Studies on water transport through the sweet cherry fruit surface. 10. Evidence for polar pathways across the exocarp

Water uptake through the fruit surface is considered as an important factor in cracking of sweet cherry (Prunus avium L.) fruit. Uptake may occur by diffusion and/or viscous flow along a polar pathway. To establish the mechanism of water uptake, the effects of viscosity and molecular weight of selected osmotica on water uptake into detached sweet cherry fruit were investigated. In addition we investigated the effect of temperature on penetration of 2-(1-naphthyl)[1-(14)C]acetic acid ([(14)C]NAA; pK(a) = 4.2) as a molecular probe in the non-dissociated (pH 2.2) and dissociated (pH 6.2) forms. Rates of water uptake were linearly related to the inverse viscosity of gum arabic solutions (range of concentrations and dynamic viscosities 10-300 g L(-1) and 1.3 x 10(-3) to 115.9 x 10(-3) Pa s, respectively). When fruit was incubated in solutions of osmotica of differing molecular weight that were isotonic to the fruit's water potential, water uptake depended on the molecular weight of the osmoticum [range 58-6000 for NaCl to poly(ethylene glycol) 6000 (PEG 6000)]. There was no uptake from PEG 6000 solutions, but rates of water uptake increased as the molecular weight of the osmotica decreased. Apparent water potentials of sweet cherry fruit, determined by incubating fruit in concentration series of selected osmotica, increased as the molecular weight of the osmotica increased up to 1500 and remained constant between 1500 and 6000. Reflection coefficients (sigma) estimated from this relationship were closely related to hydrodynamic radii (r) of the osmotica [sigma = 1.0(+/-0.0) - [10.9(+/-0.9) x 10(-11)][r(-1) (m(-1))], R(2) = 0.97, P < 0.0001]. The permeability of the sweet cherry fruit exocarp to NAA (pK(a) = 4.2) and temperature dependence of NAA permeability (P(d)) as indexed by the energy of activation (E(a), temperature range 5-35 degrees C) were significantly higher for the non-dissociated NAA (pH 2.2, P(d) = 10.2(+/-0.8) x 10(-8) m s(-1), E(a) = 67.0 +/- 1.7 kJ mol(-)(1)) than for the dissociated NAA (pH 6.2, P(d) = 1.1(+/-0.2) x 10(-8) m s(-1), E(a) = 51.8 +/- 1.9 kJ mol(-)(1)). The activation energy for penetration of the dissociated NAA was closely related to the stomatal density (R( 2) = 0.84, P < 0.0001) but less so for the non-dissociated NAA (R(2) = 0.30, P < 0.03). These data provide evidence for the presence of polar pathways through the sweet cherry fruit exocarp that allow water uptake by viscous flow. These pathways offer a potentially useful target for strategies to reduce water uptake and fruit cracking, provided that a technique is identified that selectively "plugs" these pathways.     

Characterization of plum procyanidins by thiolytic depolymerization

The phenolic compounds of 'Green Gage' (GG) plums ( Prunus domestica L.), "Rainha Claudia Verde", from a 'protected designation of origin' (PDO), in Portugal, were quantified in both flesh and skin tissues of plums collected in two different orchards (GG-V and GG-C). Analyzes of phenolic compounds were also performed on another GG European plum obtained in France (GG-F) and two other French plums, 'Mirabelle' (M) and 'Golden Japan' (GJ). Thiolysis was used for the first time in the analysis of plum phenolic compounds. This methodology showed that the flesh and skin contain a large proportion of flavan-3-ols, which account, respectively, for 92 and 85% in GJ, 61 and 44% in GG-V, 62 and 48% in GG-C, 54 and 27% in M, and 45 and 37% in GG-F. Terminal units of procyanidins observed in plums are mainly (+)-catechin (54-77% of all terminal units in flesh and 57-81% in skin). The GJ plums showed a phenolic composition different from all of the others, with a lower content of chlorogenic acid isomers and the presence of A-type procyanidins as dimers and terminal residues of polymerized forms. The average degree of polymerization (DPn) of plum procyanidins was higher in the flesh (5-9 units) than in the skin (4-6 units). Procyanidin B7 was observed in the flesh of all GG plums and in the skin of the Portuguese ones. Principal component analysis of the phenolic composition of the flesh and skin of these plums obtained after thiolysis allowed their distinction according to the variety and origin, opening the possibility of the use of phenolic composition for variety/origin identification.     

