2020年北京房山酿酒葡萄霜霉病发生动态监测

霜霉病是世界范围内葡萄上的一种重要流行性病害.2020年,本研究系统调查了北京市房山区3个酿酒葡萄酒庄中4个不同葡萄品种的霜霉病发生情况,并记录了实时温湿度、降雨数据和用药时间,还分析了葡萄霜霉病的发生与降雨、相对湿度和用药时间的关系以及不同葡萄品种对霜霉病感病性的差异.结果 表明:房山3个酿酒葡萄酒庄在2020年5月...     

硅对黄瓜霜霉病抑制效果和抗性相关酶活性的影响

在营养液中加入不同浓度硅且接种黄瓜霜霉病菌后,通过调查其病情指数和检测黄瓜叶片内硅元素含量及过氧化物酶(guaiacol-peroxidase,POD)、多酚氧化酶(polyphenol oxidase,PPO)、苯丙氨酸解氨酶(phenylalanine ammonia-lysae,PAL)、β-1,3葡聚糖酶(β-1,3-glucanase)、超氧化物歧化酶(superoxidedismutase,SOD)5种抗霜霉病相关酶活性,探讨硅抑制黄瓜霜霉病的生理生化机制。结果表明,营养液中硅浓度为100mg/L的处理,黄瓜霜霉病病情指数为21.3,防治效果达到62.8%;营养液中硅浓度与黄瓜叶片内硅元素含量呈正相关,200mg/L处理叶片内硅元素含量最高,且7天后达到2.98mg/g;加硅处理接种黄瓜霜霉病菌后,黄瓜叶片抗病相关酶活性变化明显且差异达显著水平,其中硅浓度为100～200mg/L时上述5种酶活性最高。     

电解水对黄瓜生长、果实品质及黄瓜霜霉病和白粉病防效的影响

为明确KCl及NaCl电解水对黄瓜生长、果实品质及病害防效的影响,以3种电解水定期喷施大棚黄瓜,测定黄瓜生长指标及果实外观与营养品质,并测定其对黄瓜白粉病和霜霉病的防效。结果表明,除KCl微酸性电解水组的黄瓜叶面积显著高于农药组外,喷施电解水对黄瓜植株生长的影响均不显著;喷施KCl电解水可提高果实横径和果形指数,显著降低果实弓形高度,与自来水和农药对照组相比果实维生素C含量分别显著提高9.3%和37.6%,单果质量均提高11.0%,但总产量增加不明显;喷施NaCl电解水可显著增加果实糖酸比。NaCl和KCl电解水对黄瓜白粉病防效分别为72.2%和69.0%,与农药组防效相当;KCl微酸性电解水组防效稍低,为61.1%。NaCl和KCl电解水及KCl微酸性电解水对黄瓜霜霉病防效较差,分别为30.5%、26.4%和9.4%,显著低于农药组。研究表明,与NaCl电解水相比,喷施KCl电解水不但可替代农药防治黄瓜白粉病,还可显著提高黄瓜果实品质。     

Evaluation of a new natural adjuvant obtained from locust bean gum to reduce the amount of copper necessary to control downy mildew of grapevine

Journal of Plant Diseases and Protection - Two field trials in integrated cultivation (2014 and 2016) were carried out with the aim to evaluate the efficacy and the persistence of copper...     

