改进CERES-Rice模型模拟覆膜旱作水稻生长

覆膜旱作是节水稻作生产体系的重要措施之一,采用CERES-Rice模型模拟覆膜旱作水稻生长需另外考虑覆膜的增温效应和根系层土壤水分布差异及由此所带来的影响。该文借鉴部分旱地作物的相关研究成果,对原CERES-Rice模型中的积温和土壤温度、蒸发和土壤水分胁迫等模拟计算过程进行了改进,并进一步通过2个水稻生长季的田间试验予以验证。试验于2013、2014年在湖北房县进行,共涉及淹水(对照)、覆膜湿润栽培和覆膜旱作共3个水分处理,采用原模型和改进模型分别对2个生长季、2个覆膜处理的生育期、叶面积指数与地上部干物质质量的变化过程及产量进行模拟。结果表明:原CERES-Rice模型难以准确刻画覆膜旱作水稻的生长发育过程,经改进后,模拟效果大大改善,可有效反映环境变化(水分、温度)对覆膜水稻生育进程的影响和产量形成,维持生育期与产量模拟的相对误差在15%以内;覆膜水稻叶面积指数的动态模拟基本满足要求,其均方根差≤1.54 m~2/m~2、相对均方根差≤27%、建模效率≥0.85;对覆膜水稻地上部干物质质量变化过程的模拟也呈现出较好的效果,均方根差和相对均方根差分别小于1 490 kg/hm~2、16%,建模效率则高于0.95。总体而言,经改进后的CERES-Rice模型基本可满足要求,较好地用于模拟覆膜旱作水稻的生长发育规律。     

果树根系吸水函数的建立

通过对苹果树根系的详细测定和研究,针对前人在作物根系吸水的研究中有争议之处,以大田一般情况为基础,提出了新的苹果树根系吸水函数,并建立了以新函数为源汇项的SPAC系统模拟模型,经田间试验检验,模拟准确、精度高。     

烟草气孔导度对光强的响应

气孔导度模型是评价植物叶片气孔调节的重要工具。为比较几种常用的气孔导度模型对烟草的适用性, 本研究采用Li-6400光合测定系统, 测定了大田条件下, 烟草叶片在控CO₂(390 μmol·mol^-1)和控温(20 ℃、25 ℃、30 ℃和35 ℃)情况下的气孔导度光响应曲线。以Ball-Berry模型(BB模型)、Leuning修正模型(BBL模型)、叶子飘和于强推导的机理模型(BBY模型), 对各温度下烟草的气孔导度进行拟合和比较, 将气孔导度模型与净光合速率的光响应修正模型进行耦合(耦合模型), 研究了烟草气孔导度的光响应特征, 并与Jarvis模型进行比较。拟合结果表明, 较之BB模型和BBL模型, BBY模型能更好地描述各温度下烟草气孔导度与净光合速率之间的关系。耦合模型和Jarvis模型都能较好地拟合烟草气孔导度对光强的响应曲线, 但耦合模型的拟合效果更好, 且可以直接估算最大气孔导度和对应的饱和光强, 同时可以研究最大气孔导度与最大净光合速率是否同步的问题。结果表明, 各温度下, 烟草最大气孔导度与最大净光合速率并不同步。20 ℃下气孔导度早于净光合速率达到最大值, 而其余温度下气孔导度晚于净光合速率达最大值。     

节水灌溉条件下水稻气孔导度模型的改进

为了研究节水灌溉条件下水稻叶片气孔导度与相关因子的响应关系模型,于2006年在河海大学国家重点实验室昆山试验研究基地进行了田间试验。根据实测资料分析了水稻气孔导度与各影响因子的响应关系,引入了水稻叶片叶气温差改进了气孔导度模型,并对两类气孔导度改进模型进行了比较。结果表明：改进的气孔导度模型在节水灌溉条件下具有更高的模拟解释能力;基于Jarvis模型改进的气孔导度模型比Leuning-Ball改进模型具有更好的模拟效果。推荐Jarvis改进气孔导度模型作为节水灌溉条件下的水稻叶片气孔导度响应模型。     

供氮水平对苗期大豆根系吸水特性的影响

采用水培试验方法,研究了供氮水平对苗期大豆生长和根系吸水特性的影响。结果表明,同一阶段,营养液氮素浓度为2 mmol·L^-1的处理,大豆地上部干物重和根干重均为最大,供氮水平对根干重的影响小于对地上部干重的影响;播种后30 d内,供氮水平对单株大豆日平均根系吸水速率的影响较小,30 d后大豆日平均根系吸水速率随营养液氮素浓度的升高呈现出先增大后平稳的趋势;最优水分条件下,单位根长潜在吸水系数并非一个常数,它受供氮水平和生长阶段的影响。     

