草莓果实软化机理及调控研究进展

综述了草莓果实软化过程中细胞及呼吸作用的变化；细胞壁水解酶（多聚半乳糖醛酸酶、果胶甲酯酶、纤维素酶）在果实成熟软化过程中的活性及其作用；内源激素（乙烯、生长素、赤霉素、细胞分裂素、脱落酸）在果实成熟软化过程中的含量变化及其与果实软化的关系；钙对草莓果实成熟的影响及其与软化的关系。总结了近年来控制果实软化的主要措施，包括草莓果实的采前处理和采后处理，介绍了草莓果实的采前保护、采前喷钙、采后冷藏、气调贮藏、涂膜处理、辐射电磁处理、热处理以及防腐保鲜剂等技术的应用情况。     

果实成熟软化过程中主要相关酶作用的研究进展

果实成熟软化的外在表现是硬度下降、质地变软,硬度和质地是果实成熟标准和果实品质的重要指标,影响到果实采前采后处理方法、货价期的长短及其风味、口感等.因此,了解果实成熟软化过程中主要相关酶的作用机理及其与果实软化的关系,可以提供通过基因改良和作物育种控制果实软化的方法.现对果实成熟软化相关的多聚半乳糖醛酸酶（PG）、果胶甲酯酶(PME)、β－半乳糖苷酶、葡聚糖内切酶(EGase)(CMCase)和木葡聚糖内切转糖基酶(XET)等的几种主要酶的研究进展进行了综述.     

核果类果实成熟软化机理研究进展

为了进一步了解核果类果实软化机理研究概况,更高效的解决果实成熟过程中面临的软化变质、不耐贮藏等问题。本文从核果类果实质地、细胞壁结构、细胞壁组分以及细胞壁降解相关酶等方面,阐述了核果类果实发育过程中的软化特性,总结了核果类果实成熟过程中的生理变化及各类软化相关酶的相互作用机理,提出了未来的研究重点及方向。     

果胶降解相关酶与果实成熟软化

果胶降解相关酶广泛存在于植物体的各个部分,目前在果实组织中已发现多种,主要包括内切多聚半乳糖醛酸酶、外切多聚半乳糖醛酸酶、果胶甲酯酶、果胶裂解酶、B-半乳糖苷酶、α-L-阿拉伯呋喃糖苷酶和鼠李糖半乳糖醛酸酶,此类酶能使果胶多糖发生降解,进而使细胞间失去黏结作用,胞壁结构瓦解,从而导致果实组织松弛,质地下降.综述了果胶降...     

PG酶与果实的成熟软化

多聚半乳糖醛酸酶（PGs）是一种在细胞壁结构的改变中起重要作用的酶，它可以催化果胶分子中α～（1、4）－聚半乳糖醛酸的裂解，从而参与果胶的降解，它与果实的软化密切相关。PGs具有2或3种同工酶，它们分别出现于果实发育的不同阶段。PGs是由多基因家族编码的，各基因家族成员分别调节不同时空的表达，通过反义RNA技术和插入失活的方法可对PG基因进行调控。乙烯在翻译水平控制PG基因的表达而对PGmRNA的转录没有影响。气调贮藏、热处理、钙处理等贮藏措施能抑制果实PG酶的活性，延缓果实的后熟软化进程。综述了多聚半乳糖醛酸酶（PG酶）在果实成熟中的作用、PG酶同工酶、PG酶基因及其表达调控、乙烯及贮藏措施对PG酶活性和果实软化的调控。     

果实成熟软化机理研究进展

综述了果实成熟软化方面的研究资料,介绍了果实成熟软化过程中细胞壁组分和结构的变化以及相关机理的研究进展。研究认为果实的软化与PE(果胶甲酯酶)、PG(多聚半乳糖醛酸酶)、纤维素酶等酶的活性增强有关,果实成熟过程中PE、PG等细胞壁酶活性升高,使果胶、纤维素、半纤维素等细胞壁物质降解,细胞壁超微结构发生变化,从而引起果实硬度下降,果实变软。酶活性的升高受基因的调控,采后生物技术的研究为抑制果实成熟软化提供了新的途径。     

苹果果实软化原因分析

苹果果实软化原因分析苹果果肉软化是果实成熟的部分表现，也是在乙烯的作用下，引起的生物化学变化的结果，如果根据这一特点调节得当，可使果实保持优质，并增强耐贮力。１．果肉软化与细胞壁的构造变化果实细胞的细胞壁由纤维素、半纤维素和果胶等糖类组成，它具有保持...     

