云南立体气候条件下参考作物腾发量计算方法的适用性研究

【目的】合理估算云南省特殊气候条件下的参考作物腾发量,验证不同ET0计算方法的适用性。【方法】利用云南省6个灌溉用水分区的14个气象站资料,以FAO推荐的ET0计算方法(FAO-56Penman-Monteith法)为标准,利用标准差(δ)、相对误差(RE)、一致性指数(IOA)、Nash-Sutcliffe系数(NES)、线性回归法、反距离加权平均法等指标和方法对其他6种常用ET0计算方法的适用性进行评价。【结果】随着降水量的减少,ET0大体上呈增加趋势。受云南省特殊低纬高原季风气候及"通道-阻隔"效应影响,云南省各分区逐月ET0值呈双峰曲线的变化规律,峰值分别位于4月和8月。不同水平年ET0计算方法的适用性不存在一致的规律性,6种ET0计算方法与FAO-56Penman-Monteith法计算得到的ET0计算结果的线性回归绝定系数(R2)均大于0.9,FAO-79 Penman法和Irmark-Allen法于6个分区显著相关,FAO-24 Penman法仅在1个分区显著。各分区各种方法的RE值均不大,在0～0.28之间。各方法中IOA值和NSE值在各区表现最好的方法为FAO-79 Penman法,IOA值和NSE值分别为0.65～0.96和0.58～0.89。【结论】FAO-79 Penman法在云南省除干热河谷区外的其他区域的适用性最强,计算精度最高;FAO-24 Penman法在云南省范围内适用最差,误差较大;FAO-24 Radiation法在除滇西北区以外的区域相对误差较小;Hargreaves-Samani法在干热河谷区及滇中区适用性较好。     

西藏高原灌区参考作物蒸散量模型的适用性研究

为明确参考作物蒸散量(ET_0)计算模型在西藏高原灌区的适用性,推荐适宜于气象资料短缺条件下的ET_0计算模型,本研究基于满拉、墨达、江北3个灌区的气象站的长系列数据,以FAO推荐的Penman-Monteith(FAO 56 PM)模型计算的ET_0为标准,对ET_0的5种常用计算模型的适用性进行评价。结果表明:Makkink、Irmark-Allen、FAO 17Penman、Hargreaves-Samani和Priestley-Taylor 5种模型模拟的日尺度ET_0变化趋势与FAO 56 PM模型一致,在年际间均呈先增后减的变化规律,且峰值出现在6～7月份,但各模型适用性存在显著差异。Makkink模型的日尺度MAE、RMSE、NSE值分别为0.37 mm/d、0.45 mm/d和0.84,模拟精度及可信度最高;Irmark-Allen模型次之,MAE、RMSE、NSE分别为0.65 mm/d、0.71 mm/d、0.62;Priestley-Taylor模型最差,MAE值最大达4.91 mm/d且NSE值小于0。年尺度下,各模型较FAO 56 PM均存在高估现象,其中FAO 17Penman、Hargreaves-Samani、Priestley-Taylor模型的NSE值介于-3 571.76～-118.00之间,模拟结果不可信;Makkink模型的NSE值最接近于0,模拟结果可信,但模拟过程的误差较大。综合评定,推荐Makkink为西藏高原灌区气象资料短缺条件下的ET_0简化模型。     

参考作物蒸发蒸腾量计算方法的应用比较

应用国家"863"节水农业重大专项子课题示范现场的气象资料,对4种分属于不同类型的参考作物蒸发蒸腾量ET0计算公式进行了日ET0值的验证计算。结果显示,在时间序列上,随气象因素变化各方法计算的日ET0值呈相同的变化趋势,但计算值有较大的差异;选取FAO56Penman-Monteith公式计算结果为标准,Priestley-Taylor(1972)方法结果与之最为接近,其余依次是Irmark-Allen拟合法和Hargreaves-Samani(1985)法;不同天气类型条件下,Priestley-Taylor(1972)结果与FAO56Penman-Monteith有较高的一致性,而其他2种方法随n/N的减小,误差急剧增加,尤其是Hargreaves-Samani(1985)方法。     

