五指山猪的泌乳性能及泌乳行为

为了研究五指山小型猪的泌乳性能及泌乳行为,试验测定了8头初产五指山母猪初乳(≤3d)常规成分含量、泌乳行为及第3、13、24和35d的泌乳量。结果表明:①五指山猪初乳(≤3d)中的脂肪、蛋白、乳糖和总固形物的含量分别为(6.64±0.56)%、(15.25±1.27)%、(1.99±0.15)%、(27.46±1.25)%。②随产后日龄的增加,母猪泌乳次数和泌乳持续时间逐渐减少,表现为泌乳次数第35日龄比第3和13日龄均少5.14次/d(P<0.05),且下午(12:00￣20:00)比晚上(20:00￣04:00)多1.46次(P<0.05);泌乳持续时间第24日龄显著短于第3日龄(P<0.05);日龄与日泌乳时段对泌乳次数和泌乳持续时间无显著交互作用(P>0.05)。③母猪分娩后0～35d的全期泌乳量和日平均泌乳量分别为31528.59g和900.82g,且第35日龄泌乳量显著高于第3和第24日龄泌乳量(P<0.05);日龄与日泌乳时段对泌乳量无显著交互作用(P>0.05);35d哺乳期内每窝仔猪每克初生体重日耗乳量0.94g,若以普通肉用型猪每窝每克初生体重日耗乳量0.50￣0.99g为参考值,则说明五指山母猪泌乳量充足。本试验结果表明,五指山母猪分泌的初乳干物质含量高、乳糖含量低,分娩后(35d泌乳期内)泌乳量能充分满足仔猪的维持和生长需要。     

大约克夏母猪泌乳力的测定和泌乳行为的观测试验

母乳是仔猪哺乳阶段的重要营养物质，母猪泌乳力的大小是反映该品种母猪繁殖性能的一项重要指标，也是进行品种培育和杂交育种的重要参数；而母猪的泌乳行为对于指导养猪生产和提高饲养管理水平具有重大意义。因此，进行了大约克夏母猪泌乳力的测定和泌乳行为的观测试验。     

母猪授乳行为和仔猪吮乳行为的观察

本文通过2个试验对泌乳母猪授乳行为及哺乳仔猪吮乳行为进行了观察，试验(一)中，选择6头经产的大白猪及仔猪作为观察对象，试验(二)中选择6头哈白猪及仔猪作为观察对象.在观察中使用摄像机，摄录母猪的泌乳过程(包括成功和不成功的泌乳过程).观察中发现，随着产后日龄的增加，母猪及仔猪哺乳过程的一系列行为发生变化，母猪授乳动机状态逐渐减弱，表现为发动哺乳的次数越来越少，终止哺乳的比例越来越大，在产后第1周，母猪发动哺乳的比例为85％，到产后第4周下降到50％。母猪中止哺乳的比例由产后第1周的20％上升到产后第5周的90％.仔猪的表现与母猪相反.母猪放乳的持续时间也逐渐减少，在产后第1周放乳持续时间为14～18s,在产后第4周放乳持续时间为7～8s.仔猪的前按摩时间随产后日龄的增加而逐渐增加，但后按摩时间逐渐缩短.这一系列的行为变化表明母子利益发生冲突，断奶期即将到来. 试验结果表明授乳一般的间隔40～55min时，当授乳间隔短于40min，不成功泌乳较易发生     

仔猪采食行为与其科学培育

用“标记法”对10窝20头仔猪的采食、饮水行为进行观察,6—10日龄出现采食,40日龄前后采食次数明显增多,至60日龄高达25次,40—60日龄日平均21.8次,每次采食14.48±7.24分、间隔42.84±28.36分。且随日龄增长,每次采食时间渐长,间隔时间渐短。仔猪采食“全盛”时间为7—11时和16—19时。3—10日龄出现饮水,40—60日龄日均11.5次,每次8.28±3.78秒,且随日龄增长而延长。仔猪哺乳期(35日龄前)有51.3%在吃乳后采食,断乳期(35—60日龄)有52.5%在休息后采食。根据仔猪采食、饮水行为,对三元杂交仔猪采用全价饲料,45—60日龄日喂7餐,每餐不少于20分钟,晚餐不早于21时,并在母猪放乳时将仔猪投入补料栏,到60日龄时,个体重均不低于20千克。     

一例母猪产后无乳症的诊疗及中西催乳方法介绍

正母猪产后少乳无乳的现象在临床中经常见到,无乳给新生仔猪生长发育带来诸多不利影响,造成了养殖户(场)的经济损失。1病例2016年4月5日1东河镇张某家的一头三岁母猪,体重约90kg,消瘦,产后少乳,仔猪走动无力,站立不稳,全身发抖。有的不停哼叫,有一头仔猪死亡,畜主看到产后一天母猪乳汁不足,     

哺乳仔猪的行为特性

1吮乳行为 新生仔猪的吮乳过程大致分五个步骤.首先,聚集于乳房区域并各自占据一定位置(可通过人工固定乳头).第二步,用鼻端摩擦和拱揉乳房,以刺激乳腺,加速乳汁排出.第三步,攫住乳头,以缓慢速度进行吮吸.第四步,当乳汁开始大量流出时,仔猪突然向前伸直前肢,将乳头轻轻后拉,并快速吮吸.最后,排乳完毕,仔猪又重新拱揉乳房.     

