸收状况。结果表明,无论何种分隔方式和施氮与否,接种根瘤菌菌株NM353对蚕豆的生长都好于不接种;同时,间作小麦也通过根系的相互作用受益。在施氮情况下,接种与不接种处理相比,蚕豆生物量在三种分隔方式中依次增加了15%、16%和5%;吸氮量依次增加了17%、9%和12%;而根系不分隔并接种根瘤菌NM353还改善间作小麦的生长,其生物量、吸氮量比不接种时分别增加了13%和22%。因此,小麦/蚕豆间作中通过选择合适的菌株进行接种,并配合适当的氮肥施用,可以充分发挥豆科生物固氮作用,并改善与之间作的作物氮素营养。     

Response of field-grown bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) to Rhizobium inoculation and nitrogen fertilization in two Cerrados soils

 Most soils sown with field beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) contain indigenous rhizobia which might interfere with the establishment of inoculated strains. As a consequence, the benefits of bean inoculation are usually questioned, and the use of N fertilizer is gradually becoming a common practice. The present study had the objective of evaluating the effectiveness of inoculation and N fertilization in field soil with (site 1) and without (site 2) a previous bean-cropping history. At site 1, which had a rhizobial population of 7×10² cells g^–1 soil, inoculation had no effect on nodulation or yield, whereas at site 2 (<10 cells g^–1 soil) inoculation increased nodulation, nodule occupancy by the inoculated strain and grain yield. N fertilizer decreased nodulation at both sites, but increased grain yield at site 1 but not at site 2, indicating that the response to inoculation and N fertilization depends on the cropping history. When bean was cultivated for the first time, indigenous populations of rhizobia were low and high yields were accomplished solely with seed inoculation, with no further response to N fertilizer. In contrast, previous cultivation of bean increases soil rhizobia, preventing nodule formation by inoculated strains, and N fertilizer may be necessary for maximum yields. A significant interaction effect between N fertilizer and inoculation was detected for serogroup distribution only at site 2, with N fertilizer decreasing nodule occupancy by the inoculated strain and increasing the occurrence of indigenous strains. Consequently, although no benefits were obtained by the combination of inoculation and N fertilizer, this practice may be feasible with the selection of appropriate N-tolerant strains from the indigenous rhizobial population. Received: 26 May 1999     

肉桂酸对蚕豆枯萎病发生的影响及间作缓解机制

采用盆栽试验,研究了肉桂酸不同浓度(C0(0.0 mg kg~(-1))、C1(14.0 mg kg~(-1))、C2(28.0 mg kg~(-1))和C3(56.0 mg kg~(-1)))处理对蚕豆枯萎病发生的影响及小麦与蚕豆间作对肉桂酸自毒效应的缓解机制。结果表明:(1)蚕豆单作条件下,肉桂酸处理显著降低了根系的过氧化物酶(POD)活性并增加了丙二醛(MDA)含量,导致根系脂质过氧化伤害加剧;肉桂酸处理降低了根际微生物的活性(AWCD值)、香农(Shannon)多样性指数(H)和丰富度指数(S)并改变了微生物群落结构;肉桂酸处理显著增加蚕豆根际土壤中镰刀菌数量,提高了枯萎病病情指数并降低根系干重。(2)肉桂酸胁迫下,与单作蚕豆相比,小麦与蚕豆间作提高了蚕豆根系的POD活性,降低了MDA含量,提高了根际微生物对碳源的利用能力及根际微生物的H和S,明显改变了根际微生物群落结构;间作显著降低了蚕豆根际土壤中镰刀菌数量及枯萎病病情指数,显著增加了蚕豆地上部干重和根系干重。表明小麦与蚕豆间作一方面提高蚕豆对枯萎病菌的生理抗性,另一方面有效调节根际微生物活性和多样性,从而缓解了肉桂酸引起的枯萎病危害,促进了蚕豆生长,但间作减轻枯萎病危害的效果受肉桂酸处理浓度的影响。因此,利用非寄主作物小麦的化感效应而采取的间作模式是缓解蚕豆自毒效应的有效措施。     