控制灌溉水稻气孔导度变化规律试验研究

根据江西示范区的现场试验资料,分析了晚稻叶片气孔导度的日变化以及全生育期内的变化规律,分析了控制灌溉条件下叶片气孔导度与外界影响因子等的相互关系,并对气孔导度进行了模拟。结果表明：气孔导度在不同的土壤水分条件下表现出不同的日变化规律,较低的土壤水分加大了其在中午的下降幅度;全生育期气孔导度先升后降,并随土壤水分降低而降低,灌水后出现反弹;叶气温差是影响气孔导度的关键因素;在一定的空气温度和CO₂浓度范围内,气孔导度随之增加而增加,超出该范围后,则出现下降趋势。引入叶气温差考虑土壤水分与植物水分亏缺的影响,建立了改进的Leuning-Ball模型,模型对大田试验数据的解释能力有所提高。     

基于遗传算法的人工神经网络模型在冬小麦根系吸水模型中的应用

基于土壤水分与冠部数据,应用遗传算法优化人工神经网络模型的权值,将获得的冬小麦根长密度分布应用于根系吸水模型中,并进行了水分数值模拟,水分模拟效果整体较好,表明应用该方法可以为根系吸水模型提供准确的根系参数,并且较为方便,这对于根系吸水模型的建立及应用有着重要的意义。     

冬小麦气孔导度模型的比较

为评估不同模型模拟冬小麦气孔导度的适用性,从常用的Jarvis模型和Ball-Berry模型中分别选择两种,根据试验资料估算模型参数,并对模型预测效果进行检验和比较。结果表明：运用Jarvis模型1、Jarvis模型2、Ball-Berry模型1和Ball-Berry模型2预测冬小麦气孔导度时预测值与实测值之间的相关系数分别为0.854、0.777、0.751、0.784,均方根误差分别为0.149、0.247、0.183、0.169mol.m^-2.s^-1,据此可确定4种模型的预测精度为Jarvis模型1〉Ball-Berry模型2〉Ball-Berry模型1〉Jarvis模型2。研究结果可为现有的基于Jarvis模型和Ball-Berry模型的农田蒸散、陆面过程和生态系统模型提供参考。     

气孔导度,表面温度的环境响应模型研究

主要综述６０年代以来国内外有关气孔导度和植物表面温度的各类环境响应模型,讨论了模拟模型中存在的问题,并做了初步展望。其中主要包括气孔导度的多因子阶乘模型和组合因子模型,植被表面温度模拟的微气象模型。     

几种气孔导度模型在华北地区适应性研究

利用LI-6400便携式光合测定仪,在山东农业大学试验基地对冬小麦品种鲁麦23生理生态多项指标进行系统测定,在此基础上,从Jarvis和Ball-Berry模型中分别选取两种模型,利用最小二乘法对气孔导度参数进行拟合检验,并对模型预测效果进行统计分析和对比。结果表明,Ball-Berry模型2预测精度最高,其预测值与实测值的相关系数和均方根误差分别为0.625(P<0.01)和0.158mol.m-2.s-1,Jarvis模型1优于Jarvis模型2,Ball-Berry模型1预测效果最差,其预测值与实测值的相关系数和均方根误差分别为0.369(P<0.01)和0.235mol.m-2.s-1。4种模型在华北地区的适应性与长江中下游地区相比存在一定差异,因此需要在更多地区对气孔导度模型进行更深入研究,以期为土壤-植被-大气系统研究提供更为可靠的参考依据。     

Effect of silicon on photosynthetic gas exchange,photosynthetic pigments,cell membrane stability and relative water content of different wheat cultivars under drought stress conditions

This study aims to explain the effects of silicon (Si) foliar application on gas exchange characteristics, photosynthetic pigments, membrane stability and leaf relative water content of different wheat cultivars in the field under drought stress conditions. The experiment was arranged as a split-split plot based on randomized complete block design with three replications. Irrigation regime (100%, 60%, and 40% F.C.), silicon (control and Si application) and wheat cultivars (Shiraz, Marvdasht, Chamran, and Sirvan) were considered as main, sub and sub-sub plots, respectively. This study was carried out at the Research Farm of the Collage of Agriculture, Shiraz University, Iran, during 2012–2013 growing season. The results showed that foliar application of silicon increased the leaf relative water content, photosynthesis pigments (chlorophyll a, b and total chl and carotenoids), chlorophyll stability index (CSI) and membrane stability index (MSI) in all wheat cultivars, especially in Sirvan and Chamran (drought tolerant cultivars), under both stress and non-stress conditions. However, more improvement was observed under drought stress as compared to the non-stress condition. In contrast, these parameters decreased under drought stress. Si significantly decreased electrolyte leakage in all four cultivars under drought stress conditions. Furthermore, the intercellular carbon dioxide (CO₂) concentration (C_i) increased under drought stress. Si application decreased C_i especially under drought stress conditions. Net photosynthesis rate (A), transpiration rate (E) and stomatal conductance (g_s) were significantly decreased under drought conditions. Under drought, Si applied plants showed significantly higher leaf photosynthesis rate, transpiration rate, and stomatal conductance. Intrinsic water use efficiency (WUEi) and carboxylation efficiency (C_E) decreased in all cultivars under drought stress. However, the silicon-applied plants had greater WUEi and C_E under drought stress. The stomatal limitation was found to be higher in stressed plants compared to the control. Exogenously applied silicon also decreased stomatal limitation. Overall, application of Si was found beneficial for improving drought tolerance of wheat plants.     

