2. A requirement of approximately 775 to 800 mg sulphur amino acids /hen d, of which about 390 to 440 mg was methionine, was found for a maximum of 80 to 83 eggs/100 hen d. There were indications that the requirement for maximum egg production was less than that for maximum efficiency of food utilisation.
3. Diets containing 138 g protein/kg supplemented with methionine and lysine supported production and food utilisation as effectively as a diet containing 167 g protein/kg. 相似文献
The proportion of ingested nitrogen excreted as uric acid or urate was significantly higher when the dietary protein supplement was groundnut meal than when it was good‐quality fish meal or groundnut meal supplemented with both lysine and methionine. Nitrogen retention, egg production and the apparent digestibility of nitrogen were higher on diets containing good‐quality fish meal than on diets containing groundnut meal alone. Intermediate effects were obtained when feeding diets supplemented with poor‐quality fish meal of groundnut meal containing either lysine or methionine. The implications of these findings are discussed. The main differences in protein utilisation associated with variations in dietary protein quality were reflected in the proportions of ingested nitrogen excreted as urates and as protein. Other nitrogenous components of excreta examined showed little variation with dietary protein quality. Benefits derived from the addition of methionine and lysine to the groundnut diet were obtained mainly by a more efficient use of absorbed amino acids. 相似文献
2. Egg production was reduced in hens fed on diets containing HFM owing to a deficiency in lysine, methionine and tryptophan.
3. Supplementation of the diet containing HFM with 3'0 g lysine (as L‐lysine HC1), 0.7g DL‐methionine and 0.5g L‐tryptophan per kilogram, resulted in a daily egg mass output similar to that achieved with a conventional layers’ diet. 相似文献
It is concluded that field beans supplemented with methionine can be a useful source of dietary protein for laying hens but the rate of inclusion should not exceed 15% until more is known of factors which cause lowered production at higher levels. 相似文献
2. A SAA requirement of about 750 mg/hen d, of which about 425 mg was methionine, was found to be adequate for birds producing on average 51 g egg mass per hen d over 52 weeks. The SAA requirement was found to be higher for maximum efficiency of food utilisation than for maximum egg yield.
3. A diet containing 140 g protein/kg adequately supplemented with methionine and lysine, could sustain laying performance almost identical to that achieved on a diet containing 167 g protein/kg.
4. In diets with 140 g protein/kg the addition of 0.5 to 3.5 g dl‐methionine/kg diet in excess of the requirement did not affect egg production adversely, but food conversion efficiency was decreased. 相似文献
2. Significant dietary effects of feeding clinoptilolite were observed with number of eggs laid per hen, shell thickness, efficiency of food utilisation and droppings moisture content. No significant dietary effects between treatments were observed with body weight, age at first egg, egg weight, Haugh units, food intake/hen and rate of amino acid absorption of radioactive lysine and methionine into the bloodstream. Significant differences between strains were observed with regard to all parameters except food intake/hen. There were no significant strain × clinoptilolite interactions. 相似文献
2. A total of 144 dwarf hens (38 weeks of age) from the same hatch were randomly divided into 12 groups of 12 birds (4 dietary treatments × 3 replicates).
3. A 2 × 4 factorial design was used to study the effect of 2 lines (Factor A) and substitution of soybean meal (SBM) with 4 concentrations (0, 10, 15 and 20%) of sunflower meal (SFM) [Factor B] on egg quality traits of dwarf dam line hens.
4. All the diets were designed to be isocaloric (11?3 MJ ME/kg) and isonitrogenous (180 g/kg crude protein) The duration of the experiment was 12 weeks.
5. Analysis of variance indicated a highly significant line effect. There were non-significant effects of substitution of soybean meal with different concentrations of sunflower meal on egg quality traits except for Haugh unit.