乙醇浸渍对切片茄子干燥特性和品质的影响

为了提高切片茄子的干制品质、缩短干燥时间,对热风干燥前的切片茄子进行了乙醇浸渍处理。以不同干燥温度(45、55、65℃)、预处理乙醇体积分数(0、5%、15%)和茄子切片厚度(1.0、1.5、2.0 cm)为试验因素,以干燥时间及干燥后产品的干燥速率、色泽、复水比和微观结构为评价指标进行正交试验。试验结果表明:干燥温度、乙醇体积分数和切片厚度对干燥时间均有显著影响(P0.05);综合评价的影响顺序由大到小依次为:切片厚度干燥温度乙醇体积分数;切片茄子的干燥过程属于降速干燥,通过费克第二定律得到切片茄子的水分有效扩散系数在2.74×10-9~7.75×10-9 m2/s;切片厚度对干燥后茄子片的复水比有显著影响(P0.05),复水比随着切片厚度的增加而减少;乙醇体积分数对干燥后茄子片的色泽具有显著影响(P0.05),而且可以改变干燥后茄子的微观结构改善物料外观品质。当乙醇体积分数为15%、干燥温度为65℃、切片厚度为1.0 cm时,干燥时间为225 min,复水比为4.93,明亮度为88.24,既有较快的干燥速率又能够得到比较好的色泽。研究表明适宜体积分数的乙醇浸渍预处理能够提高切片茄子的干燥速率、改善色泽,为高品质切片茄子快速干燥提供了理论依据。     

基于Shannon-Wiener指数的干燥过程中物料含水率均匀性计算及验证

为了改善带式干燥机内流场结构,提高干燥机内水分均匀度,在计算流体力学(computational fluid dynamics,CFD)理论的基础上,利用FLUENT软件包模拟并探讨堆积厚度、热风流速、热风温度和热风含水率对干燥后物料含水率的影响,并辅以试验验证。在Shannon-wiener指数的基础上计算干燥机内含水率均匀度,并与传统水分均匀性(Mu)计算方法和CFD计算的平均值作比较。利用FLUENT软件包数值模拟并试验验证了2种导流板(普通导流板和翼型导流板)的干燥效果。结果表明:试验测得各测孔的风速与数值模拟的结果吻合。4类因素中堆积厚度对含水率均匀度影响最大,厚度为80 mm的槟榔层的含水率比厚度为40、60 mm的更均匀。含水率均匀度曲线的趋势相似,但含水率均匀度与CFD计算结果更接近。水分均匀性指数曲线显示堆积厚度为80 mm的试验水分均匀性远高于其他试验,当物料厚度为80 mm时,进口热风温度70℃,热风流速1.5 m/s,进口热风含水率0.24的试验条件更有利于水分均匀地分布。翼型导流板使得槟榔含水率从0.285降到0.215,水分均匀性指数提高至0.926,干燥效率提升。     

