Lack of effect of dietary ascorbic acid on stability of carcass fat and meat of broilers 1

1. The inclusion of ascorbic acid or ascorbyl palmitate in a diet containing soyabean oil (40 g/kg) and butylated hydroxytoluene (25 mg/kg) did not affect the stability of abdominal fat and meat of broilers.

2. Under the same conditions including α‐tocopheryl acetate or ethoxyquin significantly improved the stability of these tissues.     

外源添加谷氨酰胺对肉仔鸡生长性能和胴体组成的影响

本试验旨在研究不同浓度谷氨酰胺(Gln)对内仔鸡生长性能、胴体特性和肉质的影响.选用1日龄Avian肉仔鸡360羽,随机分成4组,其中1组为对照组,喂基础日粮,另外3组为试验组,在基础日粮中分别添加0.5%、1.0%、1.5%的谷氨酰胺.每组选取18只鸡于42日龄屠宰取样.测定各项指标.结果表明,与对照组相比,各Gln添加组肉仔鸡采食量和日增重均有所增加,料重比有所下降,但差异不显著(P＞0.05);内仔鸡全净堂率、半净堂率、胸肌率和腿肌率均有所提高,其中1.0%和1.5%Gln组肉仔鸡半净堂率显著提高(P＜0.05),0.5%Gln组腿肌率显著提高(P＜0.05);皮脂厚和肌间脂肪含量有所降低(P＞0.05).表明外源添加谷氨酰胺具有提高肉仔鸡日增重、降低料重比,提高胸肌率和腿肌率,降低脂肪含量,改善肉仔鸡胴体组成的趋势,其中0.5%Gln添加量效果最佳.     

The effect of dietary fish oil supplementation on exercising horses

Ten horses of Thoroughbred or Standardbred breeding were used to study the effects of dietary fish oil supplementation on the metabolic response to a high-intensity incremental exercise test. Horses were assigned to either a fish oil (n = 6) or corn oil (n = 4) treatment. The fish oil (Omega Protein, Hammond, LA) contained 10.6% eicosapentaenoic acid and 8% docosahexaenoic acid. Each horse received timothy hay and a textured concentrate at a rate necessary to meet its energy needs. The supplemental oil was top-dressed on the concentrate daily at a rate of 324 mg/kg BW. Horses received their assigned diet for 63 d, during which time they were exercised 5 d/wk in a round pen or on a treadmill. During wk 1, horses exercised for 10 min at a trot. After wk 1, exercise time and intensity were increased so that at wk 5, exercise time in the round pen increased to 30 min (10 min of cantering and 20 min of trotting) per day. Starting at wk 6, horses were exercised 3 d/wk in the round pen for 30 min and 2 d/wk on a treadmill for 20 min. After 63 d, all horses performed an exercise test consisting of a 5-min warm-up at 1.9 m/s, 0% grade, followed by a step test on a 10% grade at incremental speeds of 2 to 8 m/s. Blood samples were taken throughout exercise. During exercise, horses receiving fish oil had a lower heart rate (treatment x time interaction; P < 0.05) and tended to have lower packed cell volume (treatment effect; P = 0.087). Plasma lactate concentrations were not affected by treatment. Plasma glucose concentrations were not different between groups during exercise but were lower (treatment x time interaction; P < 0.01) for the fish oil group during recovery. Serum insulin tended to be lower in fish oil horses throughout exercise (treatment effect; P = 0.064). There was a tendency for glucose:insulin ratios to be higher for fish oil-treated horses throughout exercise (treatment effect; P = 0.065). Plasma FFA were lower (treatment x time interaction; P < 0.01) in horses receiving fish oil than in horses receiving corn oil during the initial stages of the exercise test. Serum glycerol concentrations also were lower in fish oil-treated horses (P < 0.05). Serum cholesterol concentrations were lower in horses receiving fish oil (treatment effect; P < 0.05), but serum triglycerides were not affected by treatment (P = 0.55). These data suggest that addition of fish oil to the diet alters exercise metabolism in conditioned horses.     

