影响西门塔尔牛超数排卵效果的因素研究

为探讨影响西门塔尔牛超数排卵效果的因素,提高供体母牛利用率,加速胚胎移植技术产业化。以头均回收胚数和头均可用胚数为主要技术指标,在湖北和内蒙古乌拉盖进行超排试验,比较经产牛与青年牛、中科院产与加拿大产FSH两种不同超排方案及不同季节等因素对超排效果的影响。结果表明：（1）在农区,青年母牛的头均回收胚数和头均可用胚数分别为9.8、7.5枚,经产母牛分别为7.5、4.2枚,青年母牛显著高于经产母牛(P<0.05);在牧区,青年母牛头均回收胚数和可用胚数分别为10.3、8.4枚,经产母牛分别为8.0、5.5枚,青年母牛显著高于经产母牛 (P<0.05)。（2）在农区,使用中科院产FSH的头均回收胚数和可用胚数分别为8.0、4.8枚,使用加拿大产FSH分别为9.0、5.9枚,中科院产FSH与加拿大产FSH之间差异不显著(P>0.05);在牧区,使用中科院产FSH头均回收胚数和可用胚数分别为8.8、5.5枚,使用加拿大产FSH分别为9.5、6.5枚,中科院产FSH与加拿大产FSH之间差异亦不显著(P>0.05)。（3）在牧区,方案A(FSH+PG)的头均回收胚数和可用胚数分别为7.5、4.8枚,方案B(CIDR+E2+P4+FSH+PG)分别为10.5、8.0枚,方案B显著高于方案A (P<0.05);在农区,方案A的头均回收胚数和可用胚数分别为7.0、4.2枚,方案B分别为9.6、7.1枚,方案B亦显著高于方案A (P<0.05)。（4）在牧区,夏季的头均回收胚数和可用胚数分别为9.6、7.5枚,春季分别为6.0、3.5枚,夏季显著高于春季(P<0.05);在农区,春季的头均回收胚数和可用胚数分别为8.2、5.4枚,秋季分别为9.0、6.7枚,春季与秋季之间差异不显著(P>0.05)。结论：（1）青年母牛可作为供体牛的首选;（2）中科院产FSH能获得好的超排效果,且价格便宜,应为超排首选;（3）CIDR+E2+P4+FSH+PG法的超排效果优于FSH+PG法,前者为首选超排方案;（4）牧区应在夏季超排,农区应在春季和秋季超排。     

南阳牛超数排卵研究

采用FSH共超排南阳牛60头次,共采卵258枚（头均4.87±3.69）,其中可用胚153枚（头均2.89±2.58）,育成牛超排反应有效率高于经产牛（86.2% ︰71.0%）,经产牛采卵数多于育成牛（头均5.22±4.53 ︰头均4.5±2.58）,可用胚数也多于育成牛(头均3.07±3.06 ︰头均2.69±2.02),FSH的适宜剂量经产牛为340mg/头,育成牛为300mg/头。季节对南阳牛超排没有明显影响。     

胚胎移植技术在扩繁德系西门塔尔牛核心群中的应用

13头德系西门塔尔供体牛连续4次重复超排,生产胚胎654枚（头均50.31枚）,可用胚胎335枚（头均25.77枚）;4次冲胚的平均回收胚数,可用胚数差异均不显著（P>0.05）。移植受体牛278头次（鲜胚移植115头,冻胚移植118头,双半胚移植45头）,妊娠率55.04%（153/278）,共获得犊牛137头。其中鲜双半胚和鲜胚移植妊娠率显著高于冻胚（64.44%,60.87% vs 45.76%）（P<0.05）。45枚鲜胚二分后移植到45头受体牛,29头妊娠,其中11头产双胎,双犊率为37.93%（11/29）,存活犊牛29头。     

季节对放牧条件下安格斯和海福特肉牛超数排卵的影响

采用放置CIDR和FSH-PG注射法,于2004年5至6月和8至9月间对进口的安格斯和海福特肉牛进行超数排卵研究,并对安格斯和海福特肉牛随机分组。通过对超排有效率、平均采胚数、平均可用胚数、胚胎可利用率和A、B级胚胎在可用胚胎中的比率进行统计,结果为草原放牧条件下,5至6月间安格斯肉牛平均采胚数为10.78枚,平均可用胚数为5.75枚,其中平均A级胚胎数为4.52枚,海福特肉牛的平均采胚数为12.18枚,平均可用胚数为7.86枚,其中平均A级胚胎数为6.5枚。在8至9月间安格斯肉牛平均采胚数为12.55枚,平均可用胚数为8.14枚,其中平均A级胚胎数为6.62枚,海福特肉牛平均采胚数为10.25枚,平均可用胚数为5.75枚,其中平均A级胚胎数为4.32枚。研究证实海福特肉牛的适宜超排季节为5至6月份,安格斯肉牛适宜超排季节为8至9月份。     

