激光诱导叶绿素荧光强度与激光强度关系

为满足激光诱导叶绿素荧光无损检测技术的发展需要,该文利用反射式激光诱导叶绿素荧光光谱分析技术对黄瓜活体叶片的叶绿素荧光强度与激发光强度关系进行试验研究。通过中心波长为473和660 nm 2种激发光的4种激发强度（2.50、5.00、7.50、10.00 mW）对具有不同生理信息（叶绿素含量、叶片含水率）的黄瓜活体叶片进行荧光激发,并利用MATLAB软件对685 nm和732 nm两个峰位的荧光强度进行分析。结果显示：各峰位荧光强度与激发光强度成极显著线性关系;叶片叶绿素含量对荧光强度与激光强度关系影响显著,各峰位荧光变化梯度与叶绿素含量具有较好的线性关系,但叶片含水率却影响不大;以此研究为基础,建立了具有叶绿素含量参数的荧光强度与激发光强度关系数学模型,模型相对预测误差小于0.2%,可靠性好,能较真实准确地反映荧光强度与激发光强度的关系。     

多阶段生活垃圾接种堆肥水溶性有机物荧光特性表征研究

为提高堆肥效率,采取多阶段接种技术(MSIC)进行城市生活垃圾堆肥实验,并运用荧光分析技术,对不同堆肥阶段样品提取出的水溶性有机物(DOM)的变化进行跟踪分析。荧光同步光谱分析显示:堆肥过程中类蛋白峰发生红移,且在堆肥后期出现了类腐殖质峰,且类腐殖质荧光峰与类蛋白荧光峰荧光强度的比值I360/I280不断增大,T2处理增长幅度最大。发射光谱分析显示:254 nm激发波长下发射光谱中后1/4波段与前1/4波段的荧光强度积分面积之比A435~480/A300~345、465 nm激发波长下发射光谱中470~640 nm范围内荧光积分面积A470~640均不断增大,表明堆肥腐殖化程度不断增强,且T2处理在堆肥各阶段腐殖化程度均高于其他处理,T2处理物质结构最为复杂,腐殖化程度达到最高。三维荧光光谱显示:随着堆肥的进行,与蛋白质类物质有关的类蛋白峰荧光强度持续降低,而与腐殖质类物质产生的类富里酸荧光峰强度却不断增强;紫外区与可见区类富里酸峰荧光强度的比值r(A,C)随着堆肥的进行总体呈下降趋势;T2处理DOM中有机成分发生最为显著的变化,各阶段类蛋白荧光峰的发射波长明显发生红移,并且紫外、可见区域内类富里酸荧光强度明显高于其他处理,促进堆肥DOM中类富里酸物质数量的积累。结果表明:MSIC能够有效促进堆肥腐殖化进程,提高堆肥效率,是一种更加优良的堆肥技术。     

基于卡尔曼滤波的橘小实蝇成虫运动轨迹优化跟踪

为了实现橘小实蝇虫口密度的精准监测,该文将机器视觉技术作为田间橘小实蝇成虫入侵自动化监测的感知方法。通过对监测区域内运动目标和背景的颜色分析,提出了基于卡尔曼(Kalman)滤波的运动目标颜色均值漂移跟踪算法,优化了多目标运动轨迹跟踪效果。该算法通过图像处理和匹配技术提取了橘小实蝇成虫在虫口监测区域二维平面X轴和Y轴方向上的位置坐标和速度分量,推算了橘小实蝇成虫运动轨迹递推关系。基于动态系统的状态序列线性最小方差估计理论和成虫运动轨迹关系分析,构建了卡尔曼滤波状态估计模型,并建立其预测和修正方程实现了橘小实蝇成虫运动目标位置估计。通过在虫口监测区域开展单目标和多目标分散及粘连条件下的成虫跟踪试验,试验结果表明颜色均值漂移跟踪算法对橘小实蝇成虫单目标跟踪具有较好的适应性,成虫监测计数准确率达100%,对于多目标分散和粘连情况跟踪处理效果较差,计数准确率分别下降至86%和76%;通过在颜色空间均值漂移跟踪算法的基础上引入Kalman滤波器估算目标运动的近似位置,实现了对橘小实蝇成虫分散和粘连多目标运动的持续跟踪优化,监测计数准确率分别提升至96%和93%。机器视觉技术实时跟踪橘小实蝇成虫在虫口监测区域运动轨迹试验进一步验证了橘小实蝇成虫虫口密度监测的可行性,为田间橘小实蝇成虫发生自动化监测技术研究提供了参考。     

