不凝性气体及湍流扰动对喷嘴孔内空化现象的影响

利用ANSYS_Fluent 15.0软件,在两相流计算采用均相流模型(HEM)、湍流计算采用realizable k-ε模型基础上,分别基于SS及Singhal空化模型对喷嘴孔内空化现象进行数值模拟,并将模拟结果与试验结果进行对比分析,其中前者忽略了不凝性气体及湍流扰动对孔内空化现象的影响,而后者考虑了这2个因素。其后在两相流计算仍然采用均相流模型的基础上,将Singhal空化模型与不同的湍流模型组合应用,并与试验结果进行对比分析。结果显示:不凝性气体及湍流扰动对喷嘴孔内空化现象数值模拟存在显著影响,不考虑这2个因素时计算所得喷孔内气相区域分布规律与试验结果一致,然而计算所得气相体积分数仅为试验结果的42%,考虑这2个因素时计算所得气相区域分布规律同样与试验结果一致,且计算所得气相体积分数约为试验结果的96%,即考虑不凝性气体及湍流扰动的影响会使喷嘴孔内空化现象数值模拟更加准确;考虑不凝性气体及湍流扰动时计算所得气相区域在其末端出现小幅扩散现象,这种扩散现象源于不凝性气体在气相区域末端的膨胀作用;湍流粘度的计算结果通过影响场内流速、静压的方式最终对计算所得喷孔内气相区域分布产生一定影响。     

基于Rayleigh-Plesset方程的空化模型改进与应用

为了提高Schnerr-Sauer模型预测空化流场的能力,提出了一种修正的球形空泡动力学模型,结合均相流假设建立了一种基于Rayleigh-Plesset方程的改进空化模型。联立修正后的滤波器湍流模型,分别采用改进后空化模型和Schnerr-Sauer模型对绕二维Clark-Y型水翼非定常空化流动进行计算,得到了不同空化数条件下翼型吸力面上空穴形态随时间变化规律及水动力系数特征。与已有文献的实验结果进行对比分析,结果表明:在准静态片状空化阶段,改进的空化模型计算得到的片状空穴长度基本上维持不变,在空穴尾部捕捉到明显的相间界面,与实验描述较为一致;在云状空化阶段,改进的空化模型模拟的空化区域范围更广,预测的瞬时升力系数与实验值的变化趋势吻合程度更高,且其对云空化周期性演变过程中一些流动细节的预测能力更好。     

基于Rayleigh-Plesset方程的改进空化模型及应用

为了提高Schnerr-Sauer模型预测空化流场的能力,提出了一种修正的球形空泡动力学模型,结合均相流假设建立了一种基于Rayleigh-Plesset方程的改进空化模型。联立修正后的滤波器湍流模型,分别采用改进后空化模型和Schnerr-Sauer模型对绕二维Clark-Y型水翼非定常空化流动进行计算,得到了不同空化数条件下翼型吸力面上空穴形态随时间变化规律及水动力系数特征。通过与已有文献的实验结果进行对比分析,结果表明:在准静态片状空化阶段,改进的空化模型计算得到的片状空穴长度基本上维持不变,在空穴尾部捕捉到明显的相间界面,与实验描述较一致;在云状空化阶段,改进的空化模型模拟的空化区域范围更广,预测的瞬时升力系数与实验值的变化趋势吻合程度更高,且其对云空化周期性演变过程中一些流动细节的预测能力更好。     

基于Rayleigh-Plesset方程的改进空化模型及应用

为了提高Schnerr-Sauer模型预测空化流场的能力,提出了一种修正的球形空泡动力学模型,结合均相流假设建立了一种基于Rayleigh-Plesset方程的改进空化模型。联立修正后的滤波器湍流模型,分别采用改进后空化模型和Schnerr-Sauer模型对绕二维Clark-Y型水翼非定常空化流动进行计算,得到了不同空化数条件下翼型吸力面上空穴形态随时间变化规律及水动力系数特征。通过与已有文献的实验结果进行对比分析,结果表明:在准静态片状空化阶段,改进的空化模型计算得到的片状空穴长度基本上维持不变,在空穴尾部捕捉到明显的相间界面,与实验描述较一致;在云状空化阶段,改进的空化模型模拟的空化区域范围更广,预测的瞬时升力系数与实验值的变化趋势吻合程度更高,且其对云空化周期性演变过程中一些流动细节的预测能力更好。     