戴瑞奶绵羊血清中生殖激素含量与超排效果相关性研究

目前家畜超数排卵还存在个体差异大、整体效果不稳定的问题。本研究旨在探讨戴瑞奶绵羊血清中生殖激素与供体超排效果的相关性，以期为供体超排性能预测提供依据。本研究分别在超数排卵处理前与配种前采集外周血进行促卵泡生成素(Follicle-stimulating hormone, FSH)、促黄体生成素(Luteinizing hormone, LH)、雌二醇(Estradiol, E2)、孕酮(Progesterone, P4)、抗缪勒管激素(anti-Müllerian hormone, AMH)和抑制素(Inhibin, INH)激素浓度检测，与回收总胚数和可用胚数进行相关性分析。超数排卵前血液检测结果显示：FSH、E2、AMH(FSH: r=0.91, P<0.05; E2: r=0.76, P<0.05; AMH: r=0.86, P<0.05)与回收总胚数和可用胚数呈显著正相关；LH、P4、INH(LH: r=-0.81, P<0.01; P4: r=-0.79, P<0.05; INH: r=-0.56, P<0.05)与回收总胚数和可用胚数呈显著负相关。超数排卵后配种前血液检测结果显示：FSH、E2、P4、AMH(FSH: r=0.62, P<0.05; E2: r=0.93, P<0.05; P4: r=0.69, P<0.05; AMH: r=0.97, P<0.01)与回收总胚数和可用胚数呈显著正相关；LH、INH(LH: r=-0.86, P<0.01; INH: r=-0.60, P<0.05)与回收总数和可用胚数呈显著负相关。本研究结果表明：在超数排卵前戴瑞奶绵羊静脉血液中FSH、LH、E2、P4、AMH、INH这几种激素均与最终超排效果存在相关性。超数排卵前静脉血液中FSH、AMH激素浓度与总胚数和可用胚数拟合度最高，存在高度相关性，因此可作为戴瑞奶绵羊超排性能的检测指标。     

不同超数排卵方案与供体牛月龄对高产荷斯坦奶牛体外性控胚胎生产效率的影响

旨在探讨激素处理方案、供体牛月龄对高产荷斯坦奶牛超数排卵效果和性控体外胚胎生产效率的影响,为建立稳定高效且适用于高产荷斯坦奶牛的超数排卵方案以及提高高产奶牛性控胚胎体外生产效率提供技术支持。实验共选取高产荷斯坦奶牛60头,随机分为3组,分别按照注射FSH两周采卵一次(bi-weekly,BW)、注射FSH一周采卵一次(once weekly,OW)与不注射激素(control,CON)进行OPUIVF体外性控胚胎生产,应用以上最佳方案进一步研究青年牛与经产牛在体外胚胎生产效率上是否存在差异。BW组的超排效果要优于OW组与CON组,BW组头均可用卵数(15.30±0.60)、可用卵占比(68.83%±1.92%)、头均A级卵数(9.86±0.38)与头均B级卵数(5.44±0.37)均显著高于OW组;BW组IVF早期胚胎体外发育优于OW组与CON组,其中BW组卵裂率(77.80%±1.08%)与头均胚胎数(5.11±0.27)均高于OW组与CON组且差异显著,BW组和CON组B级胚胎占比(13.95%±1.23%)均显著低于OW组;经产牛组头均卵子数(27.10±1.35)与头均胚胎数(...     

影响山羊超排效果的因素研究

为探讨最佳的超数排卵方案,提高胚胎移植效率,试验以波尔山羊为研究对象,比较了不同超排方法、超排次数、超排季节、授精方式及生育状况等因素对供体超排效果的影响.结果表明:不同超排方法对超排效果有显著影响(P＜0.05);经两次超排处理的供体所得可用胚数显著的高于未经过超排过的羊只(P＜0.05);经一次超排处理的供体可用胚比例显著高于未经过超排过的羊只(P＜0.05);而授精方式、超排季节、生育情况等因素对超排效果没有显著影响(P＞0.05).     