河北省黄瓜霜霉病菌对甲霜灵和嘧菌酯的抗性动态及七种药剂的田间防效

为明确黄瓜霜霉病菌对甲霜灵和嘧菌酯的抗性动态及相应药剂对黄瓜霜霉病的田间防效,采用叶盘漂浮法监测了2011—2015年河北省黄瓜霜霉病菌对甲霜灵和嘧菌酯的抗性,采用茎叶喷雾法测定了含甲霜灵或精甲霜灵的混剂及嘧菌酯单剂等7种药剂的田间防效。结果表明:采自河北省不同地区的838株黄瓜霜霉病菌对甲霜灵和嘧菌酯普遍产生抗性,抗性频率为100.00%,抗性倍数为482.99和354.97,黄瓜霜霉病菌对甲霜灵和嘧菌酯的抗性随着监测地区和监测年限而波动,唐山、沧州、石家庄、衡水、廊坊和保定市的菌株对甲霜灵和嘧菌酯的抗性指数高于其它地区,黄瓜霜霉病菌对甲霜灵和嘧菌酯的抗性指数在不同年度间高位波动。按照田间推荐剂量喷施,250 g/L嘧菌酯悬浮剂对黄瓜霜霉病的防效为72.15%~74.13%;68%精甲霜灵·代森锰锌水分散粒剂和58%甲霜灵·代森锰锌可湿性粉剂的防效分别为65.30%~70.19%和63.26%~68.35%,与80%代森锰锌可湿性粉剂防效相当;50%烯酰吗啉可湿性粉剂、250 g/L双炔酰菌胺悬浮剂和687.5 g/L氟吡菌胺·霜霉威盐酸盐悬浮剂的防效达82.00%以上,对黄瓜霜霉病具有较好的防效,在黄瓜霜霉病菌对嘧菌酯、甲霜灵和精甲霜灵产生抗性的地区,可作为替代或混配药剂使用。     

Influence of dosage,storage time and temperature on efficacy of metalaxyl-treated seed for the control of pearl millet downy mildew

Metalaxyl (Apron 35WS) as a seed treatment has been used extensively to control downy mildew (caused by Sclerospora graminicola) in pearl millet in India. However, the extent of disease control has varied across cultivars, years and locations. We investigated the effects of fungicide dosage, storage time and storage temperature of metalaxyl-treated seed on disease incidence in four pearl millet lines having varying levels of resistance. A linear relationship was found between fungicide dosage (0.5, 1.5 and 2 g a.i. kg⁻¹ seed) and reduction in disease incidence up to 40 days after emergence in all the lines. The normal fungicide dose (2 g a.i. kg⁻¹ seed) protected the crop for up to 20, 40 and 50 days after emergence in highly susceptible (7042S), moderately susceptible (4042R), and moderately resistant (ICMP 451) lines, respectively. However, the quarter and half the normal dosage of fungicide provided protection only up to 20 days after emergence in 7042R and 40 days after emergence in ICMP 451. Storage duration of metalaxyl-treated seed (2 g a.i. kg⁻¹) up to 9 months at 25 ± 2°C did not affect fungicide efficacy. Storage temperatures (5, 25 and 40°C) and duration (30, 60 and 90 days) of metalaxyl-treated seed (2 g a.i. kg⁻¹) showed differential effects in two pearl millet lines 7042S and 843B with downy mildew incidence being significantly lower in 7042S than in 843B. Metalaxyl-treated seed of 7042S and 843B stored at 40°C for different durations showed phytotoxic effects and it was more pronounced in 843B stored for 60 and 90 days where seed germination was inhibited in pot soil.     

河北省和山东省黄瓜霜霉病菌对氟吡菌胺的抗性及常规药剂对黄瓜霜霉病的田间防效

为明确黄瓜霜霉病菌Pseudoperonospora cubensis对氟吡菌胺的抗性时空动态,2011—2016年从河北省和山东省黄瓜主产区采集1 821株霜霉病菌,采用叶盘漂浮法检测供试菌株对氟吡菌胺的敏感性,并以茎叶喷雾法评估5种常规药剂对黄瓜霜霉病的田间防效。结果表明,河北省和山东省黄瓜主产区的黄瓜霜霉病菌对氟吡菌胺已普遍产生了低度抗性,平均抗性倍数为5.86;所有供试菌株的抗性频率为51.89%,其中低抗菌株及中抗菌株分别占36.18%和15.71%;平均抗性指数为0.34,每年检测的抗性频率、抗性倍数及抗性指数呈增长趋势,且随着监测区域的变化而变化。在河北省定兴县和山东省寿光市进行的田间防效试验结果显示,按推荐剂量喷施,687.5 g/L氟吡菌胺·霜霉威盐酸盐SC对黄瓜霜霉病防效显著高于常规对照药剂68%精甲霜灵·代森锰锌WG、58%甲霜灵·代森锰锌WP、80%代森锰锌WP及250 g/L嘧菌酯SC的防效,但防效明显下降,由2011年的92.58%～93.31%降至2016年的80.07%～80.82%。表明需要制定和实施抗药性治理对策,如限制山东和河北2省黄瓜的每个生长季节中687.5 g/L氟菌·霜霉威SC的使用不超过2次,而且要与不同作用机理的卵菌杀菌剂交替使用防治黄瓜霜霉病。     

