Direct and correlated responses to selection for hatching time in the fowl

Selection over eight generations for a shorter (fast hatching) or longer (slow‐hatching) incubation time in fowls resulted in a difference of 42 h in incubation time. Only minor asymmetry of response was observed since incubation time decreased by 19.8 h in the fast‐hatching line and increased by 22.4 h in the slow‐hatching line. The predicted response was less than that observed, probably because of underestimation of the true selection differentials and a low estimate of heritability used for prediction.

The realised heritability estimates decreased significantly from 0.222 to 0.179 between the first four and the last four generations. The estimate based on all eight generations was 0.199. These values are probably slightly overestimated because of the use of underestimated selection differentials in their calculation. The realised heritability in the original stock was probably between 0.20 and 0.25.

No evidence of correlations between hatchability or egg weight and hatching time was obtained. A significantly lower egg weight in the fast‐hatching line could be accounted for on the basis of random genetic drift.     

鸡鸭鹅免疫球蛋白的研究进展

免疫球蛋白 (1g)指具有抗体活性或化学结构上与抗体相似的球蛋白。普遍存在于血液、组织液及外分泌物中 ,Ig由浆细胞产生 ,占血浆蛋白总量的 2 0 %。免疫应答有两个基本分工 :体液或抗体介导的反应和细胞介导的应激 ,它们密切协作消除感染微生物和进行肿瘤免疫检测 ,自身和非自身间的区别能力是所有免疫反应的基本功能。Ig属体内的多功能免疫球蛋白 ,也是再次免疫应答的主要抗体 ,其生物学活性是特异性结合抗原或通过重链C区介导一系列生物学效应 ,包括中和毒素作用、亲和细胞而导致吞噬调理作用、胞外杀伤及免疫炎症、介导抗体依赖性细胞…     

Acceleration of hatching in the domestic fowl

Eggs of the domestic fowl were stimulated from the 19th day of incubation until hatching by artificial clicks at one of two rates which, in the quail, have been found effective (1) in accelerating and (2) in retarding the development and hatching time of the foetus. The time at which each stimulated egg hatched was determined and compared with those of three control eggs kept in the same incubator. All four eggs were kept as far apart from each other as possible. Of the ten eggs given accelerating stimulation all hatched before the mean hatching time of the controls and nine before any of the controls. Of those given retarding stimulation seven hatched after the mean hatching time of the controls but only five after all the controls.

It is concluded that hatching can be advanced in the domestic fowl if the egg is given the appropriate stimulation, but that there is no evidence of the retardation of hatching under the conditions provided.     

Effect of rate of stimulation on hatching time in Japanese quail

A series of Japanese quail clutches was incubated, then one egg from each clutch was stimulated at a rate between 1 click/10 sec. and 1000 clicks/sec. The hatching time of the stimulated egg was recorded and compared with that of its siblings. Embryos stimulated by discrete clicks at rates of 1 1/2–60/sec. were speeded up; while those stimulated between rates of 100–500 clicks/sec. were slowed down. These results are considered as contributing towards a possible explanation of the synchronisation of hatching in this species.     

白鹅、籽鹅蛋重和蛋形指数对孵化率的影响

随机选取白鹅和籽鹅种蛋各251枚,测量蛋重和蛋形指数,研究蛋重和蛋形指数对种鹅孵化率的影响,结果表明:白鹅和籽鹅的蛋重分别为128.11±12.04 g,129.25±13.07 g;蛋形指数分别为1.457±0.065,1.457±0.068;白鹅和籽鹅的蛋重、蛋形指数无明显差异;白鹅和籽鹅种蛋孵化率随蛋重、蛋形指数的增加呈现先增大后减小的趋势,白鹅蛋重在131.16～144.88 g范围内,蛋形指数在1.387～1.496范围内种蛋孵化率最高;籽鹅蛋重在137.08～151.04 g范围内,蛋形指数在1.349～1.449范围内种蛋孵化率最高.     

鹅孵化中异常原因分析及改进方法

在鹅人工孵化的过程中,经常会出现一些异常现象,实际生产中要注意分析其发生原因,采取相应的改进方法,以有效地提高鹅的孵化率.     

