芝麻杂种优势研究

芝麻杂种F_1的产量优势,不同组合差别很大。本试验以地理远缘的品种作亲本配制了77个组合,对杂种优势现象作进一步的探索.杂种F_1的产量分别为双亲平均,优亲及当地推广种的-6.9～252.7％,-24.8～141.1％和-37.1～67.6％ .选择产量差异较大的品种作亲本,F_1具有较强的优势.遇过试验,发现了若干产量优势较强的杂交组合.对全部杂交种及亲本的主要经济性状与产量的关系进行了相关性分析,以供今后选配杂交组合参考.     

利用SSR分子标记构建Y58S及部分重要两系杂交水稻亲本的DNA指纹图谱

以优良光温敏核不育系Y58S及其杂交组合Y两优1号和生产中广泛应用的部分光温敏核不育系和恢复系等18个水稻品种为材料,利用SSR分子标记进行了DNA指纹图谱的构建。聚类分析表明,18个供试水稻品种的遗传相似度为0.672-0.945;利用筛选到的RM164、RM18和RM258等3对引物扩增出的14条多态性片段初步构建了18个供试水稻品种的DNA指纹图谱,每个品种的DNA指纹图谱具有特异性,可互相鉴别;引物RM164可在超级杂交稻组合Y两优1号、两优培九中扩增出父母本的互补带型,从而可鉴别其杂交种子中混杂的母本杂株。     

四川省主要杂交稻亲本的SSR多态性分析和指纹图谱的构建与应用

利用微卫星标记对四川省主推杂交水稻品种进行了DNA指纹图谱构建和品种鉴定研究。208对引物中具有多态性的引物共123对,占所用引物的59.13%。不同染色体的微卫星分析的多态性不同,第9、10染色体微卫星的多态性高于其他染色体,第12染色体上的微卫星标记的多态性最差,仅为46.15%。42份常用杂交水稻亲本材料聚类分析表明,恢复系和不育系的遗传基础均较狭窄,但恢复系和不育系之间的遗传距离相对较远,从一定程度上反映了遗传距离与杂种优势的正相关。筛选出的各个亲本材料的特异引物或引物组合,能够将某个亲本材料与其他材料相区分。利用这些SSR引物建立了四川省主要杂交水稻亲本的DNA指纹数据库,可以有效地解决杂交水稻及其杂交种的鉴定问题,以及有效地分析各材料间的亲缘关系。从DNA指纹数据库中筛选出D优527的特异引物RM337、RM244和RM346,可以鉴定出D优527中的纯度,与田间鉴定结果一致;在真伪性鉴定中将同一不育系配组的D优527和D优68区分开,说明微卫星鉴定结果是准确可靠的,可用于品种权保护和品种真伪性及纯度鉴定。     

英国生产F_1和F_2小麦杂交种的可行性评价

本研究是植物育种研究所(英国剑桥植物育种研究所——译者)开始利用化学杂交剂生产小麦杂交种并对其进行估价的计划报告。研究的目的是评价为英国市场生产小麦杂交种的可行性。该所已筛选出了适于配制F_1杂种的亲本,并将其F_1和F_2杂种与亲本品系以及《推荐目录》中最有用的近交品种进行了比较。一般情况下,F_1杂种的产量大约比其最高产亲本的产量提高10%,烘烤品质则介于其双亲之间;与理论预测的相一致,F_2的杂种优势开始降低。根据我们的试验结果,提出了生产F_1和F_2商品杂种种子的最低要求。     

2个杂交籼稻和2个粳稻品种SSR指纹图谱的构建及双重PCR技术的初步研究

 用460对水稻SSR引物对5个杂交籼稻及其双亲和16个粳稻品种（系）进行了PCR扩增和聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳,筛选出12对稳定性好、多态性高、杂带少的SSR引物作为核心引物,构建了国稻6号和两优培九的SSR指纹图谱。另外,还筛选出9对核心引物,构建了粳稻品种盐稻8号和徐稻4号的分子指纹图谱。其中,筛选出国稻6号的特异性标记5个,两优培九的特异性标记3个,盐稻8号的特异性标记1个,徐稻4号的特异性标记2个。这些特异标记可用于种子纯度的快速鉴定。另外,挑选扩增条带稳定、特异性较好的引物组合,进行了双重PCR分析。     