The effect of field beans on growth and flavour of broilers

The effects of feeding diets containing 45% field beans (Vicia faba L.) to broilers for up to 9 weeks were studied. Simultaneous chemical and taste panel analyses of muscle samples were carried out. Although small differences were detected by gas chromatography, no differences in flavour were found. This suggests that detailed chromatographic analysis may only be valuable after taste panel evaluation has shown differences in flavour.     

Effects of choice white grease and soybean oil on growth performance, carcass characteristics, and carcass fat quality of growing-finishing pigs

A total of 144 barrows and gilts (initial BW = 44 kg) were used in an 82-d experiment to evaluate the effects of dietary fat source and duration of feeding fat on growth performance, carcass characteristics, and carcass fat quality. Dietary treatments were a corn-soybean meal control diet with no added fat and a 2 × 4 factorial arrangement of treatments with 5% choice white grease (CWG) or soybean oil (SBO) fed from d 0 to 26, 54, 68, or 82. At the conclusion of the study (d 82), pigs were slaughtered, carcass characteristics were measured, and backfat and jowl fat samples were collected. Fatty acid analysis was performed, and iodine value (IV) was calculated for all backfat and jowl fat samples. Pigs fed SBO tended to have increased (P = 0.07) ADG compared with pigs fed CWG. For pigs fed SBO, increasing feeding duration increased (quadratic, P < 0.01) ADG and G:F. For pigs fed CWG, increasing feeding duration improved (quadratic, P < 0.01) G:F. For pigs fed SBO or CWG, increasing feeding duration increased carcass yield (quadratic, P < 0.04) and HCW (quadratic, P < 0.02). Dietary fat source and feeding duration did not affect backfat depth, loin depth, or lean percentage. As expected, barrows had greater ADG and ADFI (P < 0.01) and poorer G:F (P = 0.03) than gilts. Barrows also had greater last-rib (P = 0.04) and 10th-rib backfat (P < 0.01) and reduced loin depth and lean percentage (P < 0.01) compared with gilts. Increasing feeding duration of CWG or SBO increased (P < 0.10) C18:2n-6, PUFA, PUFA:SFA ratio, and IV in jowl fat and backfat. Pigs fed SBO had greater (P < 0.01) C18:2n-6, PUFA, PUFA:SFA ratio, and IV but decreased (P < 0.01) C18:1 cis-9, C16:0, SFA, and MUFA concentrations compared with pigs fed CWG in jowl fat and backfat. Barrows had decreased (P = 0.03) IV in jowl fat and backfat compared with gilts. In summary, adding SBO or CWG increased the amount of unsaturated fat deposited. Increasing feeding duration of dietary fat increases the amount of unsaturated fatty acids, which leads to softer carcass fat.     

The effect of dietary cooked potato flake on performance of broilers and on litter quality

1. Broiler chicks, reared on litter, were given diets containing either 40% maize, 40% cooked potato flake, or 20% of each, in crumb form ad libitum from 1 to 21 d and 21 to 63 d in five dietary treatments.

2. Birds receiving the diet with 40% cooked potato flake grew more slowly than birds receiving the other diets during both periods but their food consumption was the same.

3. Including cooked potato flake in diets decreased the dry matter of the litter: with 40% in the diet the litter dry matter was decreased to 26% in 49 d at a stocking rate of 11 birds/m².

4. If the litter was kept dry, 20% of cooked potato flake was found to be an acceptable inclusion rate for broiler diets.     