猪行为特点的介绍

1采食 遗传特征以拱土觅食为主,嗅觉很发达,仔猪断奶后还保留拱奶习性,常去拱其他仔猪的腹部,喂料时,力图占据有利位置。采食时有抢食、争食行为,所以群饲的猪比单饲猪吃得更多、更快,生长也更快。喜食甜香味,哺乳仔猪更喜欢吃甜食,     

仔猪补料及其4个阶段

乳猪料,是放在仔猪区,供哺乳仔猪采食的饲料,母猪吃不到这种饲料。泌乳期当中,母猪的泌乳量在第3星期达到高峰,此后会缓慢下降。然而,随着仔猪的生长,其营养需要会超过母猪的泌乳能力,因此需要额外补充。1乳猪补料的必要性与方法在生命的头2星期,仔猪只能充分消化乳蛋白（酪蛋白）、乳糖、葡萄糖和脂肪。这个阶段的乳猪料主要是乳制品。     

仔猪采食行为和饮水行为的研究

猪农和养猪研究人员有志于研究刚断奶仔猪的采食行为和饮水行为的作用。养猪研究人员已经发表了许多有关刚断奶仔猪这二种行为的研究结果和     

仔猪早期断奶的应激因素及其对策

1 应激因素 心理应激.仔猪断奶后母子分离,仔猪思母心切,在圈内不停地哼叫和走动,惊恐不安.     

商会自治的基石——商会自治规范研究

在现代法律秩序中,商会自治规范是制定法的基础和必要的补充,甚至在某些方面替代了制定法;商会自治规范主要包括商会组织规范、行为规范、惩罚规范以及争端解决规范等;其效力仅及于其内部成员;商会自治规范和制定法之间存在冲突,但也存在整合的基础。     

癸氧喹酯干混悬剂含量测定的改进

采用高效液相色谱法测定癸氧喹酯干混悬剂的含量,在2-250μg/mL范围内,峰面积的常用对数与进样量浓度的常用对数呈良好的线性关系,R^2=1(n=5),平均回收率为99.24%~99.51%,RSD在0.05%~0.28%。此方法分析时间短,样品前处理简便、定量结果准确,重现性好,结果满意,为其质量控制提供了依据。     

猪毛色遗传的研究进展

本文概述了猪的毛色类型、猪的毛色遗传模式,着重综述了猪毛色基因分子基础的研究进展,指出存在问题并就未来发展方向做了思考。     

Comparison of 2 methods of centesis of the bursa of the biceps brachii tendon of horses

REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY: Centesis of the bicipital bursa using an 8.9 cm long spinal needle has been reported but the alternative of employing a 3.8 cm long hypodermic needle requires validation. OBJECTIVE: To compare the efficacy of 2 different methods of centesis of the bicipital bursa and to evaluate the usefulness of ultrasonographic imaging to determine the location of solution administered when centesis of the bursa is attempted. METHODS: For Trial 1, 6 clinicians, who had no previous experience of centesis of the bicipital bursa, attempted to inject a solution composed of an aqueous radiopaque contrast medium and physiological saline solution (PSS) into the bicipital bursae of 2/12 horses using the previously described distal approach to inject one bursa and a proximal approach to inject the contralateral bursa. The bicipital tendon and bursa were examined ultrasonographically before and after injection; and both shoulders were examined radiographically to identify the location of the medium. In Trial 2, another 6 clinicians, also with no previous experience of centesis, repeated Trial 1, using 6 horses, but the radiopaque contrast medium was mixed with air instead of PSS. RESULTS: Accuracy of centesis using the proximal approach was 39% and that of the distal approach 28%. Ultrasonographic examination of the shoulder allowed the location of solution and air to be accurately predicted in all 12 shoulders examined. CONCLUSIONS: Clinicians who have had no previous experience performing centesis of the bicipital bursa are unlikely to be successful in centesis using either approach. Radiographic examination after injecting a radiopaque contrast medium may be necessary to assess the success of centesis especially if bursal fluid is not obtained during centesis. Injecting air along with the radiopaque contrast medium provides more accurate ultrasonographic confirmation of centesis and better radiographic definition than does injection without air.     