玉米秸秆及其生物炭对东北黑土溶解有机质特性的影响

以典型东北黑土为研究对象,连续3年(2016—2018年)在吉林省长春市中国科学院东北地理与农业生态研究所长春综合农业实验站开展田间定位试验,研究生物炭(BR)、秸秆(SR)以及生物炭和秸秆联合施用(BS)对土壤理化性质和溶解有机质(DOM)特性的影响。结果表明:与对照(CK)相比,BR、SR和BS处理显著增加玉米产量和生物量、土壤团聚体平均重量直径以及亮氨酸氨基肽酶活性。此外,与CK相比,BR显著降低腐殖化指数(HIX)10.0%,显著增加活性有机碳和速效磷含量,增幅分别达35.6%和51.3%;SR显著增加激发波长为355 nm时发射波长为440~470 nm范围内最大荧光强度(Fn(355))、HIX、DOM在254 nm处的吸光度值与溶解有机碳浓度的比值(SUVA 254)和全氮/全磷,增幅分别达43.6%,4.1%,45.5%和18.8%;BS显著提高土壤pH、有机碳/全磷、速效钾含量和DOM在250 nm处与365 nm处吸光度值的比值(E2/E3)。总体上,施用生物炭可降低DOM腐殖化程度和复杂性,但会提高土壤活性有机碳含量,而秸秆还田可增加DOM腐殖化程度和复杂性。     

大豆丛枝菌根共生结构和多聚磷累积双定位方法

【目的】多聚磷是丛枝菌根内磷的主要贮存形式,定性、定量观察多聚磷对于解析菌根中磷代谢具有重要意义。随着植物体内越来越多的参与菌根真菌与寄主植物之间营养交换过程的基因被鉴定,迫切需要进一步提高根内菌根共生结构和多聚磷累积的染色和定位分析技术。【方法】本研究利用丛枝菌根真菌Glomus mosseae侵染的大豆植株,采集新鲜根样制片,一部分薄根片利用低浓度荧光染料麦胚凝集素,室温染色30 min,在波长488 nm的蓝光激发下使用荧光显微镜观察拍照;另一部分薄根片利用荧光染料4’,6-二脒基-2-苯基吲哚二盐酸盐(DAPI)进行染色,在波长405 nm紫外光激发下观察并拍照;进一步取新鲜制备的薄根片,先后用以上两种荧光染料进行染色,分别在波长405 nm和488 nm的激发光下观察并拍照,完成了菌根共生结构和多聚磷的共定位。【结果】1)使用荧光染料麦胚凝集素,大豆丛枝菌根真菌侵染结构的荧光标记活性染色法,可以清晰地检测到大豆丛枝菌根中所有的共生结构,包括丛枝,泡囊和根内菌丝等。2)在丛枝菌根真菌侵染的根中,各种共生结构都呈现出黄色荧光,为DAPI与多聚磷结合在紫外光激发下的呈色。根段中部分细胞内的蓝白色斑点为DAPI与细胞核中DNA结合的显色结果。在含有成熟丛枝结构的细胞中,也可观察到大部分丛枝呈蓝白色,主要是丛枝膜质结构的呈色。因此,利用荧光染料4’,6-二脒基-2-苯基吲哚二盐酸盐染色法定位多聚磷,能很好地区分多聚磷酸盐、DNA和膜质。3)在以上研究的基础上,通过荧光光路的切换,可以同时观察到菌根共生结构和多聚磷的共定位。处于发育阶段的整个丛枝中多聚磷累积的亮黄色清晰可见。在成熟的丛枝中,由于膜质结构发达,对累积在丛枝结构中的多聚磷的染色观察产生了一定影响,导致仅仅局部的多聚磷累积清晰可见。【结论】本研究建立的大豆菌根共生结构与多聚磷累积的双定位分析系统,能够直观观察植物与丛枝菌根真菌的养分交换,清晰地对丛枝菌根共生结构中多聚磷的累积进行定位分析,可作为从组织和细胞水平研究菌根共生体的重要技术手段。     