基于Rayleigh-Plesset方程的改进空化模型及应用

为了提高Schnerr-Sauer模型预测空化流场的能力,提出了一种修正的球形空泡动力学模型,结合均相流假设建立了一种基于Rayleigh-Plesset方程的改进空化模型。联立修正后的滤波器湍流模型,分别采用改进后空化模型和Schnerr-Sauer模型对绕二维Clark-Y型水翼非定常空化流动进行计算,得到了不同空化数条件下翼型吸力面上空穴形态随时间变化规律及水动力系数特征。通过与已有文献的实验结果进行对比分析,结果表明:在准静态片状空化阶段,改进的空化模型计算得到的片状空穴长度基本上维持不变,在空穴尾部捕捉到明显的相间界面,与实验描述较一致;在云状空化阶段,改进的空化模型模拟的空化区域范围更广,预测的瞬时升力系数与实验值的变化趋势吻合程度更高,且其对云空化周期性演变过程中一些流动细节的预测能力更好。     

基于Rayleigh-Plesset方程的改进空化模型及应用

为了提高Schnerr-Sauer模型预测空化流场的能力,提出了一种修正的球形空泡动力学模型,结合均相流假设建立了一种基于Rayleigh-Plesset方程的改进空化模型。联立修正后的滤波器湍流模型,分别采用改进后空化模型和Schnerr-Sauer模型对绕二维Clark-Y型水翼非定常空化流动进行计算,得到了不同空化数条件下翼型吸力面上空穴形态随时间变化规律及水动力系数特征。通过与已有文献的实验结果进行对比分析,结果表明:在准静态片状空化阶段,改进的空化模型计算得到的片状空穴长度基本上维持不变,在空穴尾部捕捉到明显的相间界面,与实验描述较一致;在云状空化阶段,改进的空化模型模拟的空化区域范围更广,预测的瞬时升力系数与实验值的变化趋势吻合程度更高,且其对云空化周期性演变过程中一些流动细节的预测能力更好。     

喷孔空化特性和近孔初始射流结构研究

设计了透明的有机玻璃喷嘴头部代替原喷油器的压力室和喷孔,在高压共轨试验台架上搭建了喷油器孔内流动和近孔喷雾可视化试验装置,采用高速可控闪光摄影与长距离显微成像技术相结合方法,获得了喷孔内部空化流动和近孔区域初始射流结构形态的发展过程图像。结果表明,所有试验喷孔内均呈现空化流动,空化强度和空化类型与针阀升程和喷油压力有关,喷油压力越高,对应空化初生的喷油时刻越早,并且空化类型在喷孔内出现的频率和时间也不同;喷油前喷孔内存在初始气泡,初始气泡大小不同导致了近孔区域初始射流结构不同。基于大涡模拟(Large eddy simulation,LES)和界面追踪法(Volume of fluid,VOF)多相流模型,根据喷嘴内部几何形状和试验条件,模拟计算喷孔内初始气泡的演变过程以及初始射流结构形态的形成发展过程,试验结果与模拟结果相符。     

喷孔几何特征对孔内流动及近孔区域燃油雾化的影响

采用混合多相流模型与空穴模型相结合的方法,对喷孔内部流动特性及近孔区域燃油喷射及雾化进行数值模拟。计算结果表明,喷孔几何特征对其内部流动特性及近孔区域燃油喷射及雾化具有重要影响,对于截面渐扩的喷孔,孔内空化效应、湍流度均增强,喷孔出口流速提高,喷油压力增大时效果更显著,空穴强度增大能够促进近孔区域燃油快速分裂,使燃油液滴雾化更细小,有利于柴油机油气混合以及性能的提高。对于截面渐缩的喷孔,孔内空化效应受到抑制、湍流度和喷孔出口流速均降低,喷孔出口液柱较长、液块较大,近孔区域燃油雾化程度降低。     