真空冷冻预干燥对压差膨化干燥果蔬脆片质地特性的影响

为探索预干燥处理对不同果蔬脆片结构及质地特性的影响,该研究采用真空冷冻干燥作为预干燥,并选取了3个水分转换点（60%、45%、30%）,对预干燥过程中6种典型果蔬(苹果,梨,桃,山药,马铃薯,青萝卜)水分状态、细胞结构、收缩率、孔隙度、应力-松弛特性与质地特性进行测定与分析。结果表明,随着预干燥的进行,水分含量逐渐降低,自由水逐渐散失,以不易流动水为主,收缩率逐渐减小,孔隙度逐渐增大,硬度、咀嚼性、弹性模量逐渐增加;水分转换点为60% 时不同果蔬脆片具有较高的硬脆度,其中马铃薯与山药脆片硬度较高,桃与梨的脆片脆度较高;水分转换点为30%时,6种果蔬的孔隙度最高,且青萝卜的孔隙度显著高于其他果蔬（P < 0.05）;在干燥后期,果蔬样品骨架基本形成,且收缩率较低,致使内部孔隙度变大;由相关性分析可知真空冷冻预干燥过程中水分转换点、孔隙度与果蔬脆片质地特性极显著相关（P < 0.05）,研究结果可为预干燥对果蔬脆片质地影响提供参考。     

基于图像处理的过热蒸汽与热风干燥污泥收缩特性分析

为了解污泥过热蒸汽与热风干燥过程收缩特性,搭建了常压过热蒸汽和热风干燥试验台,选用直径为50 mm厚度为10 mm的污泥样品在160和200℃下进行试验。利用图像处理技术分析干燥过程污泥收缩现象及特性,采用叠加技术,建立了基于无限大平板和无限长圆柱体叠加而成的有限圆平板在考虑收缩情况下的Fick第二定律湿分扩散模型,并结合经验模型推导出计算有效扩散系数的表达式。结果表明：污泥在干燥过程中存在明显的收缩现象,前段干燥收缩幅度大,后段干燥收缩幅度小,收缩变化规律与水分变化规律一致。160、200℃污泥过热蒸汽与热风干燥终了时刻体积比约为0.3,体积收缩系数为0.7。过热蒸汽干燥和热风干燥对污泥的收缩影响一致。160、200℃污泥过热蒸汽与热风干燥有效扩散系数的变化与水分比的变化相对应。在考虑污泥收缩的条件下,160、200℃污泥过热蒸汽干燥平均有效扩散系数分别为1.92×10-8和3.75×10-8 m2/s,热风干燥平均有效扩散系数分别为0.94×10-8和1.31×10-8 m2/s,约为不考虑收缩条件下平均有效扩散系数值的1/2。试验结果为污泥干燥过程机理分析、工艺参数优化和干燥设备开发提供参考。     

污泥低温干燥动力学特性及干燥参数优化

为了研究污泥的低温干燥动力学特性,以薄层污泥为研究对象进行了低温干燥试验,探讨了温度、薄层厚度以及风速对污泥水分比和干燥速率的影响,并对低温干燥参数进行了优化.结果表明:污泥低温干燥过程主要由升速和降速段组成,其中降速阶段存在第一、第二降速阶段;不同低温干燥条件下的第二临界含水率变化不大,大致在0.5g/g(干基)附近.使用决定系数R2、卡方χ2及均方根误差RMSE对6种常用干燥模型进行评价,结果表明Midilli模型的平均R2最大、平均χ2及RMSE最小,分别为0.9998、2.46×10-5、0.0042,是描述污泥低温热风干燥的最优模型.根据Fick第二定律和Arrhenius方程,得到5、10和15mm厚度污泥在50~90℃热风干燥的水分有效扩散系数和活化能.正交试验得到相对单位能耗最优干燥工艺为:温度90℃、风速0.8m/s、厚度10mm,平均干燥强度最优工艺为干燥温度90℃、风速0.8m/s、厚度5mm.试验结果可为后续研究污泥热泵干燥及太阳能-热泵联合干燥提供参考.     

基于毕渥数的果蔬阶段降湿热风干燥特性

为了揭示阶段降湿热风干燥技术的适用性,该研究在干燥温度60℃、风速1.0 m/s时,研究了不同厚度胡萝卜片(6、12、18 mm)和龙眼物料在阶段降湿(第1阶段相对湿度(Relative Humidity,RH) 50%保持30 min;第2阶段RH 20%至结束)和连续排湿(RH<15%)干燥条件下的干燥特性,传热毕渥数(heat transfer Biot,Bi_h)和传质毕渥数(mass transfer Biot,Bi_m)、水分有效扩散系数(effective moisture diffusion coefficient,D_eff)、色泽、复水比及能耗值。研究表明:对于厚度为6 mm的胡萝卜片和龙眼物料,相对于阶段降湿,连续排湿有助于提高干燥效率;对于12或18 mm的胡萝卜片,阶段降湿能够提高D_eff。6、12和18 mm的胡萝卜片在干燥过程中的Bi_h分别为0.582 7、1.165 5和1.748 2。6 mm时Bi_h<1,内部扩散的...     

