寒区沼气工程地源热泵加热系统能耗分析

由于寒区沼气工程运行时室外温度较低,需要采用加热保温措施,因此选择适当的加热系统直接关系到寒区冬季沼气工程中温发酵能耗的大小和能否正能输出的问题。为此,基于黑龙江省鸡西市兰岭乡一处沼气工程参数,在沼气工程35℃中温发酵热负荷的条件下,通过计算和对比地源热泵和燃煤锅炉对沼气工程进行加温的各月份能耗,得出了地源热泵加温方式比燃煤锅炉加温方式节约15%左右能源消耗的结论,为寒区沼气工程采用地源热泵加热系统进行采暖提供了有力依据。     

日光温室水肥温气综合利用系统设计

新疆冬季寒冷,作物生长、灌溉、沼气的产生都需要加温,本文研究利用热风炉提供热量对温室环境、灌溉水及沼气池加温新方法,并在实际工程上运行试验。结果表明:热风炉1h燃烧煤炭10kg,可以将7℃~8℃的水100L加热到45℃,热风炉持续燃烧可以将温水灌溉池内的水温增加到40℃左右。用温水灌溉池内的温水加温保温方法能够使沼气发酵池的发酵温度保持在(35±2)℃范围内,池容产气率保持在0.8m3/(m3·d)左右。系统运行期间,热风炉热效率保持在70%左右,沼气辅助加温可以节约煤炭2.5kg/d,沼渣沼液在粉碎发酵后通过加压管道直接施入土壤中,为土壤提供有机肥料。因此,日光温室水肥温气综合利用系统是一种废弃物循环利用、节能环保的设施农业综合利用技术及系统集成,具有开发应用潜力及推广应用前景。     

寒区沼气发酵地源热泵增温系统的初步研究

以黑龙江省鸡西市兰岭乡大型沼气工程的增温系统为研究对象,通过对配料池、厌氧反应器加热量的计算,确定增温系统的供热负荷.并以此来选择合适的地下水源热泵机组.同时,对增温系统运行参数进行了周期为33h的测试,并进行了相关的分析.结果表明,地下水源热泵为沼气工程增温,不仅能保证沼气工程在北方冬季正常运行,还体现出了沼气增温系统的高效节能性.     

北京地区太阳能、空气源热泵、发电余热联合沼气工程增温系统研究

为了解决北京地区大中型沼气工程增温问题,文章结合北京地区气候特点,构建了一套太阳能、空气源热泵、发电余热联合沼气增温系统,阐述了系统设计的原理,计算和分析了发酵罐的热负荷、太阳能集热器集热量、空气源热泵供热量、沼气发电余热量和系统的经济性。结果表明:3种联合增温系统的作用下料液的温度能够一直维持在(37℃±1℃)范围内,在中温厌氧发酵范围内产气也达到最佳,取得了良好的试验效果。沼气工程全年月平均热量损失为7325.0 MJ,太阳能、空气源热泵、发电余热联合沼气增温系统月平均产热量为7464.1 MJ,可以完全满足工程的热量需要,保证整个系统稳定运行。同时也具有良好的经济效益性,对今后在北京的大中型沼气工程中具有一定的的参考意义。     

沼气池搅拌的CFD模拟及温度场验证

为了对底侧入式搅拌的沼气发酵池内的流场进行研究,该文采用计算流体力学方法,以上海市崇明县某示范工程的主体沼气发酵池（69.3 m3）为对象,对流场和温场进行计算模拟,并通过温度测量来验证温度数值模拟的可靠性,从而间接验证流场数据准确性。通过温度场的模拟和实测数据对比,整体温场模拟和实测数据在0.05水平下无显著差异;通过流场模拟和工程运行的观察,都反映此发酵池中设计的底侧入式搅拌不能充分实现发酵池的搅拌。但模型在相关设定上仍有与实际不符之处,模型仍有待完善。     

不同因素对羊粪干法沼气发酵产气效果的影响

为研究温度、含水率及接种比例对羊粪干法沼气发酵产气效果的影响,以羊粪为原料,采用单因素试验方法,进行干法沼气发酵试验。结果表明:温度、原料含水率对产气效果影响显著。相对湿法发酵,中温发酵(35±1)℃效果更加优于常温发酵(25±1)℃;发酵物料含水率越高,沼气发酵速度越快,单位TS累计产气量越高;接种比例在8:2(TS比36:1)时对单位TS累计产气量影响显著,在7:3~5:5(TS比21:1~9:1)时影响不显著;从单因素试验结果看,发酵温度在(35±1)℃、原料含水率在80%及接种比例在7:3~5:5(TS比21:1~9:1)时,羊粪干法沼气发酵效果最好。该试验结果为以羊粪为原料的干法沼气工程工艺设计提供了理论依据。     

