农村分散生活污水地下渗滤系统处理技术研究

我国广大农村地区对生活污水处理的需求日益紧迫,急需经济、高效、适用性强的的农村分散生活污水处理技术,因此本研究采用地下渗滤系统处理农村生活污水,设计排水量为0.4m3/d,地下渗滤系统池面积为2.4m2,进水为真实农村生活污水。本文对系统运行500天的进出水水质进行了分析,结果表明地下渗滤系统对生活污水中的氨氮、CODcr、总氮、总磷的去除率分别为57%、68%、44%和45%。试验证明利用地下渗滤系统处理农村单户生活污水地具有广阔的应用前景。     

表面流人工湿地处理污染河水的净化效果

为了给永年洼高效净污人工湿地系统示范性工程提供技术支撑,试验研究了表面流人工湿地对受污染的滏阳河水主要污染物总氮(TN)和氨氮(NH⁺₄-N)的净化效果.试验在邯郸永年降雨径流试验场开展,表面流人工湿地中试试验在水力负荷为430 mm/d、水力停留时间为0.5 d的条件下运行.结果表明,系统对TN和NH⁺₄-N的平均去除率分别为51.89%和47.00%,对污染河水有良好的去除效果.在试验期间的进水水质下,发现此设置条件下的表面流人工湿地系统对TN和NH⁺₄-N的最大处理负荷分别为8.95和2.16 mg/L,最大去除率分别为60.00%和56.48%.对TN和NH⁺₄-N质量浓度沿程变化规律发现:溶解氧(DO)是影响湿地系统对TN和NH⁺₄-N去除的关键因子;进一步分析得出NH⁺₄-N的去除更易受DO的影响.NH⁺₄-N质量浓度沿程变化趋势为在系统前段短暂小幅度升高,中前段大幅度下降,尾端趋于平稳;TN质量浓度全程均呈平稳下降趋势.     

美人蕉对泰达高含盐再生水景观河道水体净化效果研究

通过空白对照和种植美人蕉2组处理系统,研究了美人蕉对泰达景观河道含盐再生水的净化效果以及水力停留时间(H RT)对水体净化效果的影响。结果表明,H RT对水体中污染物COD、TN、NH3-N、NO3-N、TP、PO4-P的净化效果有明显的影响,各主要污染物去除率随H RT的变化范围为COD的去除率19.64%~45.09%,TN的去除率为17.52%~63.05%,NH3-N的去除率为23.24%~82.47%,NO3-N的去除率为15.67%~62.43%,TP的去除率为24.20%~61.59%,PO4-P的去除率为20.69%~62.26%。水体中TDS含量在4500~6786 m g/L范围内对美人蕉及其水处理系统的净化效果没有影响;美人蕉系统的pH值均比空白对照组的低。由于美人蕉根系和微生物的吸收与分解作用,在水体中种植美人蕉能明显改善水质净化效果,对水体pH值控制也有一定作用。     

藻类植物对猪场厌氧废液的处理效果研究北大核心

在接藻和无藻条件下,研究猪场厌氧废液中有机物、氮、磷等污染物的去除效果。结果表明,藻对NH3-N,TN,TP,色度的去除效果均比较好,尤其对NH3-N,TN的去除率分别达到97.5%和95.0%;而对COD的净化效果不明显;藻类的存在会使废液的p H值偏高。     

洱海流域水稻再生水灌溉节水减污能力浅析

再生水灌溉对于控制农业面源污染,保护洱海水环境具有重要意义。分析总结出洱海流域适宜的水稻再生水灌溉制度及施肥制度,拟合了稻田田面水和渗漏水总氮浓度随时间的消减公式,根据田间水量平衡计算出不同典型年再生水灌溉制度下因排水和渗漏流失的总氮量,比较了淹灌和间歇灌两种模式下水稻再生水灌溉节水减污效果的差异。结果表明,在再生水总氮浓度为15 mg/L的前提下,由地表排水和渗漏带走的再生水总氮量平均不超过1 kg/hm2,再生水中总氮利用效率可达95%以上,实际被水稻利用的总氮超过20 kg/hm2;可减少清洁水用量65%以上,减少氮肥施用比例超过15%;针对洱海流域水稻再生水灌溉条件下间歇灌溉模式优于淹水灌溉。     