Linking plant identity and interspecific competition to soil nitrogen cycling through ammonia oxidizer communities

Both plants and microbes influence soil nutrient cycling. However, the links between plants, microbes and nutrient cycling are poorly understood. In this study, we investigated how plant identity and interspecific competition influence soil nitrogen cycling and attempted to link plant identity and interspecific competition to community structures of bacterial and archaeal ammonia oxidizers based on terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis (T-RFLP) of bacterial and archaeal ammonia monooxygenase (amoA) genes. Faba bean and maize monocultures and a faba bean/maize mixture were planted with two nitrogen levels (0 and 100 mg N kg⁻¹ soil as urea). Soil mineral nitrogen, ammonia oxidizer function (potential nitrification activity, PNA) and community structures were measured 28 and 54 days after plant emergence. Faba bean and maize substantially differed in their influences on mineral nitrogen concentrations and PNA in rhizosphere soils. Soil mineral nitrogen and PNA in the rhizosphere soils of the faba bean/maize mixture were closer to those of the maize monoculture than to those of the faba bean monoculture. T-RFLP with restriction enzymes BsaJI and Hpy8I distinguished variations in bacterial and archaeal ammonia oxidizers community structure, respectively, and detected both between-cluster and within-cluster variations in bacterial ammonia oxidizers. T-RFLP data showed that nitrogen addition favored part of a Nitrosospira cluster 3b sequence type and suppressed part of a cluster Nitrosospira 3a sequence type of bacterial ammonia oxidizers, while it had no influence on the archaeal ammonia oxidizer community structure. Although multivariate analysis showed that the function and community structure of bacterial ammonia oxidizers were significantly correlated, plant species and interspecific competition did not significantly change the community structure of bacterial and archaeal ammonia oxidizers. These results indicate that plant species and interspecific competition regulate soil nitrogen cycling via a mechanism of other than alteration in the community structure of ammonia oxidizers as investigated by DNA based methods.     

不同磷水平下小麦蚕豆间作对根际有效磷及磷吸收的影响

【目的】探明不同磷水平下小麦–蚕豆间作对根际有效磷含量及作物磷吸收量的影响,提高磷肥利用率。【方法】2015—2016和2016—2017两季田间试验在云南农业大学试验基地耕作红壤上进行,供试小麦品种为云麦-52,蚕豆品种为玉溪大粒豆。设施P2O5 0 (P0)、45 (P45)和90 kg/hm^2 (P90)三个水平,和单作(M,包括小麦单作MW和蚕豆单作MF)和间作(I)两种种植模式。每季在小麦分蘖期、拔节期、抽穗期、灌浆期和成熟期,蚕豆分枝期、开花期、结荚期、籽粒膨大期、收获期采取根际土样测定有效磷含量。在小麦蚕豆收获期测定单、间作小麦、蚕豆产量,并测定作物地上部磷含量。计算土地当量比(LER)来衡量间作优势,并用磷肥农学利用率来反映磷肥的吸收效率。【结果】与单作相比,在P0、P45、P90水平下,2016年间作种植显著提高了小麦籽粒产量12.5%、21.7%和17.3%,2017年间作蚕豆产量较单作分别降低了16.8%、11.7%和8.2%。三个磷水平下,小麦–蚕豆间作具有产量优势,土地当量比(LER)为0.95~1.18。与常规施磷水平(P90)下的单作相比,小麦–蚕豆间作条件下,磷肥减施1/2 (P45)并未降低小麦和蚕豆产量。间作种植对小麦根际有效磷含量无显著影响(除2016年成熟期外),但2017年,在蚕豆分枝期、开花期、结荚期,间作则分别降低蚕豆根际有效磷含量20.8%、44.5%和18%。与P90单作相比,间作P45处理几乎不会降低小麦、蚕豆根际有效磷含量。小麦、蚕豆磷吸收量主要受磷水平的调控,种植模式对小麦和蚕豆磷的吸收量及磷肥农学利用率均没有影响。【结论】在本试验条件下,小麦–蚕豆间作提高了小麦籽粒产量,降低了蚕豆产量;间作种植主要是改变了蚕豆生育前期根际有效磷含量,但对作物的磷吸收量没有影响。小麦–蚕豆间作具有减施磷肥、维持作物产量和根际土壤有效磷的潜力。     