用于污染黄曲霉毒素花生分选的荧光信号研究

为在加工前将黄曲霉毒素超限的带衣花生米从原料中剔除,参照已有的色选系统,提出一种依据黄曲霉毒素含量超限带衣花生米的专属荧光信号进行逐粒分选的技术构想。采用Cary Eclipse荧光分光光度计测定100粒外观具有代表性的带衣花生米表面的紫外-荧光规律,通过与免疫亲和层析净化荧光光度法(GB/T18979-2003)检测结果对比,判定了黄曲霉毒素超限带衣花生米的荧光光谱特征;通过绘制450/490、460/490荧光强度比值的箱线图,评估了表面荧光法判断黄曲霉毒素超限带衣花生米的准确率;在搭建的荧光成像系统上,对黄曲霉毒素超限带衣花生米进行了荧光成像。检测发现,在365 nm波长激发下,黄曲霉毒素超限带衣花生米在420~460 nm处有荧光峰;以450/490荧光强度比值为依据剔除超限值带衣花生米的判断准确率为81%;a.u.40的带衣花生米可在图像中呈现亮蓝荧光光斑。表明表面荧光信号可作为带衣花生米在线、无损、逐粒分选的专属光学信号,用于黄曲霉毒素超限带衣花生米的剔除。     

基于途径工程的极大螺旋藻藻蓝蛋白α亚基的生物合成

根据极大螺旋藻(Spirulina maxima)藻蓝蛋白α亚基的生物合成途径,利用PCR技术从极大螺旋藻基因组DNA中克隆了与其生物合成相关的5个基因藻蓝蛋白α亚基蛋白基因(cpcA)、血红素氧化酶基因(hox1)、藻蓝素:铁硫蛋白氧化还原酶(pcyA)、藻蓝素裂合酶基因E(cpcE)和藻蓝素裂合酶基因F(cpcF),并将这些基因用相应的限制性内切酶酶切后,依次构建到表达载体pETDuet-1的两个外源基因表达盒内,转化Escherichia coli BL21(DE3),经氨苄青霉素抗性筛选,得到工程菌ZJGSU02.经测序确认,连接到pETDuet-1上的5个基因拼接正确.IPTG诱导后,工程菌培养液中的细胞呈现明显的蓝色,对照菌颜色没有发生变化.SDS-PAGE电泳结果显示,在21 kD处有一明显的条带.重组蛋白经锌离子溶液浸泡后,在紫外光激发下呈现桔色荧光.Western blot分析表明,重组蛋白能特异性地与6×His-tag单克隆抗体结合.通过吸收光谱和荧光光谱检测,发现重组蛋白最大吸收波长为623 nm,最大荧光发射波长为645.8 nm,与天然极大螺旋藻中藻蓝蛋白α亚基的最大吸收波长和最大荧光发射波长一致,以上结果表明极大螺旋藻藻蓝蛋白α亚基已在大肠杆菌中成功实现异源表达.该研究结果不仅为色基结合蛋白这类复杂蛋白在异源宿主系统中的表达提供新的思路和方法,而且也为探索在一个表达载体上构建和表达5个或5个以上的外源目的蛋白基因及其基因互作等方面的研究提供借鉴.     