秸秆动态厌氧发酵影响因子研究

文章以玉米秸秆为例,研究了搅拌和进出料方式对秸秆厌氧发酵产气潜力的影响。结果表明,对于顶部进料动态厌氧消化装置,适当搅拌可以显著增加产气量,平均池容产气率比不搅拌反应器提高了65.4%。相对于底部进料,"顶部进料-搅拌"方式并没有表现出运行优势,其池容产气率仅提高了2%,并且表现出出渣困难。研究还表明,底部进料方式下秸秆高温(52℃±1℃)动态厌氧消化运行的最高有机负荷为4.71 kg TS·m~(-3)d~(-1)左右,产生的沼气中甲烷含量恒定在45%~47%之间。     

太阳能采暖在大中型沼气工程上的应用

大中型沼气工程比较经济的发酵温度为(35±1)℃,在我国大部分地区无法在不采暖的情况下达到此温度.为了充分阐述太阳能采暖对大中型沼气工程的可行性以及必要性,从太阳能热利用理论分析出发,结合实际太阳能采暖项目的开展,验证了太阳能采暖在大中型沼气工程利用上的广阔应用前景.     

村镇被动式太阳能辅助集中制沼工程产气量研究

文章对徐州某被动式太阳能辅助秸秆集中制沼工程的产气量建立数学模型进行了理论计算。计算结果表明,利用太阳能可以有效改善发酵系统热环境,冬季产气速率达到0.5~0.7 m~3·m~(-3)。全年最低池温为15.2℃,能保证全年产气,全年单位池容产气量约268 m~3。与现场实测的结果进行对比分析,建立的数学模型有效地模拟了全年日光温室内逐时气温及逐时发酵温度的变化规律。该工程沼气日产量及年沼气产能预测方法可应用于其它地区。     

温度对蔬菜废弃物沼气发酵产气特性的影

运用实验室自行设计的小型沼气发酵装置,以废弃的甘蓝菜叶作为发酵原料,研究了温度对蔬菜废弃物沼气发酵产气特性的影响.结果表明,中温条件((35±1)℃)试验组的挥发酸质量浓度、氨态氮质量浓度以及pH值都在正常范围内,且优于高温((55±1)℃)和室温发酵试验组,可保证系统的顺利运行.产气特性研究表明:中温条件的总产气量比高温条件总产气量高42.5%,最高甲烷含量比高温条件和室温条件下分别高7.6%和19.1%.因此,中温条件适于蔬菜废弃物厌氧发酵产气.     

Overland water and salt flows in a set of rice paddies

Cultivation of paddy rice in semiarid areas of the world faces problems related to water scarcity. This paper aims at characterizing water use in a set of paddies located in the central Ebro basin of Spain using experimentation and computer simulation. A commercial field with six interconnected paddies, with a total area of 5.31 ha, was instrumented to measure discharge and water quality at the inflow and at the runoff outlet. The soil was classified as a Typic Calcixerept, and was characterized by a mild salinity (2.5 dS m⁻¹) and an infiltration rate of 5.8 mm day⁻¹. The evolution of flow depth at all paddies was recorded. Data from the 2002 rice-growing season was elaborated using a mass balance approach to estimate the infiltration rate and the evolution of discharge between paddies. Seasonal crop evapotranspiration, estimated with the surface renewal method, was 731 mm (5.1 mm day⁻¹), very similar to that of other summer cereals grown in the area, like corn. The irrigation input was 1874 mm, deep percolation was 830 mm and surface runoff was 372 mm. Irrigation efficiency was estimated as 41%. The quality of surface runoff water was slightly degraded due to evapoconcentration and to the contact with the soil. During the period 2001–2003, the electrical conductivity of surface runoff water was 54% higher than that of irrigation water. However, the runoff water was suitable for irrigation. A mechanistic mass balance model of inter-paddy water flow permitted to conclude that improvements in irrigation efficiency cannot be easily obtained in the experimental conditions. Since deep percolation losses more than double surface runoff losses, a reduction in irrigation discharge would not have much room for efficiency improvement. Simulations also showed that rice irrigation performance was not negatively affected by the fluctuating inflow hydrograph. These hydrographs are typical of turnouts located at the tail end of tertiary irrigation ditches. In fact, these are the sites where rice has been historically cultivated in the study area, since local soils are often saline-sodic and can only grow paddy rice taking advantage of the low salinity of the irrigation water. The low infiltration rate characteristic of these saline-sodic soils (an experimental value of 3.2 mm day⁻¹ was obtained) combined with a reduced irrigation discharge resulted in a simulated irrigation efficiency of 60%. Paddy rice irrigation efficiency can attain reasonable values in the local saline-sodic soils, where the infiltration rate is clearly smaller than the average daily rice evapotranspiration.     