低温条件下组合式生态浮床系统净化微污染水体的特性研究

为研究低温对生态浮床水质净化效果的影响,引入陶粒作为浮床的基质,构筑了美人蕉-陶粒基质组合式生态浮床系统,研究在低温条件下其对微污染水体水质净化的效果特性。结果表明,在进水温度为0.5~15℃,进水DO浓度为4.94~6.65mg/L,水体交换时间为7d下,该生态浮床系统对水体中NH+4-N、NO-3-N、NO-2-N、TN、COD和色度的平均去除率为36.30%、77.37%、50.34%、52.56%、16.89%和70.99%。当水体的温度低于5.0℃,该生态浮床系统对水体中NH+4-N、NO-2-N、TN、COD和色度的去除效果均有所下降。     

不同工况下砂石过滤器对黄河水和再生水过滤性能影响

为了了解不同水源条件下砂石过滤器的过滤性能,选取黄河水及再生水2种典型滴灌水源,测试了3种粒径石英砂滤料,5种滤速条件下砂石过滤器颗粒物去除率和水头损失,重点对比了2种水源下砂石过滤器过滤性能的差异.研究发现:砂石过滤器对再生水的浊度去除效果优于黄河水,浊度去除率提高5.95%~65.30%.在黄河水条件下,砂石过滤器水头损失大于再生水,水头损失增加了34.90%~68.40%;随着运行时间的增加,砂石过滤器对再生水的浊度去除率缓慢上升,而对黄河水的浊度去除率呈先升后降趋势;随过滤流速增加,砂石过滤器对再生水的浊度去除率呈先增后减趋势,而对黄河水的浊度去除率随流速增加并未有明显变化;黄河水条件下砂石过滤器的过滤参数建议选择粒径1.00~1.70 mm,过滤流速0.012 m/s,再生水建议选择粒径1.70~2.35 mm,过滤流速0.015 m/s.结果为不同水质条件下过滤器的选择提供一定参考.     

复合生态净化系统阻控入湖水体污染物效果分析

【目的】有效解决城市景观湖泊入湖水体污染物阻控措施中单级人工湿地系统受氧环境限制、多级串联人工湿地系统基质填充量大、易堵塞的问题。【方法】在微曝气复合浮床系统、单级人工湿地系统的基础上构建好氧-缺氧型复合生态净化系统。在HRT均设定为2 d,连续运行24 d的情况下,对比研究了对照组、人工湿地系统、复合浮床系统、复合生态净化系统对模拟入湖水体COD、TN、NH_4~+-N和TP的去除效果。【结果】对照组、人工湿地系统、复合浮床系统、复合生态净化系统对COD、NH_4~+-N、TP的去除效果存在显著差异,各系统对COD的平均去除率分别为13.59%、35.02%、45.30%、70.71%,对NH_4~+-N的平均去除率分别为11.22%、31.14%、85.89%、80.59%,对TP的平均去除率分别为2.77%、57.84%、37.51%、74.60%;人工湿地系统、复合浮床系统对TN去除效果差异不显著,但与对照组、复合生态净化系统存在显著差异,各系统对TN的平均去除率分别为30.98%、32.75%、8.13%、60.07%。【结论】复合生态净化技术后期各项出水指标可以达到《地表水环境质量标准》(GB3838—2002)Ⅴ类水及以上标准,运行相对稳定,抗冲击负荷较强,且可以改善复合浮床系统中反硝化能力受到抑制及沉积磷污染物反释状况。该研究结果可为生态阻控城市景观湖泊外源污染物提供参考。     