Oxidation of encapsulated oil in tailor-made cellular solid

A cellular alginate solid containing oil was prepared by freeze-drying. The oil was incorporated in the matrix by emulsification in the pre-gel state. The alginate-oil gels were immersed in 60 degrees Brix sucrose solution for various periods, before freeze-drying. The extent of the collapse expressing the reduction in sample volume was affected by immersion duration and freeze-drying conditions. Sucrose diffusion during immersion followed an exponential pattern. Effective diffusivity calculated using nonlinear regression gave a value of 3.64 x 10(-)(10) m(2)/s. The effect of relative humidity on water content calculated on a dry basis excluding sucrose showed a significant increase in water content at 75% RH. Image analysis was utilized to quantify the area of the encapsulated oil droplets. The area of the droplets was divided into four subregions defined as (0.02-0.1) x 10(-)(12), (0. 1-1.0) x 10(-)(12), (1-10) x 10(-)(12), and (10-100) x 10(-)(12) m(2). A distribution resembling a Gaussian bell distribution with a maximum of 54% for the (1-10) x 10(-)(12) m(2) area range was found. The number of oil droplets was almost constant for the first three area regions, and then decreased markedly. Oxidation index was not effected by porosity at 0 and 22% RH. A 75% RH and porosity above a critical value of ca. 0.45 was found to increase oxidation significantly. Samples immersed for less than 5.5 h in sucrose solution were mechanically stronger after equilibration at 0 and 22% RH when compared to their counterpart equilibrated at 75% RH. Immersion for more than 24 h resulted in similar mechanical strength irrespective of the RH.     

面条干燥过程的湿热传递机理研究进展

干燥是挂面生产过程中较难控制的加工工序。干燥工艺不合理易造成产品质量问题,而水分和热量传递是影响挂面质量特性的重要因素。该文主要介绍了挂面干燥过程水分和热量的传递规律、机理和数学模型等研究结果,分析了水分传递研究的方法和水分分布的测定方法。综合分析认为,挂面干燥过程研究应进一步关注水分和热量传递机理以及湿热传递数学模型的研究。     

陕西省延川县孙家塬经济林土壤水分和水分平衡

对陕西省延川县孙家塬枣树林和苹果林4m深度土层水分的变化进行了研究,并对土壤水分有效性、土壤干层及其水循环等方面进行了分析。结果表明,枣树林地含水量平均为10.6%,还有4.5%的土壤水资源可以利用。苹果林地4m深度范围内平均含水量为7.4%,2.0—4.0m深度范围内土壤水资源基本耗尽。苹果林地土壤含水量自上向下呈现高—低—高分层变化特点,枣树林地土壤水分剖面垂向分层不明显。枣树林地和苹果林地土壤水分基本都呈难效水状态,但枣树林土壤水分接近中效水,土壤水分对苹果林生长具有严重的抑制作用,对枣树林的生长基本没有抑制作用。枣树林地2.0—4.0m深度范围仅有轻度干层发育,苹果林地土层2.0—4.0m深度范围有轻度干层、中度干层和重度干层发育。苹果林地和枣树林地土壤干层切断了深层水分与上层的联系。水循环主要表现为地表水循环,基本不存在地下水循环,形成了土壤—植物—大气的水分循环模式,属于异常水分循环类型。干层长期发展会导致该区地下水位的持续下降和地下水资源减少。该区土壤水分条件更适于发展枣树经济林。     