6. White plumaged dwarf broiler breeder dam line produced significantly fewer, but larger, eggs than coloured dwarf dam line hens. 相似文献
In the first experiment a basal soyabean meal diet (14.3 per cent crude protein) was supplemented with L‐lysine and DL‐methionine, singly and together. Supplementation of the basal soyabean diet with the amino acids caused no significant effects on egg production, mean and total egg weight or food conversion efficiency. None of the soyabean diets proved as satisfactory for egg production or food conversion efficiency as a fish meal control diet (16.9 per cent crude protein).
In the second experiment the effect of adding 0.1 per cent each of L‐lysine and DL‐methionine or 0.2 per cent each of l‐lysine and DL‐methionine to a low fish meal diet (2.5 per cent fish meal) was examined. The addition of 0.2 per cent of each amino acid caused an increase in egg production.
Mean egg weight was improved by the addition of amino acids at both levels although this effect was not statistically significant. Comparison of the low fish meal diets with a fishmeal control diet (10 per cent fishmeal) showed that at the 0.2 per cent addition of amino acids, egg production, total egg weight and food conversion efficiency were better than on the 10 per cent fish meal control diet.
Two breeds, light and medium hybrids were used in both experiments.
The results are discussed with reference to their practical significance. 相似文献
In the first test year, the modified diet was slightly superior to the control diet in terms of egg numbers, egg weight and egg quality. In the second year, there were no significant differences in these traits between diets. Although 17 strains were tested in the first year, and 14 in the second, no significant strain × ration interactions occurred in any performance trait.
These trials provided no evidence that the laying hen responds to unknown factors contained in animal products. There was also no evidence that the removal of animal products adversely affected protein quality, although dietary protein levels may not have been low enough to reveal such a change. 相似文献
Grain, dietary protein and added dietary lysine significantly affected body weights and efficiencies of food conversion.
Significant first‐order interactions between grain x protein, grain x lysine and protein x lysine were found for both body weights and efficiencies of food conversion and resulted mainly from responses obtained with the 19.7%‐protein Neepawa wheat supplemented with lysine when compared with the responses obtained to the other grains. When substituted into the higher‐protein diet, supplemented with lysine, the 19.7%‐protein Neepawa wheat supported a similar performance in chicks to other grains fed under similar conditions. 相似文献
2. Diets formulated by linear programming contained up to 120 g algae meal/kg with supplementary DL‐methionine.
3. There were no significant effects of dietary algae meal on egg output, food conversion or egg‐shell quality. Thus algae meal at the concentrations tested can be a useful substitute for soyabean meal in diets for laying hens.
4. High concentrations of dietary algae meal caused a deep yellow yolk colour of acceptable appearance. 相似文献
Apart from a possible beneficial effect during the first few weeks of production, little increase in egg weight occurs when birds are fed on conventional rearing diets and then fed on laying diets containing linoleic acid in excess of requirement.
After depletion of linoleate reserves, dietary supplementation with linoleic acid significantly increases egg weight at any age.
The necessity of supplementing diets for laying hens with linoleic acid is discussed. 相似文献
Under the conditions of this study, the only consistent and significant effect due to the source of cereal grains was the reduction of egg size due to milo. Fish meal supplementation of milo diets almost, or completely, equalised egg weights, and some beneficial effects were also obtained from added methionine and soapstock.
The linoleic acid content of maize is decidedly higher than that of milo, a difference which is reflected in the fatty acid composition of the respective diets, and which causes corresponding changes in the fatty acid pattern of the yolk lipids of eggs produced by hens fed these diets. Soya soapstock added to milo diets tended to equalise the yolk fatty acid pattern obtained with milo and maize diets.
It is suggested that in milo‐soya diets methionine is the first limiting factor, and that linoleic acid is the next limiting factor in increasing egg size, after the first requirement has been met. 相似文献
2. Diet B, as mash, showed a lower apparent physical density than the others. The hardness and durability of the pelleted diets were similar.
3. Hens fed the mash diet B could not completely adjust their food intake to compensate for the dilution and showed reduced egg output and body weight gain compared to the other groups.