原位胚拯救技术获得花生属区组间杂种的研究

花生野生种尤其是不亲和野生种,具有高产、抗逆等优异基因,但长期以来得不到有效利用。为选育高油酸抗逆花生新品种,以高油酸品种花育963为母本、不亲和野生花生作父本杂交,采用原位胚拯救技术直接收获花生不亲和种间杂种F_1。利用MITE转座子分子标记对杂种进行真实性鉴定。结果表明萁中有35粒样品同时具有双亲条带,为真杂种,真杂种率为44.3%。近红外分析表明,真杂种油酸含量显著低于高油酸花生,为杂种真实性提供了旁证。     

利用RAPD和微卫星标记对协优杂交稻及其亲本进行区别与鉴定

选用400个随机寡核苷酸和40个荧光标记的微卫星引物对,对我国主栽的协优杂交稻组合及其亲本进行多态性分析。RAPD分析显示,400个随机寡核苷酸引物中,有364个能够在供试基因型材料中扩增出肉眼可见的DNA条带,其中28个显示扩增的多态性,这中间9个引物产生的13条多态性条带具有清晰、易分辨的特点,可以在供试的水稻组合与亲本之间,以及杂交组合之间进行区别和鉴定。微卫星分析指出,40对荧光标记引物中,13对引物产生的31条标记带,能够在供试基因型材料中显示稳定的多态性,且杂种表现为双亲的互补型。与RAPD相比,微卫星分析具有多态性强、精确性高和重复性好的特点。     

新疆野生油菜与甘蓝型油菜属间杂种分子鉴定

采用蕾期剥蕾授粉的方法,成功获得了新疆野生油菜和甘蓝型油菜属间杂种.杂种F1植株之间形态表现一致,介于双亲之间,并且具有明显的杂种优势.从F1群体中随机选取9株进行RAPD分析,扩增出的带型完全一致,并且是父母本随机扩增DNA片段的综合,说明这9株全为真杂种.试验结果表明,蕾期授粉可以克服新疆野生油菜和甘蓝型油菜属间杂交的不亲和性,利用RAPD分子标记技术可以快速有效地鉴定远缘杂种.     

“47”粳的广亲和性研究及杂种优势利用

多年来,育种家们一直致力于籼粳亚种间的杂种优势利用研究。由于亚种间的进化不同而产生的生殖隔离使其F_1的结实率低或近似不育。IKEHASHI·H(1982)研究籼粳不亲和性及由此引起的杂种结实率低的原因,强调“中间型”在克服水稻籼粳杂种低结实的作用,提出了“水稻广亲和现象”。筛选具有广亲和性的品种,成了育种极为重要的工作。1988年发现47粳与籼、粳杂交,F_1结实正常。1990年用广亲和标准测验种对47粳进行鉴定,现将结果报导     

CHA杂种小麦品质优势的多代利用研究

以6个优质材料和7个丰产材料为亲本,按优/优、优/丰和丰/丰三种类型组配23个杂交组合,分析了F1、F2的品质性状杂种优势和亲子关系,研究了小麦HMW-GS的遗传及其与杂种小麦品质的关系,探讨了CHA杂种F1、F2优势利用的可行性及培育优质杂种小麦的选配规律。结果表明:同一组合F1、F2的品质优势没有规律性变化,其值大多介于双亲之间,各组合品质指标与亲本呈正相关,选择高值双亲可获得较高的F1、F2组合,亲本基因型对杂种小麦的品质起决定作用,选择时应着重考虑优/丰和优/优类型。F1、F2代品质优势显著,杂种小麦F1及F2代在生产中具有利用可行性。小麦HMW-GS的分离符合孟德尔基因分离规律,选择优质亚基多的亲本杂交,可提高其在杂交后代中的出现频率,进而提高杂种小麦的品质。     

豫北优质大豆产业发展策略

针对豫北地区的大豆生产现状，从气候、土壤、品种、生态因素及市场需求等方面提出了优质大豆的发展策略与途径。     

Analysis of nutritional components of eight famine foods of the Republic of Niger