荔枝常压与减压干燥过程的试验研究

在干燥介质相对湿度基本不变和不同的温度条件下，考察了荔枝整果和果皮、果肉、果核各部分在常压和减压下的干燥特性及干燥过程中果内温度的变化特性。查明了果膜对果肉及果核中水分向果壳迁移的抑制力很强；减压干燥虽有利于果皮中的水分扩散，但并不能有效地促使荔枝果肉及果核中水分向外迁移；在整个干燥过程中，整果内的温度上升速度比较缓慢。     

三种干燥技术对红枣脆片干燥特性和品质的影响

为了解决传统油炸红枣脆片含油率高、维生素C损失严重及褐变等问题,探索红枣脆片新的加工方法,该文以新鲜脆熟期红枣为原料,利用气体射流冲击、中短波红外、真空脉动3种干燥技术进行非油炸红枣脆片的生产加工,对比了3种干燥方式对红枣脆片的干燥特性、色泽、维生素C保留率、复水性能、质地以及微观结构的影响。结果表明：1）红枣脆片在3种干燥方式下均表现为降速干燥,其中气体射流冲击干燥时间最短,为105 min,气体射流冲击、中短波红外、真空脉动干燥方式的水分有效扩散系数分别为1.55×10-9、1.03×10-9、0.89×10-9 m2/s;2）干燥方式对枣片色泽具有显著性影响（P<0.05）,真空脉动干燥所得枣片与新鲜枣片色泽最为接近;3）气体射流冲击、中短波红外、真空脉动干燥方式干燥后红枣脆片的维生素C保留率分别为51.5%、49.0%、66.6%,真空脉动干燥所得枣片维生素C含量保存率明显高于其他两种干燥方式（P<0.05）;4）气体射流冲击、中短波红外、真空脉动干燥方式加工的红枣脆片脆度分别为8.64、8.77、11.38 N,真空脉动干燥方式所得枣片最为酥脆;5）扫描电镜观测表明3种干燥方式均能得到疏松多孔的组织结构,真空脉动干燥所得枣片比气体射流和中短波红外干燥所得枣片组织结构更为疏松。从干燥时间来看气体射流冲击干燥耗时最短,但3种干燥方式所得红枣脆片色泽、维生素C保留率、复水性能和质地均以真空脉动干燥最优。该研究为低含油率和高品质红枣脆片的加工工艺选择提供了一定的理论依据。     

Self-diffusion coefficient of water in tofu determined by pulsed field gradient nuclear magnetic resonance

The self-diffusion coefficient of water in soybean protein dispersion and tofu was measured by pulsed field gradient (PFG) NMR. A soy protein isolate (SPI) dispersion (6 and 12%, w/w) in water, calcium cross-linked precipitate, and tofu were used for comparison. The self-diffusion coefficient of water (D) in the SPI dispersion, 2.23 x 10(-9) m2/s, was estimated lower than that of free water, 2.6 x 10(-9) m2/s at 25 degrees C, and decreased as the SPI concentration increased. It further decreased by the addition of calcium chloride, reflecting the obstruction effect induced by the precipitates in addition to the hydration and hydrodynamic interaction in the protein dispersion. The two water regions in tofu were interpreted by the two-site K?rger model: D1 and D2 of soft tofu were 2.26 (+/-0.11) x 10(-9) and 6.84 (+/-0.34) x 10(-11) m2/s, respectively. The relative amount of proton (water) was p1 = 0.98 and p2 = 0.02 at 100 ms of diffusion time. The self-diffusion coefficients of water decreased in pressed tofu, and their relative amounts of water changed to p1 = 0.93 and p2 = 0.07. It was suggested that D1 corresponded to obstructed water in the network structure and D2 corresponded to hydrated water on the surface layer of pores formed in the protein network of tofu. The pore sizes estimated from the diffusion length of obstructed water were 21.3 microm in soft tofu and 20.8 microm in pressed tofu. The removal of fat from pressed tofu led to a decrease in D2 from 6.26 (+/-0.31) x 10(-11) to 3.53 (+/-0.18) x 10(-11) m2/s, and the relative amount of hydrated water increased from 0.07 to 0.14, which indicated hydrophobic hydration.     