拔节期水分亏缺对沙地农田玉米光合特性及物质积累的影响

[目的]分析拔节期水分亏缺对玉米光合特性及物质分配规律的影响,为作物调亏灌溉技术在沙地农田的应用提供理论依据。[方法]在黑河流域中游边缘绿洲新垦沙地农田进行田间试验。[结果](1)玉米拔节期水分亏缺使新垦沙地农田0—40cm土层土壤含水量显著降低,农田CO2浓度升高0.5%,相对湿度降低6%,玉米叶片温度升高了8%;(2)水分亏缺处理玉米叶片净光合速率日均值比正常供水处理降低了74%;水蒸腾速率日均值比正常供水处理降低了79%;(3)水分亏缺处理玉米茎、叶及根系生物量分别比正常供水处理低63%,47%和51%,总干物质积累量比正常供水处理减少了53%。[结论]在沙地农田,作物对土壤水分的反映较为敏感,小幅的土壤含水量降低即造成玉米光合能力的大幅下降,并最终对光合产物的积累和分配产生不利影响。     

土壤水分及环境因子对刺楸叶片气体交换的影响

通过测定不同土壤水分条件下,3a生盆栽刺楸苗木的气体交换参数及其周围环境因子,探讨土壤水分及微气候因子对光合速率、蒸腾速率、气孔导度等气体交换参数的影响规律。结果表明:随着水分胁迫的加剧,刺楸叶片蒸腾速率、净光合速率和气孔导度总体上表现出减小的趋势,且随着胁迫的加剧,下降的幅度越大,蒸腾速率、净光合速率和气孔导度在重度、中度、轻度胁迫下日均值分别比对照下降6 6 % ,2 5 %和16 % ,81% ,30 %及5 1% ,70 % ,17%和14 %。随着土壤水分的减少,净光合速率下降逐渐由气孔限制转变为非气孔限制,水分利用效率并未完全表现出下降的趋势,日平均值表现为对照>中度>轻度>重度。逐步回归分析表明,刺楸苗木叶片水气交换参数,不仅受土壤水分的影响,同时也受外界环境因子的综合影响,且影响程度差异较大,回归方程相关系数较好     

Gas exchanges and chlorophyll fluorescence of young coffee plants submitted to water and nitrogen stresses

Abstract

This research aims to evaluate the impact of nitrogen deprivation and water stress on gas exchange and chlorophyll fluorescence in young plants of five cultivars of Arabic coffee. A factorial experiment 5 (cultivars) × 3 (treatments: control without stress, water stress of ?1.5?MPa and stress of N – 0.0?mmol L^?1 N) was carried out in a complete randomized block design with three replicates. Before being submitted to the treatments, the plants were grown in a greenhouse for 240?days, and then transferred to a growth chamber under controlled conditions. Subsequently, after the experimental period of 96?h we measured photosynthetic rate (A), stomatal conductance to water vapor (g_s), transpiratory rate (E), internal and external carbon ratio (Ci/Ca), water use efficiency (A/E), electron transport rate (ETR), actual quantum yield of PS II electron transport (φFSII), and maximum photochemical efficiency of PS II (Fv/Fm). Water stress reduced A, g_s, E, A/E, ETR, φFSII, and Fv/Fm. The nitrogen deficiency reduced ETR, φFSII, and Fv/Fm. Under short-term water stress Catuaí Vermelho maintain the A values due to better stomatal control, reduced water lost by transpiration (E) and better water use efficiency A/E, while Mundo Novo and Acauã show lower damage to Fv/Fm. Short-term nitrogen stress has low impact on A of young plants of Coffea arabica cultivars with adequate N-nutrition.     

Coupled model of stomatal conductance–photosynthesis–transpiration for paddy rice under water-saving irrigation

To improve the performance of a coupled model based on a Leuning–Ball stomatal conductance (g_s) model for rice under water deficit conditions, leaf temperature rising (ΔT) was incorporated into the Leuning–Ball model and a revised coupled model for simulation of stomatal conductance g_s–net photosynthesis rate (P_n)–transpiration rate (T_r) was developed based on data collected from a rice paddy with nonflooded controlled irrigation in 2003 and 2004. Both a Leuning–Ball and revised Leuning–Ball and coupled model based on both were evaluated with internal conductance (g_ic) determined by different equations. The performance of the Leuning–Ball model was improved under water deficit condition by incorporating ΔT, and the revised Leuning–Ball model performed better than the Leuning–Ball model in the coupled model of stomatal conductance–photosynthesis–transpiration for rice under water deficit conditions. Meanwhile, accuracy in g_ic calculation is essential for simulation of P_n, but not for simulation of T_r. Thus, leaf temperature rising ΔT is suitable as a leaf water status indicator in a simulation of rice leaf gas exchange response to water deficit conditions.