利用胚胎冷冻法保护马头山羊地方良种的方法学研究

为了研究利用胚胎冷冻技术保护马头山羊品种的可行性,以及探讨最佳的保种方案,该研究结合品种标准和分子标记辅助选择技术,选择25只有代表性的马头山羊母羊进行超数排卵、胚胎冷冻及移植研究.结果表明,INHA基因在马头山羊有多态位点,GG型供体母羊超排后只均获胚胎数(15.75±0.42)和只均可用胚胎数(14.90±0.38)均最高(P>0.05);中等膘情、上胎产4羔以上的母羊超排效果最好(P<0.05),可用胚胎率达94%以上;P4+LHRH-A3组超排后只均获胚胎15.63枚、只均可用胚胎14.75枚,显著高于对照组(CIDR+FSH+PG)(P<0.05);公母比例1:1、间隔8h本交或人工授精后可用胚胎率达94%以上,能显著提高超排效果(P<0.05),但本交组和人工授精组之间差异不显著(P>0.05);间隔2个月进行重复超排对超排效果无显著影响(P>0.05).细管玻璃化冷冻解冻后胚胎形态正常率(84.09%)和囊胚发育率(63.51%)显著高于OPS冷冻法(P<0.05);不同解冻方法和解冻时水浴温度对胚胎质量无显著影响(P>0.05).受体羊经CIDR处理后同期发情率达85.71%,高于孕酮海绵栓处理组(78.57%),经产母羊移植妊娠率(46.67%)高于育成母羊(37.50%),但均无显著性差异(P>0.05).表明运用胚胎冷冻法保护马头山羊品种资源是可行的,并探讨了一套最优化的操作规程.     

中国牛冷冻精液质量性状的评估与分析

为进一步提高牛冷冻精液的质量与探索技术关键,本研究对近年来国内各牛冷冻精液生产企业1720头份精液样品进行了质量分析,涉及品种有奶牛、肉牛类(包括乳肉兼用、黄牛、牦牛等)和奶水牛等。结果表明:剂量值(0.20±0.008)mL、活力(40.9±2.3)%、每剂量前进运动精子数(1224.3±291.7)万个、畸形率(12.6±3.8)%、细菌菌落数(38.9±192.7)个。年度间比较,活力呈不规则的起伏变化;2016年畸形率均值显著低于前2个年度,分别下降0.8%和1.3%,3个年度间均差异显著(P0.05),2014年细菌菌落数显著高于其他2个年度(P0.05);品种间比较,奶牛活力高于奶水牛0.5%、高于肉、兼用牛0.2%(P0.05),奶水牛与肉牛及兼用牛之间差异不显著(P0.05),奶水牛畸形率分别高于奶牛1.9%、高于肉用牛0.9%,均差异显著(P0.05),前进运动精子数,奶水牛最高,奶牛最低,品种间均差异显著(P0.05);生产企业间比较,活力、前进运动精子数、畸形率均分别存在不同差异。     

我国牛冷冻精液质量性状的评估与分析

为进一步探索冷冻精液的质量提高与技术关键,本研究对近年来国内各牛冷冻精液生产企业1720头份精液样品进行了质量分析,涉及品种有奶牛、肉牛类（包括乳肉兼用、黄牛、牦牛等）和奶水牛等。结果：剂量值(0.20±0.008)mL、活力(40.9±2.3)%、每剂量前进运动精子数(1224.3±291.7)万个、畸形率(12.6±3.8)%、细菌菌落数(38.9±192.7)个。年度间比较,活力呈不规则的起伏变化;畸形率2016年均值显著低于前二个年度,分别下降0.8%和1.3%,3个年度间均差异显著(P＜0.05),细菌菌落数2014年显著高于其他二个年度(P＜0.05);品种间比较,奶牛活力分别高于奶水牛0.5%、肉、兼用牛0.2%(P＜0.05),奶水牛与肉牛及兼用牛之间差异不显著(P＞0.05),奶水牛畸形率分别高于奶牛1.9%、肉用牛0.9%,均差异显著(P＜0.05),前进运动精子数,奶水牛最高,奶牛最低,品种间均差异显著(P＜0.05);生产企业间比较,活力、前进运动精子数、畸形率均分别存在不同差异。通过数据分析,反映了目前国内牛冷冻精液的质量概况,为冷冻精液的技术研究提供依据。     

Biological Activity and Quantification of Suspected Allelochemicals from Alfalfa Plant Parts