热泵干燥槟榔中试工艺参数优化

为了探索新型节能、低碳排放的槟榔干燥技术,应用热泵干燥设备对槟榔进行干燥研究,获得槟榔热泵干燥中试工艺参数。单因素试验分析了煮沸时间对槟榔硬度的影响,干燥温度和装载量对槟榔水分的影响;采用正交试验,通过加权评分值计算方法评价干果品质,优化热泵干燥工艺参数;测定储藏30 d后的干果进行理化和微生物指标;比较热泵干燥、蒸汽干燥和传统干燥槟榔的成本及品质。结果表明,新鲜槟榔经过沸水煮沸15 min,前12 h内干燥温度为50℃、12 h后干燥温度为65℃、装料量为3.5 t、烘房空气相对湿度为25%时,槟榔含水率为16.8%,好果率为96.0%,均匀度为91%,单位质量干果耗电量为0.92(k W·h)/kg,所干燥的槟榔干果综合评分为90.1分,呈橄榄黄或褐色。25℃储藏30 d无霉腐现象,检测结果显示含水率为17.8%,未检测出汞和苯并芘,铅和砷质量分数分别为0.02和0.1 mg/kg,致病菌未检出,大肠菌群数30 cfu/g,霉菌计数为30 cfu/g。经比较,热泵干燥槟榔比蒸汽干燥成本低11%,比传统土炉干燥成本低50%,零排放、无污染、操作智能化。研究结果为槟榔热泵干燥的标准化生产提供技术参考。     

苹果水分与CT值相关性的研究

利用数值仿真方法研究果蔬干燥过程，含水率的数值计算结果必须得到试验的验证。然而以往的验证都是整体平均值的验证，不是含水率的分布值验证，这就不能证明计算结果的完全正确性，也不能给改进干燥工艺提供有重要价值的参考。为了能够检测果蔬内部含水率的在线分布值，通过试验及对苹果(红富士)CT图片特性的检测、数据分析，发现苹果某点的含水率与其相应CT图片上点的CT值之间、CT图片上的点的RGB值与其CT值之间都存在着显著的线性相关性，从而使我们可通过某点的CT值或RGB值得到该点的含水率。由此找到一条通过CT图像来检测果蔬在线含水率分布的新途径。     

双孢菇微波冷冻干燥特性及干燥品质

为获得干燥时间短、产品质量高的蘑菇制品,采用微波冷冻干燥技术对双孢菇进行干燥处理,研究其在不同微波比功率(0.25,0.5,0.75 W/g)和系统压强(50,100,150 Pa)下的干燥曲线、有效水分扩散系数、复水比、收缩率、白度、维生素C保存率、能耗及基于模糊数学推理法下感官评定的变化规律;通过非线性拟合建立了适用于双孢菇微波冷冻干燥的数学模型;基于干燥能耗、干燥时间及部分品质指标对不同条件下双孢菇微波冷冻干燥过程进行加权综合评价。结果表明:微波比功率对干燥速率及干制品物理品质指标影响比对其他指标的影响更显著(P0.05);系统压强对干制品营养含量指标、干燥能耗以及感官评定的影响比对干燥特性的影响显著(P0.05);采用Henderson and Pabis模型能够准确(R20.9)描述干燥过程中水分变化规律;双孢菇有效水分扩散系数在10-10 m2/s数量级且受微波比功率影响更明显(P0.05);微波比功率和系统压强过高会造成双孢菇干制产品不被消费者接受;当微波比功率和系统压强分别为0.25 W/g和100 Pa时双孢菇微波冷冻干燥的综合评分值最高为0.67847,该条件较适合应用于双孢菇微波冷冻干燥中。研究探索了不同微波冷冻干燥条件下双孢菇干燥及品质特性的变化规律,为双孢菇微波冷冻干燥较优工艺参数组合的选择提供了理论依据。     