不同样本商品蜂蜜中硒含量的测定

用硝酸和高氯酸消化蜂蜜,使硒游离出来,在微酸性环境下,硒和2,3-二氨基萘(DAN)生成有较强荧光的物质,用环己烷萃取,在激发波长378nm,荧光波长518nm处测定其荧光强度。蜂蜜中硒含量范围:0.10～0.82μg/g。表明:蜂蜜应视为天然富硒营养品。     

乳酸杆菌益生作用机制的研究进展

乳酸杆菌作为益生菌广泛用于人和动物。本文综述了乳酸杆菌改善宿主健康的机制。乳酸杆菌可通过产生抗菌物质如乳酸、过氧化氢、细菌素,或者通过竞争营养或肠道黏附位点来抑制致病菌;通过诱导黏附素的分泌或阻止细胞凋亡而增强肠道的屏障功能,从而保护肠道。文章重点讨论了乳酸杆菌表面成分（表面蛋白、脂磷壁酸和肽聚糖）与肠道受体（Ｃ型凝集素受体、Ｔｏｌｌ样受体和 Ｎｏｄ样受体）,阐述了他们结合后启动免疫调节信号,调控肠道免疫功能以发挥改善健康作用的机制。     

Effects of size of ingestively masticated fragments of plant tissues on kinetics of digestion of NDF

Ingestively masticated fragments were collected and sized via sieving. Different sizes of esophageal masticate and ruminal digesta fragments, and ground fragments of larger masticated pieces were incubated in vitro, and undigested NDF remaining at intervals of up to 168 h of incubation was determined. The ruminal age-dependent time delay (tau) for onset of digestion of NDF was positively correlated (P < 0.004) with the mean sieve aperture estimated to retain 50% of the fragments between successive sieve apertures (MRA). Degradation rate of potentially degradable NDF (PDF) and level of indigestible NDF were not related (P > 0.10) to MRA of masticated and ground fragments. Estimates of tau were positively related to MRA, with slopes of bermudagrass < corn silage < ruminal fragments of corn silage. It was concluded that fragment size-, and consequently, ruminal age-dependent onset of PDF degradation of a mixture of different fragment sizes results in an age-dependent rate of degradation of the more rapidly degrading of two subentities of PDF. Models are proposed that assume a tau before onset of simultaneous degradation of PDF from two pools characterized as having gamma-modeled age-dependency and age-constant rates. The ruminal age-dependent pool seems to be associated with the faster-degrading pool, and its rate parameter increases with range in MRA in the population of fragments. Conceptually, the ruminal age-dependent rate parameter for PDF degradation seems to represent a composite of several effects: 1) effects of the size-dependent tau; 2) range in MRA of the population of ingestively masticated fragments; and 3) subentities of PDF that degrade via more rapid age-dependent rates compared with subentities of PDF that degrade via age-constant rates. The estimated fractional rates of ruminative comminution of ingestively masticated fragments (0.060 to 0.075/h) were of a magnitude similar to the mean fractional rates of PDF digestion (0.030 to 0.085/h), which implies that ruminative comminution may be first-limiting to fractional rate of PDF digestion. The in vivo roles of ingestive and ruminative mastication of fragments on PDF degradation must be considered in any kinetic system for estimating PDF digestion in the rumen. These results and others in the literature suggest that the rate of surface area exposure rather than intrinsic chemical attributes of PDF may be first-limiting to degradation rate of PDF in vivo.     

中华人民共和国农业部公告 第267号

为贯彻落实《兽药生产质量管理规范》(简称《兽药GMP》),进一步推动兽药GMP实施进程,我部制定了《兽药生产质量管理规范检查验收办法》,现予公告。本公告自2003年6月1日起施行。附件:兽药生产质量管理规范检查验收办法二○○三年四月十日第一章 总则 第一条 为推动《兽药生产质量管理规范》(以下简称兽药GMP)的实施,规范兽药GMP检查验收工作,制定本办法。 第二条 农业部负责全国兽药GMP管理和检查验收工作;负责制修订兽药GMP检查验收管理规定;负责兽药GMP检查员队伍建设和监督管理工作,负责国际兽药贸易中GMP互认工作。 …     

鸡败血支原体垂直传播模式及其阻断方法

以国际标准强毒Ｒ株人工感染非免疫产蛋鸡,定时扑杀,分别从鼻窦、眶下孔、气管、肺、气囊、卵巢和输卵管分离ＭＧ,并收集感染鸡所产蛋分离ＭＧ。结果表明,人工感染４８小时后上、下呼吸道及肺已被全面感染,９６小时气囊已被感染,１２０小时输卵管已能分离到ＭＧ,卵巢始终分离不到ＭＧ。人工感染鸡自１４４小时便能在其所产蛋中分离出ＭＧ。药物治疗能在７２小时内消除感染,油乳剂苗则需２４天后逐渐降低蛋内ＭＧ分离率,药物卵内注射、种蛋药浴、高温处理均能杀死卵内ＭＧ,但以研制的种蛋浸泡剂药浴效果为最好。