作物叶片表面农药残留的便携式检测仪器的设计与试验

针对现有的农药残留检测仪器只能检测水溶液体系中的农药残留和检测对象较为单一的问题,该研究以不同植物叶片啶虫脒农药残留为研究对象,探究了利用荧光强度检测叶片表面农药残留的可行性,设计了一款叶片表面农药残留的便携式检测仪器。首先,通过啶虫脒农药叶片表面喷洒试验,采集叶片的荧光光谱并进行特征分析,发现啶虫脒农药的最佳激发波长和最佳发射波长分别为355和500 nm,从而确定光源和光电信号接收源的特征波长分别为350和500 nm。然后,通过获取最佳光源照射角度以及光照距离,优化光路结构减少叶片表面杂散光的干扰。同时,设计相关检测电路(光源电路、信号调理电路、控制电路等)测出表征反射光强度的电压值,构建电压值与农药残留值之间的线性方程,设计便携式检测仪对农药残留进行检测。结果表明:1)荧光强度与农药浓度在1～5 mg/L的范围内成正比;2)确定了检测仪器最佳光照角度为45°,光源和待测叶片之间的最佳垂直距离为3.46 cm;3)方程决定系数达到了0.875,均方根误差为0.405 mg/L。该研究所设计的便携式荧光光谱仪能够快速、准确、无损检测叶片表面农药残留。     

时间分辨同步荧光法同时检测水中硫酸新霉素和磺胺二甲基嘧啶含量

为探究同时检测水中的硫酸新霉素(NEO)和磺胺二甲基嘧啶(SM2)的新方法,根据NEO和SM2在2-巯基乙醇的存在下可与邻苯二甲醛生成具有荧光特性的衍生物,建立时间分辨同步荧光法同时检测水中NEO和SM2的含量。通过研究不同组分的时间分辨同步荧光光谱,确定NEO与邻苯二甲醛衍生物、SM2与邻苯二甲醛衍生物的同步激发特征峰分别为335和291 nm波长处,最佳采集时间分别为1和80 min,最佳同步波长差分别为120和150 nm;采用单因素试验考察邻苯二甲醛溶液、2-巯基乙醇溶液和BR缓冲液的加入量对荧光强度的影响,确定最优的加入量:邻苯二甲醛溶液1.0 mL、2-巯基乙醇溶液0.25 mL、BR缓冲液0.025 mL;据此建立NEO浓度与荧光强度的线性关系,在0.5~14.0 mg·L^-1范围内,得到其线性方程为Y=14.73X+6.14;建立SM2浓度与荧光强度的线性关系,在0.25~9.0 mg·L^-1范围内,得到其线性方程为Y=13.86X+21.49。NEO和SM2的检出限分别为0.5和0.25 mg·L^-1,训练集决定系数(RC2)分别为0.997 5和0.966 9,水中NEO和SM2含量的真实值与预测值之间的预测集决定系数(RP2)分别为0.998 2和0.988 9,预测集均方根误差(RMSEP)分别为0.380 3和0.257 5 mg·L^-1,回收率分别处于101.8%~114.0%和92.3%~115.8%之间,相对标准偏差(RSD)分别为4.0%~8.4%和3.6%~6.6%。本方法线性关系良好,可实现水中NEO和SM2的同时测定。     

棉花中白色异性纤维的线扫描激光成像检测方法

在可见光和紫外光照明条件下,皮棉中白色异性纤维和棉花背景的颜色相近,很难用现有的机器视觉系统或人工方法检测出来。该文以12种典型白色异性纤维为样本,采用线扫描相机,分别在红色激光（波长658 nm）、蓝色激光（波长405 nm）和红外激光（波长850 nm）3种照明条件下,改变激光功率和曝光时间,获取了300幅白色异性纤维与棉花的图像。在此基础上,根据同一图像中目标和背景的平均灰度值计算了图像的对比度,然后作出了不同激光波长、功率、曝光时间和图像对比度之间的关系曲线,最后,在该试验装置的条件下,该文确定了线激光成像的最佳检测波长为658 nm、光功率为55 mW和曝光时间为36 μs,发现采用优化的线激光参数成像,图像中12种白色异性纤维灰度值已经接近饱和而棉花还处于欠饱和状态,"目标"和"背景"的对比度达到最大,利用两者平均灰度值的明显差异可以检测出棉花中的白色异性纤维。试验结果表明,采用优化的线激光成像参数获取730幅棉花图像,利用简单的Prewitt算子边缘检测法和固定阈值的二值化方法对图像进行分割,12种典型白色异性纤维样本的正确识别率分别可达93.7%和92.9%。     