不同湿地-稻田面积比下茭白-茨菇湿地系统对稻田排水中氮素去除效果的研究

为了研究茭白-茨菰湿地系统对节水灌溉稻田排水中氮素的原位消减效果,探讨不同湿地-稻田面积比对系统氮素去除效果的影响,通过大田试验观测,分析了稻田排水进入湿地后氮素浓度的变化规律和湿地-稻田面积比(1∶10,1∶7和1∶4)对氮素去除效果的影响。结果表明,稻田排水进入湿地系统经过7~14 d的净化后其铵态氮(NO+4-N)、硝态氮(NO-3-N)和总氮(TN)的浓度下降范围可以维持在83.6%~88.7%、59.6%~94.3%和72.6%~88.9%范围内,不同湿地-稻田面积比间氮素的去除率有所差异,但差异不大。此外,氮素浓度在排水进入湿地系统后的前3~6 d内其去除效果明显,均呈指数趋势下降,且其去除率均达到56%以上,而后2~4 d则趋于平稳降低,其去除率均低于30%。总体上来看,1∶4湿地对氮素负荷截留量最小,1∶10湿地截留量最大,但不同湿地对氮素负荷的去除率相差不大,均维持在93%~98%以内。     

饲料植物水生环境处理猪场厌氧废液水的效果

本文从COD,NH3-N,TN,TP四个方面分析了空心菜、水稻、水葫芦三种饲料植物水生环境处理猪场厌氧废液的水质变化规律.结果表明,三种饲料植物水生环境对猪场厌氧废液的COD去除率:空心菜＞水稻＞水葫芦;对NH3-N的去除率:水葫芦＞水稻＞空心菜;对TN的去除率:空心菜＞水稻＞水葫芦;对TP的去除率:水葫芦＞空心菜＞水稻.饲料植物对藻有抑制作用,藻对NH3-N和TN有去除作用,对照系统中由于藻的出现,增强了系统对NH3-N和TN的去除效果,因此在NH3-N和TN两指标上出现对照系统好于饲料植物处理系统.     

Overland water and salt flows in a set of rice paddies

Cultivation of paddy rice in semiarid areas of the world faces problems related to water scarcity. This paper aims at characterizing water use in a set of paddies located in the central Ebro basin of Spain using experimentation and computer simulation. A commercial field with six interconnected paddies, with a total area of 5.31 ha, was instrumented to measure discharge and water quality at the inflow and at the runoff outlet. The soil was classified as a Typic Calcixerept, and was characterized by a mild salinity (2.5 dS m⁻¹) and an infiltration rate of 5.8 mm day⁻¹. The evolution of flow depth at all paddies was recorded. Data from the 2002 rice-growing season was elaborated using a mass balance approach to estimate the infiltration rate and the evolution of discharge between paddies. Seasonal crop evapotranspiration, estimated with the surface renewal method, was 731 mm (5.1 mm day⁻¹), very similar to that of other summer cereals grown in the area, like corn. The irrigation input was 1874 mm, deep percolation was 830 mm and surface runoff was 372 mm. Irrigation efficiency was estimated as 41%. The quality of surface runoff water was slightly degraded due to evapoconcentration and to the contact with the soil. During the period 2001–2003, the electrical conductivity of surface runoff water was 54% higher than that of irrigation water. However, the runoff water was suitable for irrigation. A mechanistic mass balance model of inter-paddy water flow permitted to conclude that improvements in irrigation efficiency cannot be easily obtained in the experimental conditions. Since deep percolation losses more than double surface runoff losses, a reduction in irrigation discharge would not have much room for efficiency improvement. Simulations also showed that rice irrigation performance was not negatively affected by the fluctuating inflow hydrograph. These hydrographs are typical of turnouts located at the tail end of tertiary irrigation ditches. In fact, these are the sites where rice has been historically cultivated in the study area, since local soils are often saline-sodic and can only grow paddy rice taking advantage of the low salinity of the irrigation water. The low infiltration rate characteristic of these saline-sodic soils (an experimental value of 3.2 mm day⁻¹ was obtained) combined with a reduced irrigation discharge resulted in a simulated irrigation efficiency of 60%. Paddy rice irrigation efficiency can attain reasonable values in the local saline-sodic soils, where the infiltration rate is clearly smaller than the average daily rice evapotranspiration.     