小麦||蚕豆间作提高间作产量的优势及其氮肥响应

为探明小麦||蚕豆间作体系种间互补和竞争与产量优势的关系及其氮肥响应,为豆科禾本科间作最佳氮素管理提供指导,本研究通过为期2年（2015—2017年）的田间定位试验,在不施氮（N0）、低氮（N1,90 kg·hm^-2）、常规施氮（N2,180 kg·hm^-2）和高氮（N3,270 kg·hm^-2）4个施氮水平下,研究小麦||蚕豆间作的产量优势及其相关种间关系。结果表明,与单作相比,两年的间作小麦产量平均显著增加23.50%,单、间作蚕豆的产量均维持在4 000 kg·hm^-2左右,土地当量比均表现为N0 > N1 > N2 > N3 > 1的趋势,系统生产力平均达5 023 kg·hm^-2。与单作相比,间作小麦和蚕豆的花后干物质累积比例、干物质转移率和贡献率均不同程度增加,增幅随着施氮量增加而降低。不同施氮水平下,小麦的种间相对关系指数均表现出明显的互利效应,相对种间竞争强度在低氮水平为种内竞争,常规氮和高氮水平为种间竞争;蚕豆的种间相对关系指数则表现出竞争效应,相对种间竞争强度表现为种内竞争。较蚕豆而言,小麦的相对种间竞争力表现出不同程度的竞争优势,在种间竞争力为0.629 2时可获得最大的间作体系混合干物质量16 093 kg·hm^-2。综上,小麦||蚕豆间作降低了低氮水平下的种间竞争强度,扩大了小麦的互利效应和竞争优势,增加了间作作物的花后干物质累积比例以及干物质贡献率,表现出明显的间作产量优势。     

基于根系形态对磷吸收的贡献解析小麦||蚕豆间作促进磷吸收的作用

间作模式是充分挖掘作物自身生物学潜力,促进磷资源高效利用的有效手段。为进一步探明间作诱导的根系形态适应性变化对磷吸收的相对贡献,理解小麦||蚕豆间作系统促进磷吸收的作用机制,本研究采用水培法,研究了常规磷(Hoagland营养液磷水平)和低磷(1/2-Hoagland营养液磷水平)条件下,小麦||蚕豆间作对小麦和蚕豆磷吸收、生长性状和根系形态变化的影响,并结合集成推进树算法(ABT)分析小麦和蚕豆根系形态对小麦和蚕豆磷吸收的相对贡献。结果表明,在低磷水平下,与单作小麦相比,小麦||蚕豆间作可以显著促进小麦对磷的吸收;而在正常磷水平下,间作小麦的磷吸收量显著低于单作小麦。在常规磷和低磷水平下,间作均能够显著促进蚕豆对磷的吸收。正常磷水平,间作系统的磷吸收量是小麦和蚕豆单作系统平均磷吸收量的1.04倍;低磷水平,间作系统的磷吸收量是小麦和蚕豆单作系统磷吸收量的1.28倍。种植模式和供磷水平能够显著影响小麦的株高,且有显著的交互作用;间作显著降低蚕豆的株高。ABT分析结果表明,小麦根长、根平均直径主导了小麦根系对磷的吸收,其解释量分别为74.7%和25.3%;蚕豆根长、根平均直径和根表面积共同解释了根系对磷的吸收,其解释量分别为48.0%、35.2%和16.9%。因此,低磷条件下,小麦||蚕豆间作主要通过增加小麦的根长,显著降低小麦根系平均直径,促进小麦对磷的吸收;而间作系统中的蚕豆则通过增加根长促进其对磷的吸收。