青海东部农业区参考作物蒸散量的估算方法

利用青海东部农业区5个气象站1960—2006年逐日气象资料,以Penman-Monteith公式估算结果为标准,分析了Hargreaves-Samani、McCloud与Priestley-Taylor法的适用性。结果表明,采用Hargreaves-Samani法和Priestley-Taylor法,年平均ET0估算值高于标准值,而McCloud估算结果显著偏小;气温较低月份(11月至次年3月),Hargreaves-Samani和Priestley-Taylor法月平均ET0估算值与标准值差异不显著,4—10月估算结果显著高于标准值。可见,Priestley-Taylor适用性最好,Hargreaves-Samani次之,McCloud最差,且Priestley-Taylor公式修正后估算精度更高。     

中国西北地区日参考作物腾发量模型适用性评价

为推荐适宜中国西北地区参考作物腾发量(ET_0)简化计算模型,应用9个代表性站点近50 a逐日气象资料,以FAO-56 Penman-Monteith(PM)模型计算的ET0为标准值,选取5种基于综合法的Kimberly Penman(K-P),FAO 1979 Penman(PM 17),FAO 24 Penman(PM 24),FAO1948 Penman(PM 48),FAO 79 Penman(PM 79)模型,3种基于温度法的Hargreaves-Samani(HS),Mc Cloud (M-C),Hargreaves (Har)模型,5种基于辐射法的Priestley-Taylor-1 (PT-1),Priestley-Taylor-2(PT-2),FAO-24 Radiation(FAO-Ra),Makkink(Mak),Irmark-Allen(I-A),Irmark(Irm)模型,对其在西北地区ET_0进行适用性评价.结果表明:14种模型在中国西北地区计算精度差异明显.全区模拟精度最高的PM 48(综合法),H-S(温度法),PT-1(辐射法)模型的平均R2,MAE,RMSE和nRMSE分别为0.978,0.767 3 mm/d,0.842 3 mm/d和25.622%; 0.735,0.920 0mm/d,1.187 0 mm/d和36.556%; 0.736,1.392 0 mm/d,1.826 0 mm/d和57.992%.     

基于Z比分数的参考作物腾发量计算方法优选

参考作物腾发量(ET0)是计算作物需水量的关键,是进行农田水分管理和灌溉预报的主要参数。但不同ET0计算方法的结果存在明显差异。用能力统计量Z比分数,对FAO56Penman-Monteith、Hargreaves-Samani、Irmark-Allen拟合和Priestley-Taylor四种常用ET0计算方法在不同天气条件下的计算结果精度进行了对比分析。结果表明,Priestley-Taylor与FAO56Penman-Monteith方法的计算结果在精度上具有较高的一致性,与有关文献结果相吻合,其中前者精度略佳。且Z比分数参数受极端值的影响较小,计算简便、适用性强,克服了常规方法公式繁杂、编程实现困难的缺点,说明Z比分数法能够更好地适用于ET0计算方法的优选。研究结果可为农业水土工程领域有关参数计算与测定方法的优选提供借鉴。     

四川省不同SPEI指数计算方法适用性评价

为探究不同参考作物腾发量(ET₀)算法及相应标准化降水蒸散指数(SPEI)在四川省的适用性,针对四川省3个区域(川西高原、川西南山地和川中盆地),利用34个气象站点1967—2016年的气象资料,以Penman-Monteith(PM)法计算的ET₀为标准,对FAO-24Radiation(FAO-Ra)、Priestley-Taylor(PT)、Makkink(MK)、Hargreaves-Samani(HS)、Blaney-Criddle(BC)、World Meteorological Organization(WMO)、Rohwer(Ro)7种方法的ET₀计算结果进行比较,并选取其中综合表现较好的3种方法进行相应的SPEI计算。通过时间序列分析、误差分析、K-S检验及小波分析等方法,探讨各区域不同ET₀算法下的SPEI适用性。结果表明：7种方法在不同区域计算精度差异显著,在川西高原及川西南山地,PT法均方根误差(RMSE)均在99.11 mm以下,大部分气象站点的相对误差(RE)介于-3.8...     

黄河三角洲参考作物腾发量计算方法适宜性研究

准确估算各地区的参考作物腾发量(ET0)是农业灌溉设计和节水规划中必不可少的内容。利用黄河三角洲地区4个典型气候区的气象资料,选用5种计算方法(P-M,FAO-79Penman、Priestley-Taylor,FAO-24Penman和Hargreaves-Samani)计算了ET0,并以P-M方法作为标准,对其他方法进行了评价。结果表明,在黄河三角洲各气候区FAO-Penman法估算的ET0较Priestley-Taylor方法更接近于P-M法的计算结果,并且计算精度较高,误差在3%~10%之间。在缺少资料的湿润区,用Priestley-Taylor方法可以得到与P-M法估值相近的结果。     