瓦房店市水果生产标准化发展研究

瓦房店市是我国重要的水果生产基地,在国内水果生产领域占有重要地位。随着水果市场化的不断深入,如何满足和适应国内外市场需求成为瓦房店市水果生产的关键问题。从瓦房店市水果生产实际出发,阐述了实施水果生产标准化的必要性,提出了发展水果生产标准化的具体措施。     

金谷子耐旱TG118引种试种及推广应用

对引进的谷子新品种金谷子耐旱TG118进行品种比较试验和多点试种。结果表明：该品种抗旱、耐瘠、适应性强,稳产、高产、抗病抗风抗倒伏强,品质优良,粮草兼用,种植简单,省工易管;一般产量在6000kg/hm2以上,比当地主栽品种增产20%以上。最高产量达9450kg/hm2,适于在辽西北地区推广应用。     

对《种子法》存在问题的探讨

《种子法》是我国种植业第一部法律。自实施以来,为依法加强种子管理提供了有力的法律支撑,促进我国种子产业发生翻天覆地的变化。但随着依法管理工作的深入和种子产业的快速发展,《种子法》及配套规章的一些问题逐步显现出来。对《种子法》及配套规章存在的问题进行深入分析,对需要进一步补充的章节以及需要调整的内容进行深入探讨,以求更加完善和明确。     

Review of the Egyptian experience in implementing land drainage projects

About 30 years have passed since the Government of Egypt embarked on implementing a series of large scale drainage projects. At present, about 3.8 million acres have been provided with drainage systems on the basis of systematic pre-drainage investigations and designs. The target is to provide drains in approximately 6.4 million acres in the Nile Valley and Delta.The implementation of the subsurface drainage system is carried out by the public sector and private contractors under direct supervision of governmental regional departments. The implementation process depends on many factors related to the drainage material, machinery, manpower, site requirements, farmers and organizations involved. Problems and constraints are sometimes challenging, however, the annual rate of implementation has gradually increased to 170,000 acre/year.This paper discusses the different aspects involved in the implementation process of drainage systems. The development in materials, machinery and construction technologies will be reviewed. Institutional and management factors are going to be also considered.     

和谐社会理论建设的几点哲学思考

在新世纪,面对机遇和挑战,党的十六大把“社会更加和谐”作为全面建设更高水平的小康社会的一个重要目标。中国人素有社会和谐的理想;西方人自古也向往社会和谐;借鉴东西方两种和谐社会思想的经验、教训,构建社会主义和谐社会理论。     

A European irrigation map for spatially distributed agricultural modelling

We present a pan-European irrigation map based on regional European statistics, a European land use map and a global irrigation map. The map provides spatial information on the distribution of irrigated areas per crop type which allows determining irrigated areas at the level of spatial modelling units. The map is a requirement for a European scale assessment of the impacts of irrigated agriculture on water resources based on spatially distributed modelling of crop growth and water balance. The irrigation map was compiled in a two step procedure. First, irrigated areas were distributed to potentially irrigated crops at a regional level (European statistical regions NUTS3), combining Farm Structure Survey (FSS) data on irrigated area, crop-specific irrigated area for crops whenever available, and total crop area. Second, crop-specific irrigated area was distributed within each statistical region based on the crop distribution given in our land use map. A global map of irrigated areas with a 5′ resolution was used to further constrain the distribution within each NUTS3 based on the density of irrigated areas. The constrained distribution of irrigated areas as taken from statistics to a high resolution dataset enables us to estimate irrigated areas for various spatial entities, including administrative, natural and artificial units, providing a reasonable input scenario for large-scale distributed modelling applications. The dataset bridges a gap between global datasets and detailed regional data on the distribution of irrigated areas and provides information for various assessments and modelling applications.     

粉质仪和拉伸仪在面粉生产中的应用

在介绍粉质仪和拉伸仪结构和原理的基础上,探讨了粉质曲线中吸水率、形成时间、稳定时间、弱化度和评价值等指标与面粉品质的关系,以及如何根据拉伸曲线中面团最大拉伸阻力、延伸度和拉伸曲线面积等指标来评价面团品质,并结合生产实际,概述了粉质仪和拉伸仪在面粉生产中的作用。     

农村信息化服务的现状及建设措施

分析当前我国农村信息化服务的现状,提出加强农村信息化服务的新举措。     

车辆ABS控制算法的研究及探讨

对现代汽车的ABS控制算法作了一些简单的介绍,同时指出了它们的一些缺陷,相应地提出了几种对ABS的其它控制方法并加以探讨,其中着重论述了ABS门限值控制算法中参考车速的确定方法和基于附着系数的控制算法。