熊猫源枯草芽孢杆菌DXM-01对肉鸡生长性能和肌肉品质的影响研究

本文研究了熊猫源枯草芽孢杆菌DXM-01对肉鸡生长性能和经济效益的影响。选用90羽7日龄的肉仔鸡随机分成3个处理组,每个处理设3个重复。对照组饲喂基础日粮,抗生素组饲喂基础日粮加0.05%的硫酸新霉素制剂,试验组饲喂基础日粮加0.1%制剂。试验期35d。结果表明,试验组肉鸡的末期平均体重、净增重和日增重均高于空白对照组,差异显著(P0.05),但均比抗生素组低,差异不显著(P0.05)。试验组鸡的平均采食量均略高于两对照组(P0.05),试验组的饲料转化率较空白对照组提高3.14%,比抗生素组低1.59%(P0.05)。经济效益分析,试验组比空白对照组减少净增重耗料成本0.148元/kg,相对经济效益提高3.48%;比抗生素组减少净增重耗料成本0.083元/kg,相对经济效益提高1.98%。试验组肉鸡胴体品质的各项指标与两对照组相比,除了腿肌率有显著性的差异外(P0.05),其余各项指标均无明显差异(P0.05)。试验组鸡肌肉氨基酸总量、必需氨基酸和鲜味氨基酸含量均高于两对照组。表明在较高的营养水平条件下添加本制剂对肉鸡生长具有一定的促进作用,能取得较好的饲料转化效率和经济效益,可以在整个肉鸡饲养期间替代抗生素添加剂;同时表明本菌株对肉鸡胴体和鸡肉品质不但没有不良的影响,而且可增加鸡肉氨基酸总量、必需氨基酸和鲜味氨基酸的含量。     

柠檬酸对肉仔鸡屠宰性能的影响

试验选择180只1日龄健康AA+肉仔鸡,按日粮中柠檬酸添加剂量的不同(0%、0.75%、1.5%)分为3个日粮处理组,每个处理组6个重复,每个重复10只鸡,进行为期42d的饲养试验,旨在研究日粮中添加不同梯度的柠檬酸对肉仔鸡屠宰性能的影响。试验结果表明:添加0.75%柠檬酸可显著提高21日龄肉仔鸡的屠宰率(P0.05),极显著提高腿肌率(P0.01),胸肌率和全净膛率却显著降低于对照组(P0.05);添加1.5%柠檬酸可使21日龄肉仔鸡的全净膛率显著降低(P0.05),对其他屠宰性能指标无显著影响。     

Effects of degree of fatness in broilers on other carcass characteristics: Relationship between fatness and the composition of carcass fat1

1. Three trials were performed to examine the effect of degree of fatness in broilers on the composition of carcass fat. The various degrees of fatness were obtained by varying the energy to protein (E :P) ratios in conventional diets.

2. Increasing the E : P ratio caused increased fat deposition with increases in the proportions of palmitic and oleic acids and a decrease in linoleic acid.

3. Highly significant negative correlations were obtained between the degree of fatness (expressed as percentage of dry matter of the skin) and of unsaturation of abdominal fat (expressed as iodine value).

4. The same negative correlations were obtained for individuals within the same dietary treatment, especially those producing lean birds.     

Growth and carcass composition of broilers fed sunflower oil and olive oil

Sunflower and olive oils were fed at the same dietary inclusion levels to male broilers as a means of varying the dietary linoleic acid concentration while maintaining similar concentrations of total fat and total unsaturated fatty acids. The type of oil and the dietary supplementation level influenced growth rate, food utilisation and carcass composition. Birds grew faster and utilised food more efficiently when fed the sunflower oil and had higher concentrations of body fat. Increasing the level of supplementation with either oil decreased body fat content. The different responses to the two oils were not related to differences in dietary amino acid balance, ME: protein ratios or rates of food passage through the digestive tract.     

罗布麻叶对铜脚麻鸡胴体品质、脂肪代谢的影响

经过人类医学药理试验证实,罗布麻叶含有黄酮类、鞣质类、有机酸类、氨基酸类等多种化合物[1]以及Pb、Fe、Cu、Zn等多种微量元素[2],所含的黄酮类成分具有降血压、降血脂、保肝、抗抑郁等功效[3]。在铜脚麻鸡的饲料里添加不同剂量的罗布麻叶以观察胴体品质、脂肪代谢变化。本试验把鸡群随机分成四个组:Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ(Ⅰ为对照组,Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ为试验组),分别添加0、0.05、0.1、0.3 g/kg.BW的罗布麻叶,试验期90 d,试验结束前采取鸡群的血清进行脂肪指标测定,试验结束后进行胴体品质的测定。结果表明:腹脂率、肝脏脂肪含量、肝脏重量、甘油三酯(TG)、血清尿酸(UA)、游离脂肪酸(EFA)、血清总胆固醇(TC)、低密度脂蛋白-胆固醇血清(LDL-C)、高密度脂蛋白-胆固醇(HDL-C)在组间都产生显著性变化(P<0.05)或(P<0.01);胸肌率、腿肌率、肌肉总脂肪含量的变化不显著(P>0.05)。从试验数据可以看出,在饲料里添加不同剂量的罗布麻叶,鸡群的腹脂率、肝脏脂肪含量、肝脏重量、TG、UA、TC、LDL-C等指标明显下降;血清HDL-C、EFA等指标有一定程度提高。     