玉米果穗在自然通风过程中水分迁移的动力学分析

为了探索玉米果穗水分迁移规律,针对低温自然通风降水过程中玉米果穗的绝对水势、扩散系数及活化能的变化规律及影响因素进行了分析。结果表明:在低温条件下,玉米果穗通过仓储自然通风干燥至安全水分需要3到4个月的时间;随着环境温度的上升,空气与玉米的绝对水势均逐渐增大,玉米的绝对水势大于空气绝对水势,玉米水分下降,当两者间的绝对水势差值逐渐缩小时,仓内粮食的水分子没有足够能量从表面扩散到周围的空气中,玉米水分逐渐趋于平衡;各仓水势梯度明显,水分从西向东迁移,仓内迎风面水势值小,水分下降快,粮堆厚度对绝对水势有影响;玉米果穗的水分扩散系数范围为2.563×10-12~5.34×10-12 m2/s,粮食与空气的绝对水势差及粮堆厚度对水分扩散系数均有影响;Arrhenius方程可以描述玉米果穗水分扩散系数与温度的关系,玉米果穗水分扩散的平均活化能为35.76 k J/mol。研究结果将为粮食储藏与干燥过程的动力学研究提供理论依据。     

From plums to prunes: influence of drying parameters on polyphenols and antioxidant activity

Prunes, which are industrially obtained by dehydrating fresh plums at 85-90 degrees C for 18 h, contain higher levels of phenolic compounds than most other fruits. Prune phenolics have shown beneficial effects on human health. Reports are available in the literature on ascorbic acid, phenol composition, and antioxidant activity of fresh plums and prunes, but there is a lack of publications on the influence of drying parameters on the phenolic compounds and antioxidant activity. A study was carried out on two plum cultivars using two sets of air-drying temperatures: (i) air temperature at 85 degrees C until 50% of prune moisture level and then the temperature was lowered to 70 degrees C; (ii) air temperature at 60 degrees C. Whole fresh and dried fruits were assessed for phenolics (catechins, hydroxycinnamic acids, anthocyanins, and flavonols), ascorbic acid, and antioxidant activity (all parameters were calculated on a dry matter basis). Analysis of data shows that chlorogenic and neochlorogenic acid changes were affected by both process parameters and cultivar. Drying destroyed anthocyanins, and there was a significant decrease in flavonols. Ascorbic acid was drastically reduced in relation to process temperature. The most striking result was that drying at 85 degrees C doubled antioxidant activity in both cultivars, while contradictory results were found for 60 degrees C processed plums.     

热风干制温度对枣果微观组织结构的影响

为了研究热风干制温度对枣果微观组织结构的影响,该试验选用不同温度(35、40、45、50、55℃)热风干制枣果,利用石蜡切片、显微成像技术获得了热风干制过程中不同含水率条件下果肉细胞、空腔等结构参数的分布曲线,借助分布曲线的偏度、峰度(以鲜枣为参照)描述了微观结构参数在热风干制过程中的变化趋势,并建立了微观结构参数(果肉细胞、空腔横截面的面积比、周长比及当量直径比)与宏观干燥参数(水分比)的拟合方程。结果表明,利用微观结构参数分布曲线的偏度、峰度可较好地描述不同温度干制过程中细胞、空腔整体的变化趋势;干制过程中随着含水率的降低,果肉细胞、空腔结构参数的变化趋势均不具有一致性或连续性;不同温度相比之下,低温、高温干制过程对果肉细胞形态的改变均有较大影响,且高温(55℃)条件影响更大;不同温度热风干制过程中,由果肉细胞结构改变所引起的空腔塌缩和扩增同时存在,高温(55℃)条件对空腔的扩增、塌缩影响较大。果肉细胞,空腔结构参数比与水分比之间关系可用非线性模型描述(R2≥0.7283,Std≤25.1682%),模型可预测在不同温度热风干制过程中细胞、空腔随含水率的变化情况,研究结果可为热风干制新工艺的开发提供参考。