灌区实时自动控制与优化运行系统关键技术

为了充分发挥我国灌区自动化系统的效益,根据澳大利亚灌区自动化建设的成功经验,简要介绍了在灌区实时自动控制和优化运行系统建设中关键设备和关键技术的选择,其中包括一次设备、遥测终端和视频监控技术以及数据通讯协议的确定等;基于系统识别理论的输入、输出优化控制模型的水管理软件的主要功能和特点。     

洪金灌区自动化控制系统的开发与运用

洪金灌区自动化控制系统是通过2 MB数字网、光纤混合局域网、RS485总线网组成的一个集数据采集、图像传输、闸门自动控制为一体的系统。系统包括灌区实时水情预报与分析、灌区远程监控、灌区远程监测和实时水情语音查询等5大部分。目前,共建成1个中心控制站,9个现地控制与远程控制站。实现了对整个灌区的现地控制与远程控制,可以对灌区渠首闸以及干渠沿线9座节制闸的上下游水位、每孔闸的闸位、过闸流量、实时图像进行实时测量和控制。     

大型灌区渠道闸门一体化测控系统

基于自动化控制、网络通信和测量等技术,设计并研发了能够实现信息采集-处理-决策-信息反馈-监控-共享一体化的灌区闸门测控设备,并在甘肃省景电灌区进行了应用和验证.结果表明:渠道闸门一体化测控系统实现了灌区流量数据自动监测、收集和计算分析,提高了计量精度;能够对数据进行存储、查询与展示,实现了数据的共享,形成了灌区水资源管理数据库;实现了渠道流量远程自动控制与调节,提高了管理水平和管理效率;实现了智能手机远程操作,提高了办公效率.灌区闸门测控一体化测控系统的实施减少了灌区现场维护的次数,降低了设备运行成本,极大地提高了灌区水资源管理效率.研究成果可为中国大型灌区水资源科学管理提供有力的技术支撑,对闸门量水测流技术进步进行了有益的探索.     

渠南灌区农田灌溉自动化系统的研究与应用

结合先进的优化调度决策软件技术，灌区自动化综合数据采集DCS、数据库、地理信息系统GIS、网络与通讯、计算机及控制等技术组成了一个高可靠性的科学管理系统。依据在江苏渠南灌区的建设经验，介绍了灌区自动化系统的基本功能，结构组成，硬件设备及关键技术，基于数据库，地理信息系统及非恒定流理论的灌溉仿真决策软件。     

三联灌区自动化控制技术研究与应用

三联灌区灌溉自动化控制系统，融现代4C技术(计算机、通讯、控制、CLT)于一体，具有自动控制、数据检测和处理、水费智能管理、实时监测等多种功能，大大提高了灌区管理水平。该系统经过两年多的运行，使用情况良好，受到用户的好评。     

农业节水灌溉自动化技术应用探究

农业节水灌溉自动化技术是集计算机技术、自动控制技术及传感器技术于一体的农业现代化自动灌溉技术,对机械定时控制的初始阶段进行延伸,实现对多个物理量同时控制,根据不同的分类方法选择不同的类型,按控制的物理时间可分为时间型、压力型、空气湿度型等类型;根据控制系统的复杂度,又可分为简单、多个控制和中央计算机控制,通过现代网络技术确保连续运行,实现信息共享,提高管理水平和工作效率,节省大量的人力和物力。笔者结合农业节水灌溉自动化技术的发展态势,剖析农业节水灌溉自动化技术的系统特征,从智能变速、智能停转、自检自查、智能急停等层面探究农业节水灌溉自动化技术的应用方向。研究结果表明,农业节水灌溉自动化技术应用于农业生产,可通过管道将水直送农作物根部,极大地提高了灌溉效率,实现了水资源的高效利用和农作物的高产高质,有利于农业灌溉过程的动态监控与管理。     

基于单片机的温室大棚温湿度控制系统设计

随着农业科技和温室智能控制的飞速发展，温室的自动化控制日益成为农业从业者的迫切需求，而且对温室农作物的高产、优质和温室生产的高效性有着重大的现实意义。因此，大棚温室自动控制系统的研究也逐渐成为农业科技发展的重点和热点。借鉴近几年传统温室控制系统的研究，针对我国温室自动控制系统自动化程度低、不具有普及性的发展现状，运用单片机和传感器技术，设计一套对温室温湿度进行测控的较为实用的温室自动控制系统。      

红旗渠灌区自动化管理系统开发与实践

国内灌区自动化管理系统自70年代起步，形式上约有4种：人机结合系统；遥测系统；决策支持系统；全自动化远方监控系统。红旗渠灌区自动化管理系统将以上形式有机结合，研制了遥测子系统，闸门站／喷灌站远方监控子系统，中心站人机结合及数据管理子系统，并吸收以上各系统的经验和总结存在的问题，结合本灌区特点，研制了内容多、形式全、实用性好、便于推广的先进的自动化系统，为灌区自动化管理工作做出了示范。     

浑北灌区渠首枢纽工程自动化监控系统

浑北灌区渠首枢纽工程自动化监控系统,分别由硬件及软件系统组成.介绍该系统的设计原则、基本功能、总体设计,系统的硬件以及灌区设备控制系统软件的设计等.系统采用以计算机控制技术和无线通信技术为核心的集控系统,对灌区渠首枢纽运行状态、水位、水量进行监控,并实现泵站视频监控图像上传灌区渠首监控中心,具有远程监测、远程与现场控制以及远程监视等功能.本系统已运行二年,运行情况正常并达到了设计要求.     