Effects of dietary iodine value product on growth performance and carcass fat quality of finishing pigs

A total of 120 barrows (initial BW = 47.9 ± 3.6 kg; PIC 1050) were used in an 83-d study to determine the effects of dietary iodine value (IV) product (IVP) on growth performance and fat quality. Pigs were blocked by BW and randomly allotted to 1 of 6 treatments with 2 pigs per pen and 10 pens per treatment. Dietary treatments were fed in 3 phases and formulated to 3 IVP concentrations (low, medium, and high) in each phase. Treatments were 1) corn-soybean meal control diet with no added fat (low IVP), 2) corn-extruded expelled soybean meal (EESM) diet with no added fat (medium IVP), 3) corn-soybean meal diet with 15% distillers dried grains with solubles and choice white grease (DDGS + CWG; medium IVP), 4) corn-soybean meal diet with low CWG (medium IVP), 5) corn-EESM diet with 15% DDGS (high IVP), and 6) corn-soybean meal diet with high CWG (high IVP). On d 83, pigs were slaughtered and backfat and jowl fat samples were collected and analyzed. The calculated and analyzed dietary IVP values were highly correlated (r(2) = 0.86, P < 0.01). Pigs fed the control diet, EESM, or high CWG had greater (P < 0.05) ADG than pigs fed EESM + DDGS. Pigs fed the control diet had greater (P < 0.05) ADFI than pigs fed all other diets. Pigs fed EESM + DDGS and high CWG had improved (P < 0.05) G:F compared with pigs fed the control diet or DDGS + CWG. Pigs fed diets with DDGS had greater (P < 0.05) backfat and jowl fat IV, C18:2n-6, and PUFA and less SFA than pigs fed all other treatments. Pigs fed EESM had greater (P < 0.05) backfat and jowl fat IV, C18:2n-6, and PUFA than pigs fed the control diet, low CWG, or high CWG. Pigs fed low CWG or high CWG had greater (P < 0.05) jowl fat IV than control pigs. Feeding ingredients high in unsaturated fatty acids, such as DDGS and EESM, had a greater impact on fat IV than CWG, even when diet IVP was similar. Therefore, IVP was a poor predictor of carcass fat IV in pigs fed diets with different fat sources and amounts of unsaturated fats formulated with similar IVP. Dietary C18:2n-6 content was a better predictor of carcass fat IV than diet IVP.     

大豆磷脂对肉鸡生产性能及胴体品质的影响

选用 80 0羽 0日龄的AA肉仔鸡 ,随机分为 4组 ,每组设 4个重复 ,研究大豆磷脂替代基础日粮 (对照组 )中 0 5 %、1 %和 1 5 %的玉米对肉鸡生产性能和胴体品质的影响。结果表明 ,用大豆磷脂替代日粮中的玉米使肉鸡 42日龄增重分别提高了 2 1 %、 4 4%和 8 7% ;饲料转化率分别提高了 3 5 %、 5 2 %和 8 1 % ;饲养成本分别下降了 2 3%、 3 5 %和 5 8% ;胸肌率分别提高了 1 4 7%、 0 9%和 - 0 49% ,腹脂率分别提高了1 1 0 6 %、 2 0 2 8%和 44 7%。     