Fluorescence Tracing of Diffuse Landfill Leachate Contamination in Rivers

Landfill leachates are composed of a complex mixture of degradation products which include a wide range of potentially fluorescent organic molecules and compounds. Here we investigate the use of fluorescence excitation–emission matrix (EEM) analysis in detecting diffuse landfill leachate contamination in rivers. Landfill leachates from three unlined landfill sites adjacent to our study river are characterised by intense fluorescence at excitation wavelength 220–230 nm, and emission wavelength 340–370 nm, which derives from fluorescent components of the xenobiotic organic matter fraction. Seven surface water sample sites on an adjacent polluted river system were analysed for fluorescence and water quality properties. The 220–230 nm excitation wavelength, 340–370 nm emission wavelength fluorescent centre was also detected in this river system at the sample locations downstream of the landfills, but not at upstream control sites, demonstrating its use as a tracer of landfill leachate contamination. Negative correlations are observed between this fluorescence centre and dissolved oxygen in the river water samples, demonstrating the water quality implications of leachate contamination at this study site. The fluorescence intensity at the 220–230 nm excitation wavelength, 340–370 nm emission wavelength fluorescent centre in landfill leachates is such that it remains detectable at dilutions of 10²–10³, and the fluorescence EEM technique is rapid and cost-effective for use by river managers and water quality regulators.     

Authentication of the botanical origin of honey by front-face fluorescence spectroscopy. A preliminary study

The potential of front-face fluorescence spectroscopy for the authentication of unifloral and polyfloral honey types (n = 57 samples) previously classified using traditional methods such as chemical, pollen, and sensory analysis was evaluated. Emission spectra were recorded between 280 and 480 nm (excit: 250 nm), 305 and 500 nm (excit: 290 nm), and 380 and 600 nm (excit: 373 nm) directly on honey samples. In addition, excitation spectra (290-440 nm) were recorded with the emission measured at 450 nm. A total of four different spectral data sets were considered for data analysis. After normalization of the spectra, chemometric evaluation of the spectral data was carried out using principal component analysis (PCA) and linear discriminant analysis (LDA). The rate of correct classification ranged from 36% to 100% by using single spectral data sets (250, 290, 373, 450 nm) and from 73% to 100% by combining these four data sets. For alpine polyfloral honey and the unifloral varieties investigated (acacia, alpine rose, honeydew, chestnut, and rape), correct classification ranged from 96% to 100%. This preliminary study indicates that front-face fluorescence spectroscopy is a promising technique for the authentication of the botanical origin of honey. It is nondestructive, rapid, easy to use, and inexpensive. The use of additional excitation wavelengths between 320 and 440 nm could increase the correct classification of the less characteristic fluorescent varieties.     

基于荧光光谱的生菜农药残留检测

为了研究采用荧光光谱技术对生菜农药残留快速无损定性鉴别的可行性,该文通过采集180个生菜样品（3个浓度农药残留生菜,每个浓度农残生菜样本数为60,其中农药与水配比为1：500、1：1000、1：1200,即重度超标、轻微超标、标准农残）的荧光发射光谱,结合Savitzky-Golay（SG）、标准正态变量变换（standard normalized variable,SNV)、标准正态变量变换结合去趋势（standard normalized variable detrending,SNV detrending）、SG与SNV算法组合（SG-SNV）、SG与SNV detrending算法组合（SG-SNV detrending）对提取的荧光光谱进行预处理,基于全光谱、荧光特征峰值、小波特征建立支持向量机（Support Vector Machine, SVM）分类模型。其中,小波特征通过小波变换对原始光谱以及预处理后光谱进行特征选择获取,分别采用 db4、db6、sym5、sym7作为小波基函数。试验结果表明：基于小波特征、荧光特征峰值建立的 SVM 模型预测集识别率要高于基于全光谱建立的 SVM 模型。以 sym5作为小波基函数,基于 SG-SNV detrending预处理光谱选择的小波特征建立的SVM模型取得最优的预测集识别率93.33%,最佳小波分解层数为4。结果表明应用荧光光谱技术对生菜农药残留鉴别是可行的,为生菜农药残留快速、无损检测分析提供了参考。     