In the western Sahel, indigenous plants become important staples when cereal harvests are inadequate to support populations inhabiting that region of Africa. The purpose of this study was to assess the nutrient content of several of these edible wild plants. The leaves of the following seven plant foods were analyzed: Ziziphus mauritiana, Cerathotheca sesamoides, Moringa oleifera, Leptadenia hastata, Hibiscus sabdarifa, Amaranthus viridi, and Adansonia digitata. The fatty acid, vitamin E, carotenoid, selected mineral and amino acid contents of these plant foods were determined. These same analyses were performed on the fruit of the Adansonia digitata. In quantitative and qualitative terms, Amaranthus viridis was found to be an excellent source of protein. Its amino acid composition compared favorably to that of a World Health Organization (WHO) protein standard. It also contained considerable amounts of the two fatty acids that are essential in humans (linoleic and -linolenic) and a number of minerals including iron, magnesium, calcium and zinc. The leaves of Hibiscus sabdarifa contained an appreciable quantity of protein the composition of which was comparable to the WHO standard. The mineral content of the leaves of this plant was also exceptionally high; noteworthy was its high zinc content. H. sabdarifa also contained significant quantities of the two essential fatty acids. Ziziphus mauritiana was an excellent source of the essential fatty acid linoleic acid and several of the metals including iron, calcium, magnesium and zinc. Its content of other essential nutrients, however, was rather low. In general, Adansonia digitata leaves were nutritionally superior to the fruit of the tree; however, the fruit did contain useful quantities of potassium, phosphorus, zinc and -linolenic acid. The Leptadenia hastata leaves were an especially good source of lutein and -carotene. These data should be useful to the people who inhabit the western Sahel in helping them devise healthy diets during times when cereal staples are in short supply.     

狗牙根诱变后代抗寒性评价

通过电解质外渗法和匍匐茎恢复试验对‘阳江’狗牙根及其12个通过形态鉴定选出的坪用价值高且花序密度低的诱变后代进行抗寒性鉴定。电解质外渗法结果表明:诱变后代间的抗寒性具有较大差异,其叶片半致死温度(LT₅₀)的变异范围为-7.6～-0.2℃(最低值与最大值相差7.4℃);参试材料抗寒性由强到弱依次为M18>M4>M26>M28> M22>阳江>M29>M31>M10>M37>M16>M1>M25,其中,有5个诱变后代抗寒性优于亲本,分别是M18、M4、M26、M28、M22。匍匐茎恢复实验结果表明:诱变后代M1、M22、M26、M31、M25在0℃和-5℃低温胁迫后的恢复生长率都高于亲本,恢复能力均优于亲本;M10、M37、M28在-5℃低温胁迫下,恢复生长能力低于亲本,抗寒性相对较弱,M16和M4在0℃和-5℃低温胁迫下,恢复生长率都低于亲本,抗寒性明显弱于亲本。综合2种方法鉴定结果显示:诱变后代M1、M25的恢复能力较强;M4、M28的叶片抗寒性较好,青绿期较长;M22、M18、M26的叶片抗寒性和匍匐茎恢复能力均较强;M29,M31的叶片抗寒性和匍匐茎恢复能力与亲本相似;M10、M16、M37的叶片抗寒性和匍匐茎恢复能力均较弱,整体抗寒性较弱。     

吉林省平安农业科学院大豆所大豆研究工作报告

1　吉林省平安农业科学院大豆研究工作简介吉林省平安农业科学院大豆研究所 ,设在吉林省长春市西安大路种子大厦内。现有科技人员 6人 ,其中研究员 2人 ,农艺师 2人 ,技术员 2人 ,定向培养研究生 2人。大豆研究所的主要任务是选育稳产、高产、优质及抗病虫大豆新品种 ;同时密切     