果实软化相关PG基因的进化分析和基因组定位

 利用NCBI数据库和蔷薇科基因组数据库中的数据对48个果实PG基因进行系统进化分析,结果表明3个进化支中都包含与果实软化相关的PG基因,属于A支和属于B支的PG基因有明显的功能差异。氨基酸序列分析显示,3个进化支中的PG基因存在多个差异位点,A支和C支PG基因的N端比B支短60 ~ 70个氨基酸。PG基因结构（包括启动子、内含子和编码区）的变异对其功能差异有重要影响。对苹果和桃的PG基因进行了基因组精确定位,其附近存在果实软化相关性状标记。     

不同质地桃果实软化过程中细胞壁组分变化的差异

以不同质地的桃果实为试材,采用测定乙醇不溶性物质(alcohol insoluble solids,AIS)及总果胶和水溶性果胶等相关指标的方法,研究了细胞壁组分变化的差异对不同质地桃果实软化过程的影响,以期阐明在成熟软化过程中不同质地桃果实的细胞壁组分的变化差异。结果表明:不同质地桃品种软化过程中细胞壁组分含量变化存在明显差异。软溶质桃在贮藏初期乙醇不溶性物质和纤维素含量迅速下降;在整个贮藏期间,软溶质桃的总果胶含量显著低于硬溶质和不溶质品种,而其水溶性果胶含量在贮藏的前期和中期一直保持较高水平。硬溶质和不溶质桃在整个贮藏期间细胞壁组分AIS、总果胶和纤维素含量均相近,且变化规律相似,即含量一直相对保持稳定,变化幅度较小。此外,水溶性果胶含量变化在溶质和不溶质桃之间存在明显差异。不溶质桃在整个贮藏期间水溶性果胶含量基本保持稳定,仅在贮藏后期缓慢升高;而溶质桃在贮藏中期水溶性果胶含量显著升高。     

FaASR基因超表达促进草莓果实着色

以‘甜查理’草莓为试材,在克隆草莓ASR同源基因的基础上,对草莓中FaASR基因进行生物信息学、时空表达分析,通过调控草莓果实中ASR基因表达水平,分析果实的着色、蔗糖、ABA、色素和果实硬度等生理指标的变化,以及与色素代谢相关基因CHS、UFGT的表达水平,揭示ASR基因调控草莓果实成熟的机制。草莓ASR含有一个典型的与果实成熟和抗逆有关的ABA/WDS区域,ASR基因过量表达可以促进草莓果实提前上色,促进果实内源ABA积累、蔗糖含量增加和果实变软,并且促进与果实花色苷积累相关的关键基因CHS和UFGT的转录水平。该研究有助于深入揭示果实发育信息传递的分子机制,也为今后草莓的分子改良育种奠定重要的基础。     

不同光质膜对草莓果实品质的影响

 研究了相同光强下不同光质对‘丰香’草莓果实品质的影响。结果表明, 绿膜、中性膜、黄膜、蓝膜、红膜下生长的果实依次越来越红、越来越暗。果实色度值以红膜下的最大, 其次为中性膜处理,黄膜比中性膜处理略小但差异不显著, 绿膜处理最小, 这与不同膜透射的红橙光比例一致。不同膜处理的果实抗坏血酸含量高低与不同膜透射的紫外光和蓝紫光成分比例一致, 与红光/蓝光比值相反。红膜下的草莓产量最高、果实最大、着色最好, 蓝膜下的草莓果实含糖量、可溶性固形物含量、抗坏血酸含量和固酸比均最高, 绿膜下产量最低、果实最小、着色差且含糖量最低。     

Ca^2＋—CaM信号转导系统与草莓花芽分化

武汉地区的自然条件下，钙离子载体A23187处理的草莓花芽分化始期提前，分化时间缩短；钙离子专一性螯合剂EGTA处理延缓或抑制成花，钙调素拮抗剂TEP处理抑制自然条件下草莓的成花，人工短日照和低温条件下此种影响不明显。     

不同时期采收的草莓果实糖含量差异的代谢机理

 以促成栽培的‘枥乙女’草莓为试材，分析了不同月份采收的果实糖含量和蔗糖代谢相关酶活性的变化。结果表明，不同时期采收的草莓果实糖含量有差异，成熟果实的总糖和蔗糖含量以2月份采收的最高，1月份次之，4月份最低；不同月份果实糖含量不同主要由蔗糖含量的差异引起。2月份果实的蔗糖磷酸合酶(SPS)、蔗糖合酶(SS)合成方向活性显著高于1月份，而转化酶活性显著低于1月份，这样有利于2月份成熟果实的蔗糖积累。4月份成熟果实的SS(合成方向)、SPS和酸性转化酶(AI)活性水平均与2月份相近，但此时果实仍不能积累蔗糖，表明4月份草莓果实不能积累蔗糖与糖代谢关系不密切。     

不同培养条件对‘丰香’草莓离体叶片再生的影响

 以草莓品种‘丰香’离体叶片为外植体, 探讨了基本培养基、不同细胞分裂素、暗培养、硝酸银浓度以及不同植物生长调节剂组合对不定芽再生的影响。结果表明, 基本培养基中以MS 最为适合,WPM、QL 、AS 培养基均不利于不定芽的再生, 而TDZ 的诱导效果好于BA。以MS 基本培养基附加TDZ2.0 mg·L - 1和IBA 0.8 mg·L ^-1可以使‘丰香’叶片不定芽的再生率高达72.33 % , 平均每叶再生芽5.59个。暗培养14 d 可以将‘丰香’叶片的不定芽再生率提高到90.09 %。硝酸银对于提高‘丰香’叶片的不定芽再生没有明显效果, 但在一定程度上改变了细胞分化的方向。     

Subcellular distribution and chemical forms of cadmium in the cells of strawberry (Fragaria ananassa Duch.)