云南省日极端降水概率特征及时空变化研究

不同重现期的暴雨设计值是推求设计洪水的基础。选取云南省29个气象站1960―2014年日降水资料,采用极大值法和超门限峰值法2种选样方法构成研究数据序列,通过K-S检验、L-矩法和日极端降水等值线图等方法分析了云南省日极端降水的概率特征及时空变化。结果表明,Wakeby分布函数较好地拟合了云南日极端降水序列;不同重现期下,云南省日极端降水量高值区位于滇南江城、勐腊一带,低值区位于滇西北德钦、中甸一带,极端降水量从南向西北呈阶梯状递减。分别计算不同重现期下的日降水量,时段极大值法设计值均大于以日极端降水资料95th分位数作为阈值的超门限峰法设计值。多数气象站基于Wakeby分布计算出的日极端降水设计值大于PⅢ分布函数设计值。     

云南省参考作物蒸发蒸腾量时空变化特征

基于1960-2012年云南省25个气象站点观测的气象数据,用Penman-Monteith公式计算参考作物蒸发蒸腾量ET0,通过Mann-kendall检验法进行突变检验和趋势检验。结果表明滇中、滇东北、滇东南、滇西南及滇西北各分区多年平均ET0介于872.5~1 240.0mm,突变时间依次分别为1982年、1968年和2008年、1971年、2005年、1965年和2001年。5个区多年平均ET0按从大到小排列的顺序是滇中滇西南滇东北滇东南滇西北。时间尺度上,年均ET0以没有显著变化为主,ET0显著增大的站点数量比显著减小的站点数量多;春季蒸发蒸腾量较大,决定了全年蒸发蒸腾量的分布特征。空间尺度上,ET0呈增加趋势的站点主要位于滇西南和滇西北地区,少部分位于滇中地区的东部和滇东北地区;呈减小趋势的站点主要位于滇中地区,少部分位于滇东北和滇西南地区。     

Overland water and salt flows in a set of rice paddies

Cultivation of paddy rice in semiarid areas of the world faces problems related to water scarcity. This paper aims at characterizing water use in a set of paddies located in the central Ebro basin of Spain using experimentation and computer simulation. A commercial field with six interconnected paddies, with a total area of 5.31 ha, was instrumented to measure discharge and water quality at the inflow and at the runoff outlet. The soil was classified as a Typic Calcixerept, and was characterized by a mild salinity (2.5 dS m⁻¹) and an infiltration rate of 5.8 mm day⁻¹. The evolution of flow depth at all paddies was recorded. Data from the 2002 rice-growing season was elaborated using a mass balance approach to estimate the infiltration rate and the evolution of discharge between paddies. Seasonal crop evapotranspiration, estimated with the surface renewal method, was 731 mm (5.1 mm day⁻¹), very similar to that of other summer cereals grown in the area, like corn. The irrigation input was 1874 mm, deep percolation was 830 mm and surface runoff was 372 mm. Irrigation efficiency was estimated as 41%. The quality of surface runoff water was slightly degraded due to evapoconcentration and to the contact with the soil. During the period 2001–2003, the electrical conductivity of surface runoff water was 54% higher than that of irrigation water. However, the runoff water was suitable for irrigation. A mechanistic mass balance model of inter-paddy water flow permitted to conclude that improvements in irrigation efficiency cannot be easily obtained in the experimental conditions. Since deep percolation losses more than double surface runoff losses, a reduction in irrigation discharge would not have much room for efficiency improvement. Simulations also showed that rice irrigation performance was not negatively affected by the fluctuating inflow hydrograph. These hydrographs are typical of turnouts located at the tail end of tertiary irrigation ditches. In fact, these are the sites where rice has been historically cultivated in the study area, since local soils are often saline-sodic and can only grow paddy rice taking advantage of the low salinity of the irrigation water. The low infiltration rate characteristic of these saline-sodic soils (an experimental value of 3.2 mm day⁻¹ was obtained) combined with a reduced irrigation discharge resulted in a simulated irrigation efficiency of 60%. Paddy rice irrigation efficiency can attain reasonable values in the local saline-sodic soils, where the infiltration rate is clearly smaller than the average daily rice evapotranspiration.     