Autotoxicity restricts reseeding of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) after alfalfa until autotoxic chemical(s) breaks down or is dispersed into external environments. A series of aqueous extracts from leaves, stems, roots and seeds of alfalfa ‘Vernal’ were bioassayed against alfalfa seedlings of the same cultivar to determine their autotoxicity. The highest inhibition was found in the extracts from the leaves. Extracts at 40 g dry tissue l^?1 from alfalfa leaves were 15.4, 17.5 and 28.7 times more toxic to alfalfa root growth than were those from roots, stems and seeds, respectively. A high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis with nine standard compounds showed that the concentrations and compositions of allelopathic compounds depended on the plant parts. In leaf extracts that showed the most inhibitory effect on root growth, the highest amounts of allelochemicals were detected. Among nine phenolic compounds assayed for their phytotoxicity on root growth of alfalfa, coumarin, trans‐cinnamic acid and o‐coumaric acid at 10^?3 m were most inhibitory. The type and amount of causative allelochemicals found in alfalfa plant parts were highly correlated with the results of the bioassay, indicating that the autotoxic effects of alfalfa plant parts significantly differed.     

Changes in Seed Yield and Quality with Maturity in Onion (Allium cepa L., cv. 'Early Cream Gold')

Development of onion (Allium cepa L., cv. ‘Early Cream Gold’) seed under cool climate conditions in Tasmania, Australia occurred over a longer duration than previously reported, but similar patterns of change in yield components were recorded. In contrast to previous studies, umbel moisture content declined from 85 to 67 % over 57 days while seed moisture content decreased from 85 to 31 %. Seed yield continued to increase over the duration of crop development, with increasing seed weight compensating for seed loss resulting from capsule dehiscence in the later stages of maturation. Germination percentage was high and did not vary significantly from 53 to 77 days after full bloom (DAF), but mean germination time declined and uniformity of germination increased significantly over the same time period. The percentage abnormal seedlings declined with later harvest date, resulting in highest seed quality at 77 DAF. The results of this study suggest that the decision to harvest cool climate onion seed crops before capsule dehiscence will result in a loss of potential seed yield and quality.     

Location of a high-lysine gene and the DDT-resistance gene on barley chromosome 7

Summary The high-lysine gene in Risø mutant 1508 conditions an increased lysine content in the endosperm via a changed protein composition, a decreased seed size, and several other characters of the seed. The designation lys3a, lys3b, and lys3c, is proposed for the allelic high-lysine genes in three Risø mutants, nos 1508, 18, and 19. Linkage studies with translocations locate the lys3 locus in the centromere region of chromosome 7. A linkage study involving the loci lys3 and ddt (resistance to DDT) together with the marker loci fs (fragile stem), s (short rachilla hairs), and r (smooth awn) show that the order of the five loci on chromosome 7 from the long to the short chromosome arm is r, s, fs, lys3, ddt. The distance from locus r to locus ddt is about 100 centimorgans.     

Simultaneous Determination of Four Phenolic Acids in Radix Salviae Miltiorrhizae Formula Granules by QAMS

[Objectives]This study aimed to establish a QAMS(quantitative analysis of multi-components by single-marker)method for simultaneous determination of four phenol...     

Water Extraction Process of Chinese Herbal Compound Man Gan Ning

[Objectives]To optimize the water extraction process of Chinese Herbal Compound Man Gan Ning and establish a method for its extraction and content determination...     

Present status and future strategy in breeding faba beans (Vicia Faba L.) for resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses

Progress is being made, mainly by ICARDA but also elsewhere, in breeding for resistance to Botrytis, AScochyta, Uromyces, and Orobanche; and some lines have resistance to more than one pathogen. The strategy is to extend multiple resistance but also to seek new and durable forms of resistance. Internationally coordinated programs are needed to maintain the momentum of this work.Tolerance of abiotic stresses leads to types suited to dry or cold environments rather than broad adaptability, but in this cross-pollinated species, the more hybrid vigor expressed by a cultivar, the more it is likely to tolerate various stresses.     

Pollen and pollination experiments. III. The viability of apple and pear pollen as affected by irradiation and storage

Summary Apple and pear pollen was irradiated with doses of 0, 50, 100, 250 and 500 krad (gamma rays) and stored at 4°C and 0–10% r.h. From the in-vitro germination percentages an average LD 50 dose of about 220 krad was estimated. For both irradiated and untreated pollen a close and corresponding lineair relationship existed between germination percentage and pollen tube growth.Irradiated pollen was much more sensitive to dry storage conditions than untreated pollen, resulting in less germination and more bursting. Apparently, irradiation caused the pollen cell membrane to lose its flexibility faster than normal. Rehydration of dry-stored, irradiated pollen in water-saturated air restored germination percentages up to their initial levels. The importance of this procedure in germination trials is stressed.     

Optimization of Extraction Technology and Determination of Content of Total Phenols of Leaves in Acanthopanax giraldii Harms

[Objectives] To determine the optimum extraction technology for total phenols of leaves in Acanthopanax giraldii Harms.[Methods]The single factor test and ortho...     