高压喷射条件下非常态燃油喷嘴内部空化流动特性

为了改善柴油机喷嘴出口处燃油液滴的破碎状态并增加初始湍动能,采用了180 MPa的高压燃油喷射。推导了受高压喷射影响时非常态燃油各个物性参数与压力之间的关系。搭建了高压定容器喷雾闪光摄影试验台架,在AVL FIRE软件平台上建立了喷油嘴喷孔内部流场的三维CFD模型,通过喷雾测试结果对仿真模型进行了修正。分析了喷孔内部气液两相流场的三维流态以及空化流动特性。结果表明,非常态燃油物性参数的变化有利于增强空化效应;增大燃油喷射背压对孔内的空化效应具有抑制作用;随着喷孔直径增加,燃油高速区域扩大,空化效应增强;增大喷射夹角也有利于增强空化效应,但效果不明显。     

垂直多孔喷嘴内部流动空穴现象数值模拟分析

柴油机喷嘴内部空穴流动是影响喷雾特性的重要因素,在对柴油机喷嘴喷孔内部空穴流动现象分析的基础上,利用混合多相流空穴模型对垂直多孔喷嘴完全发展了的空穴流动进行了三维数值模拟,分析了喷油压力、气缸背压及喷孔入口圆角半径与喷孔倾角对喷孔内部空穴分布的影响。验证了低空穴参数对应的空穴层延伸长度较长,喷孔入口锐边过渡会增加喷孔出口液流紊乱,从而加速雾化。     

Overland water and salt flows in a set of rice paddies

Cultivation of paddy rice in semiarid areas of the world faces problems related to water scarcity. This paper aims at characterizing water use in a set of paddies located in the central Ebro basin of Spain using experimentation and computer simulation. A commercial field with six interconnected paddies, with a total area of 5.31 ha, was instrumented to measure discharge and water quality at the inflow and at the runoff outlet. The soil was classified as a Typic Calcixerept, and was characterized by a mild salinity (2.5 dS m⁻¹) and an infiltration rate of 5.8 mm day⁻¹. The evolution of flow depth at all paddies was recorded. Data from the 2002 rice-growing season was elaborated using a mass balance approach to estimate the infiltration rate and the evolution of discharge between paddies. Seasonal crop evapotranspiration, estimated with the surface renewal method, was 731 mm (5.1 mm day⁻¹), very similar to that of other summer cereals grown in the area, like corn. The irrigation input was 1874 mm, deep percolation was 830 mm and surface runoff was 372 mm. Irrigation efficiency was estimated as 41%. The quality of surface runoff water was slightly degraded due to evapoconcentration and to the contact with the soil. During the period 2001–2003, the electrical conductivity of surface runoff water was 54% higher than that of irrigation water. However, the runoff water was suitable for irrigation. A mechanistic mass balance model of inter-paddy water flow permitted to conclude that improvements in irrigation efficiency cannot be easily obtained in the experimental conditions. Since deep percolation losses more than double surface runoff losses, a reduction in irrigation discharge would not have much room for efficiency improvement. Simulations also showed that rice irrigation performance was not negatively affected by the fluctuating inflow hydrograph. These hydrographs are typical of turnouts located at the tail end of tertiary irrigation ditches. In fact, these are the sites where rice has been historically cultivated in the study area, since local soils are often saline-sodic and can only grow paddy rice taking advantage of the low salinity of the irrigation water. The low infiltration rate characteristic of these saline-sodic soils (an experimental value of 3.2 mm day⁻¹ was obtained) combined with a reduced irrigation discharge resulted in a simulated irrigation efficiency of 60%. Paddy rice irrigation efficiency can attain reasonable values in the local saline-sodic soils, where the infiltration rate is clearly smaller than the average daily rice evapotranspiration.     