4. Video observation of each hen for 14 consecutive hours showed that mash‐fed hens ate for longer periods than pellet‐fed hens during the first 11 h (proportion of time spent eating: 41.3% mash B, 32.5% mash A and 20% to 25% for all the pelleted diets). These differences were less pronounced during the last 3 h of the photoperiod.
5. Trough‐oriented stereotypies were noted in 14 out of 22 mash‐fed hens and in 12 out of 47 pellet‐fed hens. Dilution of the diet did not appear to exacerbate stereotyped behaviours under the conditions of the study.
6. This experiment demonstrates that the feeding behaviour of laying hens is affected by the physical characteristics of the diet and that this may lower their productivity.
7. Low‐energy pelleted diets might be used to feed hens efficiently in tropical countries where cereal by‐products are abundant. 相似文献
2. In diets of 160 g protein/kg without added lysine, high‐protein wheats caused lower rates of production and egg size than conventional wheats in White Leghorns. Lysine supplementation of the former diets eliminated these differences.
3. The improvements in egg production and egg weight were significant with 1 g additional lysine/kg and egg production tended to improve further with 2 g additional lysine/kg, as did egg weight with all subsequent additions, but not significantly so.
4. With diets containing high‐protein wheats supplemented with lysine, high egg production and egg weight could be obtained without a protein supplement (e.g. soyabean meal).
5. In broiler‐breeders egg production was lower and food conversion poorer with high‐protein wheat despite added lysine. 相似文献
Growth and age at sexual maturation were directly related to the lysine content of the diet and to a lesser extent to the arginine content. Pullets fed on diets with the lower concentrations of lysine and arginine required less food during the growing period and matured later than those fed on a complete diet ad libitum. They also laid more eggs and required less food to produce a dozen eggs. Higher egg production was obtained in the third experiment with low concentrations of lysine and arginine than with the “skip‐a‐day” or the restricted feeding programmes. Pullets fed on the normal grower diet ad libitum produced the smallest eggs in the first and third experiments with no difference in egg size in the second experiment. Pullets maintained on the “skip‐a‐day” or the restricted feeding programme also had a larger egg size than the control group fed on the same diet on an ad libitum basis.
An ingredient effect was observed in the third experiment. Of two diets containing identical calculated values of lysine and arginine, the one containing distillers' dried grains with solubles was superior to the one with soybean meal as regards weight at 20 weeks of age, amount of food consumed during the period 6 to 18 weeks of age and percentage egg production. It is possible that the soybean meal contained a better balance of amino acids than did distillers' dried grains with solubles which resulted in a significant increase in body weight at 20 weeks of age and a subsequent lower level of egg production. These data indicate that it would be best to use ingredients with an imbalance of amino acids in the protein as sources of lysine and arginine in pullet grower diets.
There were no differences in the mortality of the birds during the laying period which could be related to dietary treatment during the pullet growing period. 相似文献
2. Twenty five individually caged 20 week‐old Hisex laying hens were used per treatment. The hens were housed in a convection house for the duration of the study which lasted 52 weeks. Two diets were formulated, one containing 300 g sweet lupins/kg and the other containing sunflower oil cake and fish meal as protein sources. These diets were blended to obtain seven diets with lupin inclusion rates of 0, 50, 100, 150, 200, 250 and 300 g/k.
3. Results indicated that up to 300 g lupins/kg diet can be fed to Hisex laying hens without a significant effect on egg production, egg mass, efficiency of food utilisation, egg shell thickness, Haugh units or yolk colour. Food intake was however, significantly (P<0.05) positively correlated with lupin inclusion rates. 相似文献
2. Genetic tests have demonstrated that tainting in these circumstances is conditional on the presence in the hen, in the heterozygous or homozygous state, of an autosomal semi‐dominant mutant gene that has variable expression, depending on environmental factors (including the rate of ingestion of rapeseed meal).
3. No simple test for the presence of this gene, applicable to either sex, can be anticipated at present. 相似文献