Natural Fluorescence of Red and White Wheat Kernels

Red and white wheats must be segregated for marketing purposes because they have different end uses. Identification of wheat color is not straightforward, and currently there is interest in characterizing red and white wheats using spectroscopic methods and chemical tests. The kernels of both red and white wheats exhibit natural fluorescence that can be readily viewed under UV light, although it is not possible to differentiate the fluorescence spectra of red and white wheats by visual inspection only. Fluorescence emission spectra in the wavelength range of 370–670 nm for 91 wheat samples consisting of 48 red (from 30 cultivars) and 43 white (from 18 cultivars) were analyzed by partial least squares (PLS) and neural networks analyses (NNA). Samples included cultivars that were difficult to classify visually as well as wheat harvested after rainfall. Classification accuracies were ≈85% for calibration and ≈72% for the validation samples by both analyses. A plot of β‐coefficient vs. wavelength in PLS analysis indicated that fluorescence of red wheat cultivars was greater than that for white wheat cultivars at 425 (±20) nm wavelength. Fluorescence of white wheat cultivars was greater than that for red cultivars at 587 (±35) nm. Fluorescence emission at ≈450 nm from wheat samples increased in intensity after treatment with NaOH. The increase was greater for red than for white wheat. Wheat harvested after rainfall also exhibited a slight increase in fluorescence.     

Interactions between bovine beta-lactoglobulin A and various bioactive peptides as studied by front-face fluorescence spectroscopy

Front-face fluorescence spectroscopy was used for the first time to study the interactions between bovine beta-lactoglobulin variant A (beta-Lg A) and various beta-Lg-derived bioactive peptides. Fluorescence spectra were recorded for beta-Lg A-peptide mixtures at 25 degrees C and pH 6.8 with an excitation wavelength of 290 nm to characterize the molecular environment of tryptophan (Trp) residues present in the protein but absent in the peptides. Spectra remained unchanged following addition of peptides beta-Lg f92-100 and beta-Lg f125-135, while Phe-Phe interaction between beta-Lg f69-83 molecules interfered with analysis. Addition of beta-Lg f102-105 produced a blue shift (3 nm) and a significant increase in fluorescence intensity, while addition of beta-Lg f142-148 also caused a significant increase in fluorescence intensity but accompanied by a red shift (3 nm). These results indicate that the polarity of the Trp environment in the beta-Lg A structure may be modified differently depending on the peptide added.     

Interface characterization and aging of bovine serum albumin stabilized oil-in-water emulsions as revealed by front-surface fluorescence

This paper is devoted to the application of front-surface fluorescence to the study of aging and oxidation of oil-in-water emulsions. Emulsions with two oil droplet sizes were stabilized with bovine serum albumin (BSA) and stored at 37 or 47 degrees C. Lipid oxidation was demonstrated by measurement of hydroperoxides and headspace pentane. Front-surface fluorescence spectra (excitation wavelength = 355 nm) revealed gradual formation of oxidized lipid-protein adducts during the 4 weeks of storage. Fluorescence (excitation = 290 nm) of BSA tryptophanyl residues (Trp) declined during the first day of aging and then decreased slightly and linearly. Fourth-derivative Trp spectra exhibited peaks at 316 and 332 nm. Their evolution indicated that the ratio of Trp in hydrophobic environments to total Trp increased in small droplet emulsions. This suggests that, during lipid oxidation, the adsorbed and nonadsorbed protein underwent various degrees of Trp degradations, polymerization, and aggregation. Thus, front-surface fluorescence makes it possible to evaluate, noninvasively, protein modification and lipid oxidation end-products during processing and storage of food emulsions.     