禽痢净口服液的临床效果观察

根据兽医学理论，选用三题针或十大功劳、草珊瑚、穿心莲、博落回、苦参等纯中草药为原料精制而成的禽痢净口服液，是一种新型的混悬液剂型。试验表明：其对常见的禽霍乱、鸡白痢、伤寒下痢等禽病有较好的治疗和预防效果，对追踪调查的2493只本地杂交鸡、鸭治愈率分别为93．9％、93．3％和94．7％。     

鸭瘟病毒、鹅细小病毒和番鸭细小病毒三重PCR检测方法的建立

为建立鉴别鸭瘟病毒(DPV)、鹅细小病毒(GPV)和番鸭细小病毒(MDPV)的多重PCR检测方法,参考文献合成针对DPVUL6基因、GPVNS基因和MDPVVP1基因序列的特异性引物。通过优化多重PCR反应中的引物浓度和退火温度,建立快速鉴别3种病毒的多重PCR方法,并对该方法的特异性、敏感性和重复性进行检验。结果显示,该方法对禽流感病毒、新城疫病毒、鸭肝炎病毒、鸭源巴氏杆菌、鸭疫里氏杆菌的核酸扩增结果均为阴性,表明特异性较强;DPV、GPV和MDPV的最低核酸检出量分别为237.3pg、22.45pg和204.6pg,表明敏感性良好;该方法对DPV+GPV+MDPV、DPV+GPV、DPV+MDPV、GPV+MDPV、DPV、GPV和MDPV的核酸均能扩增出与预期大小一致的目的条带,表明该多重PCR方法重复性较好。本研究方法具有特异性强、敏感性良好、重复性较好和快速简便等特点,可用于DPV、GPV和MDPV临床感染病例的联合检测与鉴别诊断。     

鸡鸭鹅新城疫病毒毒力及生物学特性的研究

为了测定鸡、鸭、鹅新城疫病毒的毒力强弱。测定其血凝价、血凝素热稳定性试验、血凝解脱试验、氯仿敏感性试验、耐酸性试验,并对3株病毒进行理化特性测定;测定其1日龄雏鸭脑内接种致病指数、6周龄鸭静脉接种致病指数和对13日龄非免疫鸭胚的半数感染量(EID_(50))。结果鸡、鸭、鹅新城疫病毒的血凝价依次为2~9、2~8、2~8;血凝素热稳定性指数分别为5、15、15 min;血凝均为快速解脱型;对氯仿敏感;对p H值3.0、p H值5.0均敏感;1日龄雏鸭脑内致病指数分别为0.59、0.84、1.04;6周龄静脉接种致病指数均为0;对13日龄鸭胚的半数感染量(EID_(50))分别为:10~(-5.31)/0.1 m L、10~(-6.5)/0.1 m L,10~(-7.79)/0.1 m L。表明鸡新城疫为中等偏弱毒力毒株,而鸭、鹅新城疫病毒均为中等毒力毒株。     

Comparison of the fractionation and assay of domestic duck and fowl pituitary gonadotrophins

1. Pituitary glycoproteins from domestic ducks and fowls were fractionated to separate luteinising hormone (LH) and follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) activities using the same chromatographic steps. 2. Fractions were bioassayed for LH using the release of progesterone from fowl granulosa cells and for thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) by measuring the release of thyroxine in 3-d-old chicks. Follicle stimulating hormone activity was measured either in a cockerel-testes radioreceptor assay or by the release of oestrogen from cultured rat Sertoli cells. 3. Fractions containing predominantly FSH or LH activity were isolated from the fowl glycoproteins. Duck gonadotrophin did not occur in fractions corresponding to those containing fowl FSH. 4. Duck gonadotrophin was found in a fraction corresponding with the most highly purified fowl LH fraction. A duck LH fraction was found with little FSH activity for which there was no corresponding fowl LH fraction. 5. It is concluded that domestic fowl and duck gonadotrophins have different chromatographic properties. Further study is required to determine whether the purified duck gonadotrophin preparation comprises proteins with similar physico-chemical properties but with separate FSH and LH biological activities.     