瓦房店市水果生产标准化发展研究

瓦房店市是我国重要的水果生产基地,在国内水果生产领域占有重要地位。随着水果市场化的不断深入,如何满足和适应国内外市场需求成为瓦房店市水果生产的关键问题。从瓦房店市水果生产实际出发,阐述了实施水果生产标准化的必要性,提出了发展水果生产标准化的具体措施。     

金谷子耐旱TG118引种试种及推广应用

对引进的谷子新品种金谷子耐旱TG118进行品种比较试验和多点试种。结果表明：该品种抗旱、耐瘠、适应性强,稳产、高产、抗病抗风抗倒伏强,品质优良,粮草兼用,种植简单,省工易管;一般产量在6000kg/hm2以上,比当地主栽品种增产20%以上。最高产量达9450kg/hm2,适于在辽西北地区推广应用。     

对《种子法》存在问题的探讨

《种子法》是我国种植业第一部法律。自实施以来,为依法加强种子管理提供了有力的法律支撑,促进我国种子产业发生翻天覆地的变化。但随着依法管理工作的深入和种子产业的快速发展,《种子法》及配套规章的一些问题逐步显现出来。对《种子法》及配套规章存在的问题进行深入分析,对需要进一步补充的章节以及需要调整的内容进行深入探讨,以求更加完善和明确。     

Review of the Egyptian experience in implementing land drainage projects

About 30 years have passed since the Government of Egypt embarked on implementing a series of large scale drainage projects. At present, about 3.8 million acres have been provided with drainage systems on the basis of systematic pre-drainage investigations and designs. The target is to provide drains in approximately 6.4 million acres in the Nile Valley and Delta.The implementation of the subsurface drainage system is carried out by the public sector and private contractors under direct supervision of governmental regional departments. The implementation process depends on many factors related to the drainage material, machinery, manpower, site requirements, farmers and organizations involved. Problems and constraints are sometimes challenging, however, the annual rate of implementation has gradually increased to 170,000 acre/year.This paper discusses the different aspects involved in the implementation process of drainage systems. The development in materials, machinery and construction technologies will be reviewed. Institutional and management factors are going to be also considered.     

和谐社会理论建设的几点哲学思考

在新世纪,面对机遇和挑战,党的十六大把“社会更加和谐”作为全面建设更高水平的小康社会的一个重要目标。中国人素有社会和谐的理想;西方人自古也向往社会和谐;借鉴东西方两种和谐社会思想的经验、教训,构建社会主义和谐社会理论。     

A European irrigation map for spatially distributed agricultural modelling

We present a pan-European irrigation map based on regional European statistics, a European land use map and a global irrigation map. The map provides spatial information on the distribution of irrigated areas per crop type which allows determining irrigated areas at the level of spatial modelling units. The map is a requirement for a European scale assessment of the impacts of irrigated agriculture on water resources based on spatially distributed modelling of crop growth and water balance. The irrigation map was compiled in a two step procedure. First, irrigated areas were distributed to potentially irrigated crops at a regional level (European statistical regions NUTS3), combining Farm Structure Survey (FSS) data on irrigated area, crop-specific irrigated area for crops whenever available, and total crop area. Second, crop-specific irrigated area was distributed within each statistical region based on the crop distribution given in our land use map. A global map of irrigated areas with a 5′ resolution was used to further constrain the distribution within each NUTS3 based on the density of irrigated areas. The constrained distribution of irrigated areas as taken from statistics to a high resolution dataset enables us to estimate irrigated areas for various spatial entities, including administrative, natural and artificial units, providing a reasonable input scenario for large-scale distributed modelling applications. The dataset bridges a gap between global datasets and detailed regional data on the distribution of irrigated areas and provides information for various assessments and modelling applications.     

粉质仪和拉伸仪在面粉生产中的应用

在介绍粉质仪和拉伸仪结构和原理的基础上,探讨了粉质曲线中吸水率、形成时间、稳定时间、弱化度和评价值等指标与面粉品质的关系,以及如何根据拉伸曲线中面团最大拉伸阻力、延伸度和拉伸曲线面积等指标来评价面团品质,并结合生产实际,概述了粉质仪和拉伸仪在面粉生产中的作用。     

农村信息化服务的现状及建设措施

分析当前我国农村信息化服务的现状,提出加强农村信息化服务的新举措。     

车辆ABS控制算法的研究及探讨

对现代汽车的ABS控制算法作了一些简单的介绍,同时指出了它们的一些缺陷,相应地提出了几种对ABS的其它控制方法并加以探讨,其中着重论述了ABS门限值控制算法中参考车速的确定方法和基于附着系数的控制算法。