Fluorescence spectroscopy of aqueous pine litter extracts: effects of humification and aluminium complexation

Fluorescence excitation, emission, and synchronous-scan spectra were obtained for aqueous extracts of needle and litter layer (O-horizon) samples from ponderosa pine collected at a plantation site. The spectral lineshapes differed markedly between the needle and litter samples, and showed an increasing overall intensity with increasing extent of humification (increasing depth in the litter layer). At a dissolved organic C (DOC) concentration of 100 g m^?3, these effects were accompanied by a general shift in spectral density from lower to higher wavelength such that, in the excitation spectra, there was increasing prominence of a peak at 390 nm. When the DOC concentration was decreased from 100 to 25 g m^?3, the overall spectral intensity decreased and the peak at 390 nm in the excitation spectra of the litter samples gave way to a rising peak at 340 nm. Changes in pH from 4 to 5, characteristic of the undiluted litter extracts, produced little effect on the spectra. The addition of A1 at 40 mmol m^?3 generally produced enhancement of the fluorescence intensity in all three kinds of spectra for the needle and upper litter-layer extracts at 100 g C m^?3 and pH 4. Spectral density below 320 nm in the excitation and synchronous-scan spectra of the needle solution (possibly attributable to gentisic acid on the basis of model experiments) was, however, diminished by Al addition. For the lower litter-layer extracts, A1 addition decreased the fluorescence intensity in excitation and emission spectra, whereas it increased the intensity in synchronous-scan spectra. These trends indicated that the water-soluble fluorophores in the litter layer differed significantly from those in the fresh needles, and changed with the extent of humification. The 390-nm peak in the excitation spectrum, particularly its behaviour in the presence of added Al, may be useful as a spectral signature of products formed by litter humification processes.     

基于前表面荧光光谱鉴别新鲜与冻融大黄鱼

为研究反复冻融对水产品品质的影响,通过理化方法检测了不同冻融次数处理对大黄鱼解冻损失、pH 值、色泽、硫代巴比妥酸值、羰基含量等指标的影响,并采用前表面荧光光谱结合主成分分析（principal component analysis,PCA）和 Fisher 线性判别分析法（Fisher linear discriminant analysis,FLDA）对不同冻融次数的大黄鱼进行区分。结果显示随着冻融次数增加,大黄鱼的解冻损失显著增加（P<0.05）;pH 值呈先上升后下降的趋势;L*（亮度）值、b*（黄度）值均有不同程度的增加（P<0.05）,a*（红度）值下降（P<0.05）;羰基含量和硫代巴比妥酸反应物值（thiobarbituric acid reactive substances,TBARS）增加（P<0.05）,反复冻融导致大黄鱼的品质下降。色氨酸和烟酰胺腺嘌呤二核苷酸磷酸（nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide,NADH）的荧光光谱分别结合 PCA 和 FLDA 对不同冻融处理组进行分析,结果表明 FLDA 识别效果优于 PCA。通过 FLDA 建立了新鲜大黄鱼与冻融大黄鱼荧光光谱判别模型,发现色氨酸原始判别的准确率和交叉验证的准确率分别为68.3%和66.7%,NADH 原始判别的准确率和交叉验证的准确率均达到100%。由此可见,利用 NADH荧光光谱结合化学计量分析可以鉴别不同冻融处理的大黄鱼。研究结果为水产品新鲜度的快速评价提供参考。     

Authentication of the botanical and geographical origin of honey by front-face fluorescence spectroscopy

Front-face fluorescence spectroscopy, directly applied on honey samples, was used for the authentication of 11 unifloral and polyfloral honey types (n = 371 samples) previously classified using traditional methods such as chemical, pollen, and sensory analysis. Excitation spectra (220-400 nm) were recorded with the emission measured at 420 nm. In addition, emission spectra were recorded between 290 and 500 nm (excitation at 270 nm) as well as between 330 and 550 nm (excitation at 310 nm). A total of four different spectral data sets were considered for data analysis. Chemometric evaluation of the spectra included principal component analysis and linear discriminant analysis; the error rates of the discriminant models were calculated by using Bayes' theorem. They ranged from <0.1% (polyfloral and chestnut honeys) to 9.9% (fir honeydew honey) by using single spectral data sets and from <0.1% (metcalfa honeydew, polyfloral, and chestnut honeys) to 7.5% (lime honey) by combining two data sets. This study indicates that front-face fluorescence spectroscopy is a promising technique for the authentication of the botanical origin of honey and may also be useful for the determination of the geographical origin within the same unifloral honey type.