自动化控制在滴灌工程中的应用

滴灌工程控制系统按照运行方式的不同可以分为三类,即手动控制、自动控制以及智能控制等.其中自动化系统的优点最为突出,所以针对大面积灌区而言,滴灌自动化控制系统比较适用.文章就针对滴灌工程中的自动控制系统的应用展开讨论.     

灌溉渠系运行计算机模拟技术的开发

借鉴日本以及其他国家在灌溉渠系水管理方面的成果和经验，结合我国灌区的实际情况，建立了较完整的渠系运行模型，编制了具有一定通用性和可扩充性的计算机模拟软件。实践表明，该软件对于测试和评价渠系的力学特性、工程控制特性和管理调度特性是有效的，它为改进灌区水管理提供了一个科学、简便、可行的技术手段。     

Evaluation on the potential of improving border irrigation performance through border dimensions optimization: a case study on the irrigation districts along the lower Yellow River

In the Yucheng region along the lower reach of the Yellow River, current border irrigation systems in all three irrigation districts have low irrigation performances with the applied depth per irrigation event >150 mm, and application efficiency <65 %. It is often difficult to change irrigation practices, and rates of adoption are usually slow for China’s small-scale farmers. This study emphasizes the feasibility of optimizing border dimensions in border irrigation taking into consideration the existing irrigation conditions and farmers’ methods of irrigation practice. The performances of current border irrigation systems and improved systems were evaluated using agricultural irrigation survey data, field experimental data, and a simulation model. The irrigation conditions, that is, inflow rate, border dimensions, and relative cutoff distance, in the irrigation districts were found to be diverse. However, after border dimensions were optimized through simulation and field testing, it was determined that the applied depth per irrigation event could be decreased by an average of 49 mm, and the application efficiency could be increased on average by 26.7 % in the three irrigation districts. The annual potential amount of water savings among the three districts was calculated to be approximately 5,551 × 10⁴ m³ in the Yucheng region. Optimizing border dimensions is a practical technology for small-scale farming practices in the irrigation districts along the lower Yellow River.     

Developing a methodology for identifying,mapping and potentially monitoring the distribution of general farming system types in Vietnam’s northern mountain region

This study tests a method to identify and map the spatial distribution of general farming system types in five districts of the northern mountain region (NMR) of Vietnam. Over the last 50 years the NMR has suffered from a large loss of forest cover, often blamed on the swidden farming systems that are found in the mountains. As a result different programs have been put forward to change local land use practices: to decrease the amount of swidden land, “sedentarize” farmers responsible for practicing swidden agriculture, and introduce new farming systems. However, some researchers have identified one type of swidden farming system, composite swiddening, as ecologically more stable, causing little net deforestation and less environmental degradation than other farming systems in the NMR. To date no study has identified how widespread this or other types of farming systems are in the NMR. This study makes use of geographic data for five districts in the NMR within a GIS, combined with field checking, to characterize, identify and map the spatial distribution of the general farming system types, including composite swiddening, by commune for these districts. The results of the mapping indicate that there are few communes where a single farming system type is found. As these districts are spread over five provinces, the results reinforce the view that in Vietnam’s NMR, farming system types vary down to below the commune level. An 80% agreement between the results shown on the map and field checking resulted from an examination of 19 communes in the districts mapped. A comparison was done of 2000 data to 1992 data for one district. An analysis of the communes’ farming systems for 1992 and for 2000 indicate that permanent agriculture farming systems of both rice paddy agriculture and permanent upland agriculture are appearing and replacing swiddening systems.     

引黄灌区纯井灌水均衡及效益分析

灌溉模式多是井渠双配套,导致工程重叠,土地占压多,引沙量大,且浪费有限的水资源。为实行开源节流,地表水与地下水联合应用,在引黄灌区部分区域开展纯井灌溉是非常必要的。茌平县阁三里位于位山引黄灌区中游,周围引黄条件好,却一直利用地下水实行纯井灌溉。该井灌区(以下简称试区)拥有丰富的地下水动态及水文地质资料,开展阁三里纯井灌水均衡及效益研究,对于指导当前水资源合理调度及工程规划具有重要意义。该文通过系统地分析研究,证明在引黄灌区内部分区域开展纯井灌是必要的、合理的、成功的。     

Survival of the fittest—genetic algorithms versus evolution strategies in the optimization of systems models

The use of numerical optimization techniques on simulation models is a developing field. Many of the available algorithms are not well suited to the types of problems posed by models of agricultural systems. Coming from different historical and developmental backgrounds, both genetic algorithms and evolution strategies have proven to be thorough and efficient methods in identifying the global optimum of such systems. A challenging herd dynamics model is used to test and compare optimizations using binary and real-value genetic algorithms, as well as evolution strategies. All proved successful in identifying the global optimum of this model, but evolution strategies were notably slower in achieving this. As the more successful innovations of each of these methods are being commonly adopted by all, the boundaries between them are becoming less clear-cut. They are effectively merging into one general class of optimization methods now termed evolutionary algorithms.     