暗黑链霉菌PY-1活性产物分析及其对葡萄霜霉病田间防效评价

为探究暗黑链霉菌Streptomyces atratus PY-1对葡萄霜霉病菌Plasomopara viticola的抑制作用,通过扫描电镜观察PY-1发酵滤液对葡萄霜霉病菌孢子囊的影响,检测PY-1的活性物质种类,并测定其对葡萄霜霉病的田间防效。结果表明,PY-1发酵滤液能够导致葡萄霜霉病菌孢子囊和孢子囊梗出现褶皱、破裂和畸形,进而使其丧失侵染功能。PY-1菌株代谢产物中包含几丁质酶、蛋白酶、嗜铁素、1-氨基环丙烷-1-羧酸脱氨酶、氰化氢、吲哚乙酸,不含纤维素酶。PY-1菌株对葡萄霜霉病具有较好的田间防效,发酵原液对葡萄霜霉病的田间中期防效可达到89.17%以上,末期防效达86.28%以上,比52.5%噁唑菌酮·霜脲氰2 000倍液的防效略低,但显著高于58%甲霜·锰锌1 000倍液的防效;PY-1菌株发酵液稀释700倍后对葡萄霜霉病的末期防效与甲霜锰锌1 000倍液防效相当。表明PY-1菌株具有研制防治葡萄霜霉病生防制剂的潜力。     

百菌清与丙溴磷混合水溶液的光化学降解

为明确水体中百菌清和丙溴磷的混合光降解行为,利用模拟光源 (高压汞灯) 研究了百菌清和丙溴磷混合水溶液中的光降解作用和光降解产物。结果表明：在高压汞灯照射下,浓度为3 μmol/L的百菌清光降解的半衰期为122.46 min,浓度为3 、6 和9 μmol/L的丙溴磷光解半衰期分别为87.85、86.11和87.63 min。在3 μmol/L的百菌清水溶液中分别添加1、2和3倍 (3、6 和9 μmol/L) 的丙溴磷后,百菌清的光降解半衰期分别降至64.54、38.25和33.05 min,光降解速率分别提高了1.90、3.20和3.71倍;而丙溴磷的光降解半衰期分别为85.57、83.51和84.32 min,降解速率均未发生显著变化。表明丙溴磷对百菌清在纯水中的光降解具有明显的促进效应,且降解速率与丙溴磷浓度呈正相关,而百菌清则对丙溴磷的光降解无影响。百菌清水溶液在单独光降解和加入丙溴磷后,其光降解产物均为4-羟基百菌清;而丙溴磷则产生了5种光降解产物,分别为4-溴-2氯苯基磷酸氢乙酯、O-(4-溴-2-氯苯基)-O-乙基-S-氢磷酸、O-(2-氯苯基)-O-乙基-S-丙基硫代磷酸酯、(2-氯-4-羟基苯基)邻乙基-S-丙基硫代磷酸酯和2-氯-4-溴苯酚。百菌清和丙溴磷的混合水溶液在光照下产生了更多的羟基自由基。该研究可为评估百菌清和丙溴磷复合污染对环境的生态毒性提供重要理论支撑。     

Genetics of resistance to downy mildew in Brassica oleracea and breeding towards durable disease control for UK vegetable production

Downy mildew resistance was previously identified from screening a Brassica oleracea collection against two standard UK isolates of Hyaloperonospora parasitica. Sources of resistance were chosen from this material and developed further in this study by generating doubled haploid (DH) and inbred lines. Seedlings from the new lines were tested for resistance to a larger collection of H. parasitica isolates collected in 2001–2002 and 2007–2008 from the main broccoli and cauliflower production regions of the UK. Three lines (derived from borecole or summer cabbage) were broadly resistant to the pathogen isolates. Three of the remaining lines exhibited strong isolate‐specific resistance; several examples of weak or basal level of resistance to some isolates were observed. A new H. parasitica variant collected in 2008 was virulent in the broadly resistant lines, but was avirulent in a line with narrow specificity of resistance. The F₂ and BC₁ seedlings derived from outcrossing each of the three broadly resistant lines to susceptible broccoli and cauliflower lines segregated in a manner indicating that the resistance was controlled by a single dominant gene. No susceptibility was observed amongst F₂ seedlings derived from intercrossing the three resistant lines, indicating that they all share the same or closely linked broad‐spectrum resistance gene(s). DH lines were produced from F₁ plants, and resistant plants were further backcrossed to produce broccoli and cauliflower‐like lines that could be useful pre‐breeding material. A combination of resistance from lines with broad and narrow specificity is recommended for controlling downy mildew in UK brassica production.     