黔东南州鸡鸭鹅寄生虫感染状况及地理分布调查

对黔东南州不同地理环境、不同饲养方法、不同气候特点的丹寨、黄平、天柱、三穗等10个县部分乡镇自繁自养鸡458只、鸭452只、鹅396只的寄生虫感染状况及地理分布作了调查，采用蠕虫学完全解剖法，系统分类学鉴定虫体，从鸡检出寄生虫种类52种，隶属于6纲11目25科36属，其中吸虫6科8属12种：绦虫4科9属14种；线虫6科9属13种；蜘蛛昆虫6科7属7种；原虫3科3属6种。从鸭中检出55种虫体，其中吸虫23种．绦虫17种、线虫10种、棘头虫3种、蜘蛛昆虫3种，隶属于5纲10目20科39属。从鹅体共检出寄生虫29种，隶属于4纲7目12科22属。其中吸虫11种，绦虫9种，线虫7种，昆虫2种。为我州开展鸡鸭鹅寄生虫病的防治提供了科学依据。     

Monochromatic green light stimulation during incubation shortened the hatching time via pineal function in White Leghorn eggs

Background:Effect of monochromatic green light illumination on embryo development has been reported in chickens. The avian pineal gland is an important photo-en...     

The structure of the shell membrane, the development and structural change of the amnion and chorioallantoic membrane during hatching in the goose

The quantitative changes of the yolk, albumen and amniotic-allantoic fluids have been established. The development of the extraembryonic membranes and ultrastructural changes of the chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) were investigated in goose during the incubation.     

The structure of the lachrymal glands of the domestic fowl and of the duck.

The histology of the lachrymal glands of the duck and fowl is similar. In both birds the gland is a compound tubulo-acinar structure, lobulated and invested by a thin connective tissue capsule. Foci of lymphocytes, but few plasma cells, are found in the glands. Moderately acidic mucosubstances predominate in the gland of the fowl whereas sialomucins are found in that of the duck. Neutral lipids were detected only in the gland of the fowl.     

鹅与番鸭溃疡性胃肠炎病原的分离鉴定

从患以胃肠道出血、溃疡为主要特征的急性、败血性传染病发病死亡的鹅和番鸭病料中各分离到 1株病毒 ,DQ和DQ M。病毒分离物对鸡胚、番鸭胚、鹅胚和番鸭均具有极强的致病性。血清学实验结果表明 ,DQ和DQ M属于禽Ⅰ型副粘病毒     

Technical note: detection of chicken, turkey, duck, and goose tissues in feedstuffs using species-specific polymerase chain reaction

PCR method was applied for the qualitative identification of chicken (Gallus gallus), turkey (Meleagris gallipavo), duck (Anas platyrhynchos x Cairina muschata), and goose (Anser anser) tissues in feed-stuffs, on an individual basis. The assay uses oligonucleotide primers that are specific for each avian species, targeting the 12S rRNA mitochondrial gene. The primers designed generated amplicons of 95, 122, 64, and 98 bp length for chicken, turkey, duck, and goose, respectively. The specificity of the primers was tested against 29 animal species including mammals, birds, and fish, as well as 8 plant species. Analysis of experimental feedstuffs demonstrated the detection of each target species in the range of 0.1 to 100%. The performance of this method was not affected by prolonged heat-treatment (up to 133 degrees C for 20 min at 300 kPa), and consequently, it could be very useful for the accurate identification of tissues from these 4 avian species in products submitted to denaturing technologies, for which other methods cannot be applied.     

Acceleration of hatching in fowl and quail: Relationship between artificial and natural stimulus amplitude

1. Hatching of the eggs of the bobwhite and Japanese quail and of the domestic fowl is known to be accelerated by stimulation with artificial clicks.

2. Clicks were given to eggs of the three species at a rate known to accelerate hatching. The clicks were of two types: consisting mainly of sound (using a piezoelectric stimulator) and consisting mainly of movement (using a vibration generator).

3. The amplitude of clicks was varied, in order to identify that range of amplitudes which was effective for accelerating hatching without reducing hatchability.

4. A point near the centre of this range was found to correspond with the amplitude of natural clicks given by the embryos of both species of quail. Domestic fowl clicks were of lower amplitude than was required for artificial clicks to be effective.