Cytoplasmic male sterility,resistance to gall mite and mildew,and season of leafing out in black currants

Summary Cytoplasmic male sterility (cms) is described in the F₁ hybrids Ribes × carrierei (R. glutinosum albidum × R. nigrum) and R. sanguineum × R. nigrum. In backcrosses to R. nigrum, progenies with R. glutinosum cytoplasm were either all male sterile, or segregated for full male fertility (F) and complete (S) and partial (I) male sterility. Ratios of F:I+S suggested that two linked genes controlled cms, F plants being dominant for one (Rf ₁) and recessive for the other (Rf ₂).Segregation for cms in relation to three linded genes, Ce (resistance to the gall mite, Cecidophyopsis ribes), Sph ₃(resistance to American gooseberry mildew, Sphaerotheca mors-uvae) and Lf ₁(one of two dominant additive genes controlling early season leafing out) indicated that Rf ₁and Rf ₂were in this linkage group. The gene order and approximate crossover values appeared to be: % MathType!MTEF!2!1!+-% feaafiart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLn% hiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXafv3ySLgzGmvETj2BSbqef0uAJj3BZ9Mz0bYu% H52CGmvzYLMzaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqr1ngBPrgifHhDYfgasa% acOqpw0xe9v8qqaqFD0xXdHaVhbbf9v8qqaqFr0xc9pk0xbba9q8Wq% Ffea0-yr0RYxir-Jbba9q8aq0-yq-He9q8qqQ8frFve9Fve9Ff0dme% aabaqaciGacaGaamqadaabaeaafaaakeaacaWGdbGaamyzamaamaaa% baGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGWaGaaiOlaiaacgdacaGG0aGaaiiiaiaacc% caaaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaamOuaiaadAgaliaaigdakmaamaaa% baGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaaccdacaGGUaGaaiOmaiaacs% dacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaaaacaWGsbGaamOzaSGa% aGOmaOWaaWaaaeaacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacc% cacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccaaaGaamitaiaadAgaliaaigdakmaamaaa% baGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacc% cacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaaaaiaadofacaWGWbGaamiAaSGa% aG4maaaa!6E4D!\[Ce\underline { 0.14 } Rf1\underline { 0.24 } Rf2\underline { } Lf1\underline { } Sph3\]. Crossover values of 0.36 for Ce-Lf ₁, and 0.15 for Lf ₁-Sph ₃were estimated from the relative mean differences in season of leafing out between seedlings dominant and recessive for Ce and Sph ₃.It is suggested that competitive disadvantage of lf ₁-carrying gametes and/or zygotes at low temperatures may be implicated in the almost invariable deficit of plants dominant for the closely linked mildew resistance allele Sph ₃. Poor performance of lf ₁- (and possibly lf ₂-) carrying gametes and young zygotes during periods of low temperature at flowering might also account for the liability of some late season cultivars and selections to premature fruit drop (running off).     

Screening techniques and sources of resistance to parasitic angiosperms

Parasitic angiosperms cause great losses in many important crops under different climatic conditions and soil types. The most widespread and important parasitic angiosperms belong to the genera Orobanche, Striga, and Cuscuta. The most important economical hosts belong to the Poaceae, Asteraceae, Solanaceae, Cucurbitaceae, and Fabaceae. Although some resistant cultivars have been identified in several crops, great gaps exist in our knowledge of the parasites and the genetic basis of the resistance, as well as the availability of in vitro screening techniques. Screening techniques are based on reactions of the host root or foliage. In vitro or greenhouse screening methods based on the reaction of root and/or foliar tissues are usually superior to field screenings and can be used with many species. To utilize them in plant breeding, it is necessary to demonstrate a strong correlation between in vitro and field data. The correlation should be calculated for every environment in which selection is practiced. Using biochemical analysis as a screening technique has had limited success. The reason seems to be the complex host-parasite interactions which lead to germination, rhizotropism, infection, and growth of the parasite. Germination results from chemicals produced by the host. Resistance is only available in a small group of crops. Resistance has been found in cultivated, primitive and wild forms, depending on the specific host-parasite system. An additional problem is the existence of pathotypes in the parasites. Inheritance of host resistance is usually polygenic and its transfer is slow and tedious. Molecular techniques have yet to be used to locate resistance to parasitic angiosperms. While intensifying the search for genes that control resistance to specific parasitic angiosperms, the best strategy to screen for resistance is to improve the already existing in vitro or greenhouse screening techniques.