果胶酶对肉仔鸡生长性能及屠体性状的影响

试验选用 1日龄商品艾维茵肉仔鸡 4 32只。完全随机分为 2 4圈 ,每圈 18只 ,地面平养 5 4天。试验分为 4个处理 ,每个处理 6圈 ,分别饲喂 4种不同的日粮 ,即对照组 (基础日粮组 )、添加金霉素 5 0mg/kg日粮组、添加果胶酶 5 0 0mg/kg日粮组、添加果胶酶 10 0 0mg/kg日粮组。试验结果表明 ,果胶酶在肉仔鸡饲养前 2 1日龄的促生长效果显著 ,平均日增重 (ADG)和平均日采食量 (ADFI)均比对照组有显著增加 (P <0 .0 5 ) ,饲料转化率显著提高 (P <0 .0 5 ) ,与抗生素效果相当 ;2 1～ 4 2日龄时仅 5 0 0mg/kg果胶酶组出现ADFI比对照组显著增加 (P <0 .0 5 ) ,但饲料转化率较其它各组显著降低 (P <0 .0 5 )。 4 2～ 5 4日龄时 5 0 0mg/kg果胶酶组ADG显著高于抗生素组 (P <0 .0 5 ) ,饲料转化率显著提高 (P <0 .0 5 )。饲养全期 ,添加抗生素或果胶酶组ADG与对照组差异显著 (P <0 .0 5 ) ,ADFI仅5 0 0mg/kg果胶酶组与对照组有显著差异 (P <0 .0 5 )。     

植酸酶对肉鸡生产性能与胴体品质的影响

试验选取1日龄AA肉鸡600只,随机分为6个处理组,每个处理组5个重复。试验分两阶段饲养,分别参照NRC(1994)饲养标准配制玉米—豆粕型基础日粮,1～3周龄和4～6周龄正、负对照组调整有效磷水平分别为0.43%、0.23%和0.34%、0.14%,试验组(3、4、5、6组)分别在负对照组日粮中添加250、500、750、1000U/kg植酸酶。试验结果表明,500、750U/kg加酶组较负对照组显著提高了肉鸡日增重(P<0.05),比正对照组也提高了3.41%、3.19%;添加植酸酶对21日龄肉鸡屠宰性能及肉品质有所降低,不影响42日龄屠宰性能与肉品质。     

Effect of dietary sorbitol on the performance of broilers

1. The effect of dietary sorbitol on the performance of broilers was investigated. Male and female broilers were given a control diet or a sorbitol diet (100 g/kg diet) ad libitum from 29 to 57 d of age. 2. Body weight gain, food intake, food efficiency and the ME values of the diets were not significantly different. Absolute and relative weights of abdominal fat were significantly reduced in birds given the sorbitol diet. 3. Compared to the control diet, the diet containing sorbitol lowered the serum glucose, total cholesterol and very low density lipoprotein concentrations.     

枯草芽孢杆菌制剂对肉鸡生长、胴体和鸡肉品质的影响

本文研究了枯草芽孢杆菌制剂对肉鸡生长性能、胴体和鸡肉品质的影响。选用90羽7日龄的肉仔鸡,随机分成3个处理组,每个处理设3个重复。对照1组饲喂基础日粮,对照2组饲喂基础日粮添加0.05%的硫酸新霉素制剂,试验组饲喂基础日粮添加0.1%的枯草芽孢杆菌制剂。试验期35d。试验结果表明:试验组肉鸡的末期平均体重、净增重和日增重均比对照1组高,且差异显著(P<0.05),但均比对照2组低,差异不显著(P>0.05)。试验组鸡的平均采食量均略高于两对照组(P>0.05),试验组的饲料转化率较对照1组提高3.14%,比对照2组低1.59%(P>0.05)。试验组肉鸡胴体品质的各项指标与两对照组相比,除了腿肌重和腿肌率有显著差异外(P<0.05),其余各项指标均无显著差异(P>0.05)。试验组鸡肌肉氨基酸总量、必需氨基酸和鲜味氨基酸含量均高于两对照组。这表明在较高的营养水平条件下添加枯草芽孢杆菌制剂对肉鸡生长具有一定的促进作用,对肉鸡胴体和鸡肉品质无不良影响,可增加鸡肉鲜味。