Group Analytic Hierarchy Process (GAHP) — Fuzzy method for evaluation of irrigation district management

A new method for evaluating the level of irrigation district management is proposed. Qualitative indexes for evaluating the level of irrigation district management are relatively scaled and are processed by group AHP. Accordingly quantitative indexes are absolutely scaled and are treated by AHP. By these two analyses, the level of district management is firstly quantitatively evaluated. Fuzzy cluster analyses is then further applied to treat qualitatively the level of irrigation district management. A calculation example is also given in this paper. Data collected from 11 irrigation districts is analysed. Management level of these 11 districts are clustered into three groups. Results seem to be satisfactory. The method proposed here seems to be useful for other related evaluation systems as well.     

基于文献计量的国际农业机械研究前沿

为系统分析国际农业机械领域的研究前沿,对该领域科技规划和科技决策提供支撑,利用文献计量方法和内容研判的定性情报研究方法,结合专家咨询,从基础研究和工程技术两个角度,揭示出农业机械研究前沿。其主要包括:①无线传感器网络、传感器设备系统算法及软件等农业传感器研究;②自主式农机、轮式移动机器人等农业机器人的导航控制、路径规划优化与追踪、运动与姿态控制及相关算法;③无人机的导航、制导与控制;④遥感技术和地理信息系统等领域。信息化、自动化和智能化是未来农业机械研发的主要方向。美国、意大利、中国、澳大利亚、西班牙和丹麦等国是重要的核心论文来源国。      

无人驾驶铰接转向车辆路径跟踪控制研究综述

路径跟踪是无人驾驶技术的重要组成部分,是实现铰接转向车辆准确平稳自主行驶的关键,对提高铰接转向车辆在农业、林业、矿山及建筑等行业的作业效率和安全性具有重要意义。车辆模型构建、控制算法设计和算法验证评估是路径跟踪控制研究的基础,围绕这3方面阐述了铰接转向车辆路径跟踪控制研究的进展。首先回顾了铰接转向车辆的几何学模型、运动学模型和动力学模型,并讨论了各类模型在路径跟踪控制研究中的适用场景及局限性;在此基础上,阐述了铰接转向车辆路径跟踪控制算法的研究现状,对比并总结了每种算法的优缺点及适用范围,并进一步归纳了算法的验证与评估手段;最后展望了铰接转向车辆路径跟踪技术未来的研究重点及方向：考虑车辆动力学因素及模型参数动态时变特性的车辆建模研究;融合各类算法适应性并结合智能算法的多工况自适应控制算法设计;标准化、流程化的高保真仿真场景开发及集成准确性、稳定性、安全性等多性能的评估方法研究。     

Transfer of irrigation scheduling technology in Mexico

In Mexico most of the agricultural production originates from large irrigation districts in the northern part of the country. This region is characterized by its semiarid desert climate with a winter rainy season dominated by frontal storms, and a summer monsoon season dominated by highly localized convective storms, yielding most of the annual precipitation. Essentially all irrigation needs must be met by surface water stored in various reservoirs. Precipitation is, therefore, the most important limiting factor in Mexico's agricultural production. Traditionally, long-time averages of statistical climate data from few and widely-spaced weather stations were used to determine frequency and amount of water applied, and the algorithms employed usually did not consider the effects of great spatial climate variability and plant physiology. In the past five years, great parts of Mexico, especially in the North, have been affected by severe water shortages resulting from insufficient precipitation (perhaps related to the ‘El Niño' phenomenon), combined with inefficient water resources management. Irrigation districts increasingly have to deal with the considerable uncertainty in water resources availability as a limiting factor in the decision making process. In order to address these irrigation water shortages, the Mexican National Water Commission and the Mexican Water Resources Institute are introducing new technologies using agrometeorological networks for more efficient, real-time irrigation scheduling in the main irrigation districts of Mexico. Validation plots established in one particular irrigation district (Carrizo Valley, Sinaloa), demonstrate water savings in the order of at least 20% without any appreciable decrease in crop yields.     

A database program for enhancing irrigation district management in the Ebro Valley (Spain)

In the last decade irrigation districts in the Ebro Valley of Spain have started to use database applications to enhance their management operations. Such applications often put more emphasis on administrative issues than on water management issues. A new irrigation district management software called “Ador” is presented in this paper. This database application has been designed to overcome limitations identified in an analysis of the software used in the study area. Ador can be used in irrigation districts independently of the type of irrigation system (surface, sprinkler or trickle) and the type of irrigation distribution network (open channel or pressurised). It can even be used in irrigation districts combining different types of irrigation systems and different types of irrigation distribution networks. The software can be used with minimum district information. The goals are to manage detailed information about district water management and to promote better on-farm irrigation practices. Ador is currently used to enhance management of 62 irrigation districts accounting for some 173,000 hectares in the Ebro Valley.