7种杀菌剂对水稻白叶枯病防效评价

为科学合理选用防治白叶枯病的杀菌剂,本研究采用田间人工剪叶接种方法,开展了7种杀菌剂对白叶枯病防效评价。测试的杀菌剂对白叶枯病的田间防效和病斑抑制率均差异显著,其中20%噻唑锌SC防效最好,其次是20%噻菌铜SC,其他药剂防效和病斑抑制效果均较差。20%噻唑锌SC 450.00 mL/hm~2喷施2次处理的防效达62.84%、病斑抑制率为73.11%;20%噻菌铜SC 450.00 mL/hm~2防效为43.15%,病斑抑制率为54.84%。高效药剂的合理选用对提高病害防效具有显著作用。20%噻唑锌SC和20%噻菌铜SC是目前防治白叶枯病的较好药剂,建议轮换使用。     

广州地区黄瓜霜霉病流行速率的预测模型

通过对广州地区黄瓜霜霉病 4点 4年的系统调查 ,初步明确了该地区黄瓜霜霉病的发生规律 ,对该病的流行速率及其相关因子进行逐步回归分析 ,组建了广州地区黄瓜霜霉病流行速率的预测模型 ,利用历史数据对该模型进行检验 ,其预测 5d和10d的病情指数的准确度分别为88.16%和68.11% ;用该模型预测2000年黄瓜霜霉病的病情指数 ,其预测5d和10d的病情指数的准确度分别为94.47%和69.43%。     

5种矿物源药剂对苹果树腐烂病菌室内防效评价

为了筛选高效低毒且对苹果树腐烂病防效较佳的矿物源农药,本试验采用菌丝生长速率法、玻片孢子萌发法和离体枝条烫伤接种法,测定了5种矿物源药剂对苹果树腐烂病菌菌落生长和分生孢子萌发的抑制作用,以及其在离体枝条上的防治效果。结果表明,5种矿物源农药对苹果树腐烂病菌菌落的生长和分生孢子萌发均具有显著的抑制作用,当70%腐植酸钠GR、77%氢氧化铜WP、80%波尔多液WP、86.2%氧化亚铜WG和77%硫酸铜钙WP质量浓度分别为5、257、400、123和385μg/mL时,其对苹果树腐烂病菌菌丝生长的抑制率分别为97.55%、97.67%、98.94%、95.48%和98.43%,其EC_(50)分别为2.60、71.15、159.60、77.40和95.73μg/mL;对苹果树腐烂病菌分生孢子萌发的抑制率分别为96.33%、97.67%、98.67%、91.01%和95.58%,其EC_(50)分别为1.38、69.3、145.41、65.48和102.98μg/mL。离体枝条防效测定表明,5种矿物源农药中70%腐植酸钠GR对苹果树腐烂病防效最佳,为86.83%。因此,腐植酸钠可作为防治苹果树腐烂病的最佳矿物源农药。     

Prospects for the use of biological control agents against Anoplophora in Europe

This review summarises the literature on the biological control of Anoplophora spp. (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) and discusses its potential for use in Europe. Entomopathogenic fungi: Beauveria brongniartii Petch (Hypocreales: Cordycipitaceae) has already been developed into a commercial product in Japan, and fungal infection results in high mortality rates. Parasitic nematodes: Steinernema feltiae Filipjev (Rhabditida: Steinernematidae) and Steinernema carpocapsae Weiser have potential for use as biopesticides as an alternative to chemical treatments. Parasitoids: a parasitoid of Anoplophora chinensis Forster, Aprostocetus anoplophorae Delvare (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae), was discovered in Italy in 2002 and has been shown to be capable of parasitising up to 72% of A. chinensis eggs; some native European parasitoid species (e.g. Spathius erythrocephalus) also have potential to be used as biological control agents. Predators: two woodpecker (Piciformis: Picidae) species that are native to Europe, Dendrocopos major Beicki and Picus canus Gmelin, have been shown to be effective at controlling Anoplophora glabripennis Motschulsky in Chinese forests. The removal and destruction of infested and potentially infested trees is the main eradication strategy for Anoplophora spp. in Europe, but biological control agents could be used in the future to complement other management strategies, especially in locations where eradication is no longer possible. © 2014 Crown copyright. Pest Management Science © 2014 Society of Chemical Industry     