Comparisons of methods of scheduling irrigations of potatoes

Irrigation of Netted Gem potatoes was scheduled during three growing seasons by three methods: (a) when plants displayed first visual symptoms of moisture stress, (b) when indicated by a soil moisture budget involving estimated evapotranspiration, and (c) on the basis of tensiometer readings of soil moisture suction. When the tensiometer method of scheduling was used, the mean yields of tubers were 55.0 and 25.8 cwt/acre (6160 and 2890 kg/ha) higher than those obtained with the other two scheduling methods. Methods did not affect the specific gravity of potatoes. Method (a) scheduled irrigations least frequently. Scheduling by the budget method was not always adequate because it was based on the assumption that the crop extracted water from a constant 4 ft (1.2 m) profile from planting to full vegetative growth. In one year the budget method scheduled the first irrigation earlier than necessary and delayed the second irrigation during a critical period of crop growth. From full vegetative cover to harvest the irrigation schedules were alike for both the budget and tensiometer methods.     

湖南沅陵4种绿茶品质成分分析

以长沙县高桥相同嫩度茶鲜叶原料采用卷曲形毛尖茶加工工艺制绿茶为对照,分别对沅陵县齐眉翠峰、凤娇碣滩茶、干发茶和军大坪茶4种绿茶的主要生化成分与感官品质进行初步分析。结果表明,沅陵4种绿茶的茶多酚总量28.76%~30.34%,游离氨基酸总量2.35%~3.22%,咖啡碱含量3.00%~3.63%,水浸出物含量37.26%~40.07%,可溶性糖总量5.46%~5.65%,可溶性蛋白含量1.50%~1.74%,类黄酮化合物总量1.16%~1.79%,叶绿素总量1.36%~2.01%,儿茶素总量13.53%~16.20%。与对照相比,4种绿茶的茶多酚、可溶性糖和儿茶素总量均高于对照,除齐眉翠峰外其余3种茶样水浸出物和叶绿素总量均高于对照,除干发茶外其余3种茶样类黄酮化合物总量均高于对照。     

Comparison of two methods of PCNB application for control of Rhizoctonia infection of potatoes

A broadcast application of PCNB (Terraclor) resulted in a reasonably uniform distribution of the chemical in the soil with the concentration decreasing in a linear fashion with increasing depth in the soil profile. A banded application resuluted in a considerably higher chemical concentration at the 4–6 inch depth than at the 0–2 or the 2–4 inch depths. The problem of the lack of uniformity of chemical distribution could probably be solved by altering nozzle placement and size and allow use of the band method of application to minimize grower cost. More complete disking in the case of the broadcast treatment would probably result in a relatively uniform distribution of the chemical but at higher cost to the grower. PCNB application rates of 10, 15 and 25 lbs per acre broadcast and 71/2, 10 and 121/2 lbs per acre in a band significantly reduced the severity ofRhizoctonia infection of Russet Burbank potatoes but did not increase potato yields significantly.     

Prediction of the digestibility of the diet of horses: evaluation of faecal indices

Data from in vivo digestibility trial with four to six horses fed twenty-seven forage-based diets are used to calculate prediction equations for the digestibility of dry and organic matter, based on the crude ash (CA), crude protein (CP) and crude fibre (CF) contents of diets and faeces. The most precise prediction of dry-matter digestibility (r.s.d. = 0.032, R²= 0.80) was derived from a multiple regression including faecal (CP, CF) and dietary parameters (CF). Among faecal parameters, CP was the best single predictor of both digestibility (r.s.d) = 0.040, r²= 0.63) and dietary CP content (r.s.d = 0.028, r²= 0.59). For biological reasons we propose a non-linear model that allows prediction of dry- and organic-matter digestibility from faecal CP Content with reasonable Precision (r.s.d = 0.038, 0.036, r²= 0.65, 0.74, respectively). This will be adequate for many studies, especially for free-living animals in rangelands.     

橡胶树丛枝病病原的抗血清制备与应用

以感染橡胶树丛枝病病原的长春花为材料,制备得到橡胶丛枝病病原菌抽提液,以抽提液为抗原免疫家兔,制备抗血清,经微量沉淀测定,抗血清效价为１：２０４８。应用橡胶丛枝病抗血清检测橡胶褐皮病,无症苗木检出率达３０％－３７％,可疑的褐皮病树检出率达８５．７％。