Summary

Pot experiments were conducted to investigate the subcellular distribution and chemical forms of cadmium (Cd) in order to understand the accumulation, detoxification, and biological toxicity of Cd in strawberry plants. The results showed that the majority of the Cd in leaf cells (82.3%) was deposited in cell walls, followed by organelles (9.7%), and the solublefraction (8.0%). This distribution pattern remained fairly constant, irrespective of Cd treatment. A similar Cd distribution pattern was found in root cells, although the roots accumulated much higher levels of Cd than the leaves. Sephadex column chromatography showed that the Cd was bound to soluble proteins in the roots. The addition of Cd caused changes in the protein composition of roots, resulting in increased levels of high molecular weight proteins. Sequential solvent extraction showed that the NaCl-extractable fraction contained the highest levels of Cd (89.5%) in leaves as well as in roots. Small amounts of Cd were also present in the extracts prepared using 80% (v/v) ethanol, deionised water, 2% (v/v) acetic acid, or 0.6 M HCl, as well as in the final residues. These results suggest that the preferential accumulation of Cd in roots and in cell walls could provide a mechanism for Cd detoxification.     

Crown branching and cropping potential in strawberry (Fragaria ananassa Duch.) can be enhanced by daylength treatments

Summary

When strawberries (Fragaria ananassa Duch.) are produced in a greenhouse, usually two crops a year are obtained; in the fall and in the spring. To increase productivity, new cultivation techniques are needed. The aim of this study was to examine the effect of daylength treatments on the performance of strawberry plants to improve plant production protocols. The possibility of obtaining two successive crops during forcing was explored by exposing plants of cultivar Korona to two successive short day (SD) treatments followed by cold storage. The following daylength treatments were studied: 3 wk SD + 2 wk long day (LD) + 3 wk SD (3SD2LD3SD), 3 wk SD + 4 wk LD + 3 wk SD (3SD4LD3SD), and 10 wk SD (10SD). In addition, crown branching was studied in plants subjected to SD treatments. Two successive SD treatments enabled two successive flowering and cropping periods during greenhouse forcing after eight weeks of cold storage.The first SD treatment caused crown branching and induced flowering in the apical meristem of the main-crown and in the oldest axillary meristem(s), whereas younger axillary meristems were induced during the second SD treatment. Marketable yield and the number of inflorescences were comparable in 3SD4LD3SD and 10SD, but considerably lower in 3SD2LD3SD. However, this study demonstrated the high cropping potential of artificially SD treated plants, which makes them a potential alternative for greenhouse strawberry cultivation. Multi-crowned plants of ‘Korona’ can be produced by subjecting young plants to a three week SD treatment, and crown branches can be induced to flowering by a new SD treatment resulting in a very high cropping potential. Induced plants can be stored at –1°C for later forcing.     

草莓叶片培养研究进展

农杆菌介导的叶盘法是目前草莓遗传转化的主要方法,因此建立一个高效稳定的叶盘再生体系是获得转基因草莓的必要条件。迄今为止,导入草莓的基因大多为报告基因,少数为具有经济价值的目的基因,且受体再生率较低,转化方法单一,转化品种有限。就影响草莓离体叶片不定芽诱导的主要因素—材料的基因型、生理状态、培养基的成分、培养方法等的研究情况及草莓的基因转化情况作了综述,对今后工作重点提出了几点建议。     

High efficiency shoot regeneration from calluses of strawberry (Fragaria X ananassa Duch.) stipules of in vitro shoot cultures

A highly efficient method of shoot regeneration was developed from calluses of four culti- vars of strawberries (Fragaria x ananassa Duch.), ‘Addie’, ‘Dana’, ‘Gea’ and ‘Santana’, grown in vitro. Optimum shoot regeneration (84-96% of the explants), with four to eight shoots was obtained from calluses developed from stipules near the internal zone between petiole and stipule, on Murashige and Skoog (1962) or Gamborg et al. (1968) media, supplemented with 3% (w/v) glucose, 10 [iM BAP and 2.5 IBA and 0.8% agar. The calluses continued to produce shoots for at least six subsequent subcultures. This has been reported, up to now, only in juvenile explants. Microscopic observation showed no preformed buds or meristematic groups of cells in the connecting zone of petiole and stipule prior to culture. However, there were several layers of cells in this area containing higher amounts of starch, which were not observed in the cells of the bottom or in the external side of the stipule. Regeneration from stipules occurred five to six days earlier in whole leaves (stipule + petiole + lamina) than in leaves without laminae, but the final percentage was the same in the cases of all explants. The percentage of regenerating calli from the other explant sources (leaf lamina, petiole and root) was low and dependent on cultivar. Cv. Gea, which showed the highest regeneration capacity, regenerated 32% from leaf laminae, 16% from petiole and root calluses, followed by cv. Addie with 12% from leaf laminae only; the others failed to regenerate from calluses derived from these tissues. The regenerated shoots were successfully rooted and hardened for further observations on eventual somaclonal variation.