除草剂防治宽叶酢浆草的田间药效评价

宽叶酢浆草为近年来入侵云南夏秋玉米地和马铃薯地的外来检疫性杂草。利用田间小区试验评价了几种除草剂对玉米地和马铃薯地宽叶酢浆草的控制效果。结果表明,土壤处理剂对玉米地和马铃薯地的宽叶酢浆草的防除效果均较差,药剂处理45d后,株防效和鲜重防效均低于30%。玉米地茎叶处理剂的防除效果明显优于土壤处理剂,其中,41%草甘膦异丙胺盐水剂对宽叶酢浆草的45d株防效和鲜重防效均超过98%,除40g/L烟嘧磺隆OD,其他除草剂株防效和鲜重防效均低于80%,具体的株防效顺序为:41%草甘膦异丙胺盐AS40g/L烟嘧磺隆OD200g/L氯氟吡氧乙酸EC30%苯唑草酮SC13%2甲4氯钠AS。马铃薯地茎叶处理剂的防除效果较差,鲜重防效高于株防效,但均低于30%。45d的株防效和鲜重防效顺序均为13%砜嘧·精喹OD480g/L灭草松AS25%砜嘧磺隆WG。     

6%寡糖·链蛋白可湿性粉剂与杀菌剂混用防治小麦白粉病的农药减施技术研究

为明确植物免疫诱抗剂6%寡糖·链蛋白可湿性粉剂与杀菌剂减量混用的增效作用,采用温室盆栽和田间药效试验相结合的方法,评价6%寡糖·链蛋白可湿性粉剂与2种化学杀菌剂减量混用对小麦白粉病的防治效果,并测定植物抗性相关酶活性等生理生化指标。结果表明,单独施用6%寡糖·链蛋白可湿性粉剂的田间最高防治效果仅为36.76%,但与杀菌剂减量30%混用,能明显提高戊唑醇和吡唑醚菌酯防效17.20～32.68百分点,恢复或优于2种杀菌剂推荐剂量防治水平,并且施用6%寡糖·链蛋白可湿性粉剂能提高小麦植株抗性相关防御酶超氧化物歧化酶、过氧化物酶、过氧化氢酶活性和游离脯氨酸的含量,降低丙二醛积累对小麦叶片细胞造成的损伤。因此,利用6%寡糖·链蛋白可湿性粉剂与戊唑醇和吡唑醚菌酯混用防治小麦白粉病,有明显的协同增效作用,可降低2种杀菌剂施用量约30%。     

3种抗凝血类杀鼠剂在喀什农区防治害鼠效果及对家禽的安全性评价

为确定适于防治南疆农区鼠害的抗凝血类杀鼠剂, 在喀什地区疏勒县采用夹捕法、食饵法、粉迹法评估了杀鼠醚、溴敌隆、溴鼠灵的防治效果, 并采用灌胃法给药测试3种杀鼠剂对家鸡Gallus domestiaus和鸽子Columba livia的安全性。结果表明, 连续投放毒饵10 d后, 与溴敌隆防治区相比, 杀鼠醚防治区的阳性粉块和无毒小麦取食量的下降幅度均无显著差异, 但无毒小麦取食量下降的农户比例更高;且防治后褐家鼠比例更低, 防治期间毒饵消耗量更高。连续单独投放溴敌隆30 d的灭鼠效果可达90.9%, 但10 d溴敌隆与20 d溴鼠灵联合防治防效仅为65.9%。灌胃法测试表明, 对当地家禽类的毒性从低到高依次为杀鼠醚、溴敌隆和溴鼠灵。因此, 建议优选毒性较低的杀鼠醚或溴敌隆用于南疆农区鼠害防治。