瓦房店市水果生产标准化发展研究

瓦房店市是我国重要的水果生产基地,在国内水果生产领域占有重要地位。随着水果市场化的不断深入,如何满足和适应国内外市场需求成为瓦房店市水果生产的关键问题。从瓦房店市水果生产实际出发,阐述了实施水果生产标准化的必要性,提出了发展水果生产标准化的具体措施。     

金谷子耐旱TG118引种试种及推广应用

对引进的谷子新品种金谷子耐旱TG118进行品种比较试验和多点试种。结果表明：该品种抗旱、耐瘠、适应性强,稳产、高产、抗病抗风抗倒伏强,品质优良,粮草兼用,种植简单,省工易管;一般产量在6000kg/hm2以上,比当地主栽品种增产20%以上。最高产量达9450kg/hm2,适于在辽西北地区推广应用。     

对《种子法》存在问题的探讨

《种子法》是我国种植业第一部法律。自实施以来,为依法加强种子管理提供了有力的法律支撑,促进我国种子产业发生翻天覆地的变化。但随着依法管理工作的深入和种子产业的快速发展,《种子法》及配套规章的一些问题逐步显现出来。对《种子法》及配套规章存在的问题进行深入分析,对需要进一步补充的章节以及需要调整的内容进行深入探讨,以求更加完善和明确。     

Review of the Egyptian experience in implementing land drainage projects

About 30 years have passed since the Government of Egypt embarked on implementing a series of large scale drainage projects. At present, about 3.8 million acres have been provided with drainage systems on the basis of systematic pre-drainage investigations and designs. The target is to provide drains in approximately 6.4 million acres in the Nile Valley and Delta.The implementation of the subsurface drainage system is carried out by the public sector and private contractors under direct supervision of governmental regional departments. The implementation process depends on many factors related to the drainage material, machinery, manpower, site requirements, farmers and organizations involved. Problems and constraints are sometimes challenging, however, the annual rate of implementation has gradually increased to 170,000 acre/year.This paper discusses the different aspects involved in the implementation process of drainage systems. The development in materials, machinery and construction technologies will be reviewed. Institutional and management factors are going to be also considered.     

和谐社会理论建设的几点哲学思考

在新世纪,面对机遇和挑战,党的十六大把“社会更加和谐”作为全面建设更高水平的小康社会的一个重要目标。中国人素有社会和谐的理想;西方人自古也向往社会和谐;借鉴东西方两种和谐社会思想的经验、教训,构建社会主义和谐社会理论。     

A European irrigation map for spatially distributed agricultural modelling

We present a pan-European irrigation map based on regional European statistics, a European land use map and a global irrigation map. The map provides spatial information on the distribution of irrigated areas per crop type which allows determining irrigated areas at the level of spatial modelling units. The map is a requirement for a European scale assessment of the impacts of irrigated agriculture on water resources based on spatially distributed modelling of crop growth and water balance. The irrigation map was compiled in a two step procedure. First, irrigated areas were distributed to potentially irrigated crops at a regional level (European statistical regions NUTS3), combining Farm Structure Survey (FSS) data on irrigated area, crop-specific irrigated area for crops whenever available, and total crop area. Second, crop-specific irrigated area was distributed within each statistical region based on the crop distribution given in our land use map. A global map of irrigated areas with a 5′ resolution was used to further constrain the distribution within each NUTS3 based on the density of irrigated areas. The constrained distribution of irrigated areas as taken from statistics to a high resolution dataset enables us to estimate irrigated areas for various spatial entities, including administrative, natural and artificial units, providing a reasonable input scenario for large-scale distributed modelling applications. The dataset bridges a gap between global datasets and detailed regional data on the distribution of irrigated areas and provides information for various assessments and modelling applications.     

粉质仪和拉伸仪在面粉生产中的应用

在介绍粉质仪和拉伸仪结构和原理的基础上,探讨了粉质曲线中吸水率、形成时间、稳定时间、弱化度和评价值等指标与面粉品质的关系,以及如何根据拉伸曲线中面团最大拉伸阻力、延伸度和拉伸曲线面积等指标来评价面团品质,并结合生产实际,概述了粉质仪和拉伸仪在面粉生产中的作用。     

农村信息化服务的现状及建设措施

分析当前我国农村信息化服务的现状,提出加强农村信息化服务的新举措。     

车辆ABS控制算法的研究及探讨

对现代汽车的ABS控制算法作了一些简单的介绍,同时指出了它们的一些缺陷,相应地提出了几种对ABS的其它控制方法并加以探讨,其中着重论述了ABS门限值控制算法中参考车速的确定方法和基于附着系数的控制算法。