瓦房店市水果生产标准化发展研究

瓦房店市是我国重要的水果生产基地,在国内水果生产领域占有重要地位。随着水果市场化的不断深入,如何满足和适应国内外市场需求成为瓦房店市水果生产的关键问题。从瓦房店市水果生产实际出发,阐述了实施水果生产标准化的必要性,提出了发展水果生产标准化的具体措施。     

金谷子耐旱TG118引种试种及推广应用

对引进的谷子新品种金谷子耐旱TG118进行品种比较试验和多点试种。结果表明：该品种抗旱、耐瘠、适应性强,稳产、高产、抗病抗风抗倒伏强,品质优良,粮草兼用,种植简单,省工易管;一般产量在6000kg/hm2以上,比当地主栽品种增产20%以上。最高产量达9450kg/hm2,适于在辽西北地区推广应用。     

对《种子法》存在问题的探讨

《种子法》是我国种植业第一部法律。自实施以来,为依法加强种子管理提供了有力的法律支撑,促进我国种子产业发生翻天覆地的变化。但随着依法管理工作的深入和种子产业的快速发展,《种子法》及配套规章的一些问题逐步显现出来。对《种子法》及配套规章存在的问题进行深入分析,对需要进一步补充的章节以及需要调整的内容进行深入探讨,以求更加完善和明确。     

Review of the Egyptian experience in implementing land drainage projects

About 30 years have passed since the Government of Egypt embarked on implementing a series of large scale drainage projects. At present, about 3.8 million acres have been provided with drainage systems on the basis of systematic pre-drainage investigations and designs. The target is to provide drains in approximately 6.4 million acres in the Nile Valley and Delta.The implementation of the subsurface drainage system is carried out by the public sector and private contractors under direct supervision of governmental regional departments. The implementation process depends on many factors related to the drainage material, machinery, manpower, site requirements, farmers and organizations involved. Problems and constraints are sometimes challenging, however, the annual rate of implementation has gradually increased to 170,000 acre/year.This paper discusses the different aspects involved in the implementation process of drainage systems. The development in materials, machinery and construction technologies will be reviewed. Institutional and management factors are going to be also considered.     

和谐社会理论建设的几点哲学思考

在新世纪,面对机遇和挑战,党的十六大把“社会更加和谐”作为全面建设更高水平的小康社会的一个重要目标。中国人素有社会和谐的理想;西方人自古也向往社会和谐;借鉴东西方两种和谐社会思想的经验、教训,构建社会主义和谐社会理论。     

A European irrigation map for spatially distributed agricultural modelling

We present a pan-European irrigation map based on regional European statistics, a European land use map and a global irrigation map. The map provides spatial information on the distribution of irrigated areas per crop type which allows determining irrigated areas at the level of spatial modelling units. The map is a requirement for a European scale assessment of the impacts of irrigated agriculture on water resources based on spatially distributed modelling of crop growth and water balance. The irrigation map was compiled in a two step procedure. First, irrigated areas were distributed to potentially irrigated crops at a regional level (European statistical regions NUTS3), combining Farm Structure Survey (FSS) data on irrigated area, crop-specific irrigated area for crops whenever available, and total crop area. Second, crop-specific irrigated area was distributed within each statistical region based on the crop distribution given in our land use map. A global map of irrigated areas with a 5′ resolution was used to further constrain the distribution within each NUTS3 based on the density of irrigated areas. The constrained distribution of irrigated areas as taken from statistics to a high resolution dataset enables us to estimate irrigated areas for various spatial entities, including administrative, natural and artificial units, providing a reasonable input scenario for large-scale distributed modelling applications. The dataset bridges a gap between global datasets and detailed regional data on the distribution of irrigated areas and provides information for various assessments and modelling applications.     

粉质仪和拉伸仪在面粉生产中的应用

在介绍粉质仪和拉伸仪结构和原理的基础上,探讨了粉质曲线中吸水率、形成时间、稳定时间、弱化度和评价值等指标与面粉品质的关系,以及如何根据拉伸曲线中面团最大拉伸阻力、延伸度和拉伸曲线面积等指标来评价面团品质,并结合生产实际,概述了粉质仪和拉伸仪在面粉生产中的作用。     

农村信息化服务的现状及建设措施

分析当前我国农村信息化服务的现状,提出加强农村信息化服务的新举措。     

车辆ABS控制算法的研究及探讨

对现代汽车的ABS控制算法作了一些简单的介绍,同时指出了它们的一些缺陷,相应地提出了几种对ABS的其它控制方法并加以探讨,其中着重论述了ABS门限值控制算法中参考车速的确定方法和基于附着系数的控制算法。