栽培番茄与秘鲁番茄种间杂种的DNA指纹鉴定

本研究在胚珠培养获得秘鲁番茄与栽培番茄的种间杂种的基础上,利用分子标记技术从DNA水平上分析亲本及杂交后代间的遗传差异性和相似性。通过2个随机引物的RAPD指纹分析发现4个胚培养植株具有一致的RAPD指纹,杂种继承了双亲的特征谱带。利用19个随机引物、2对RGA引物和1对SRAP引物进行分子标记分析,共产生了319个标记位点,这些标记在双亲及杂种中的分布表现了6种模型,统计分析表明种间杂种整合了栽培番茄和秘鲁番茄的遗传信息,杂种的230个位点中包含了30．4％的栽培番茄特有信息、20．9％秘鲁番茄特有信息、46．5％共有信息;种间杂种与母本栽培番茄的基因组相似性达72．5％,而与秘鲁番茄的基因组相似性为50．8％,杂种明显偏向母本栽培番茄。     

番茄育种种质对南方根结线虫抗性评价及Mi-1基因检测

本研究以自育的26份番茄育种种质和抗南方根结线虫番茄品种‘仙客1号’及感南方根结线虫品种‘阿乃兹’为试验材料,采用病土盘栽自然发病鉴定、苗期二龄幼虫人工接种鉴定和PCR扩增及CAPS检测相结合的方法,研究供试材料对南方根结线虫的抗性水平及基因型。鉴定结果表明,供试的28份番茄材料中,高抗17份、抗病6份(包括抗病对照‘仙客1号’)、感病2份、高感3份(包括感病对照‘阿乃兹’),无免疫材料,且病土盘栽鉴定与苗期接种鉴定的结果一致。PCR扩增结果表明,27份番茄材料均能检测到一条750 bp的特异条带;TaqⅠ酶切结果显示,具有酶切位点的22份试材中有15份含纯合显性Mi-1/Mi-1基因、5份含杂合显性Mi-1/mi-1基因、2份含180 bp+250 bp+300 bp三条特异性片段,并且这22份试材对南方根结线虫表现高抗或抗,而其余5份不含显性Mi-1基因的试材则表现高感或感,证明Mi-1是具有抗南方根结线虫能力的基因,分子检测结果与病土盘栽鉴定和苗期接种鉴定的结果吻合率达92.6%;含有180 bp+250 bp+300 bp三条特异性片段的高抗材料可能含有其它抗根结线虫基因。分子检测与抗性鉴定相结合,能为创制抗南方根结线虫新种质提供一种更加省时、省力且经济有效的科学育种方法,可为番茄抗南方根结线虫育种提供理论依据和实践经验。     

栽培稻×药用野生稻种间杂种基因组DNA甲基化的遗传与变异研究

为了探索栽培稻与药用野生稻种间杂种体内异源基因组重组引起的DNA甲基化变异规律,及其生物学效应,利用甲基化敏感扩增多态性(MSAP)技术对辽粳944、药用野生稻及其杂种F_1不同发育时期的叶片和小穗基因组DNA甲基化水平和模式的遗传变异特点进行了分析。结果表明,辽粳944、药用野生稻及其杂种F_1的叶片和小穗DNA的甲基化水平表现出相同的变化趋势,即随着生长发育的进行,DNA甲基化水平呈下降趋势,各组织的全甲基化率均显著高于半甲基化率(P=0.000);杂种在分蘖期、减数分裂期及开花期叶片DNA平均总甲基化率、全甲基化率和半甲基化率分别为20.19%,16.06%及4.13%,其甲基化水平高于双亲;而杂种在减数分裂期、小孢子发育期及花粉成熟期小穗DNA平均总甲基化率、全甲基化率和半甲基化率分别为17.38%,13.67%及3.71%,均比辽粳944高,而比药用野生稻低;杂种小穗的半甲基化率显著高于辽粳944(P=0.015)。杂种叶片和小穗DNA的甲基化模式均有5种类型。经过对94个甲基化特异片段的序列分析,有38个片段的序列与已知或假定功能的基因具有同源性。为进一步研究栽培稻与野生稻种间杂种不育机理奠定了基础。     

基于RNA-seq的番茄响应根结线虫MiPDCD6蛋白的SA信号通路基因鉴定与表达分析

为了揭示南方根结线虫MiPDCD6蛋白抑制番茄PTI免疫的分子机理,以番茄品种新金丰1号MiPDCD6超表达苗为试验材料,以番茄品种新金丰1号组培苗为对照,通过转录组测序技术分别对番茄MiPDCD6超表达苗和对照苗进行转录组测序。以番茄栽培品种Heinz 1706基因组作为参考基因组进行对比,利用FPKM法计算基因表达量,设定参数(|log₂ FC|>1且P<0.05)筛选差异表达基因。利用Gene Ontology(GO)数据库进行差异表达基因GO功能富集分析,统计每个GO term中的差异表达基因数目,计算出基因富集的显著性,找出富集显著的功能条目。利用KEGG数据库对差异表达基因进行Pathway富集分析,超几何分布检验方法计算每个Pathway中差异表达基因富集的显著性。以FDR和基因数量来衡量KEGG的富集程度。结合基因差异表达分析和功能富集分析,研究MiPDCD6蛋白对番茄PTI免疫相关通路基因的影响。结果发现：在超表达MiPDCD6番茄植株中,与野生型番茄相比,MiPDCD6过表达番茄植株中有2 366个差异表达基因(DEGs),其中1 ...     

番茄温室栽培常出现的几种生理病害与原因分析

番茄是一种营养丰富的蔬菜。近年来番茄温室栽培越来越多,但温室栽培中出现的生理病害,严重影响了番茄的产量和质量。通过近几年来的实践,现将番茄温室栽培中出现的生理病害及原因作简要的探讨和分析。1生长点停止生长在苗期和成株期均可发病。苗期发病,二片子叶或几片真叶后没有生长点,群众俗称"没头苗"。成株     

几种常见花卉的无土栽培与培养土栽培的比较试验

在我国,目前无土栽培尚未大面积普及。虽然其优越性已有定性的结论,但从定量分析的角度尚未见报道。为了验证其优越性,探索同一自然条件下植株在不同基质中的生长品质差异及物候期、生长势、根系发育等状况,特进行了该项试验。本试验充分考虑国产的工厂化培育用温室、光雾扦插等设备以及栽培基质所能创造的环境条件,选用最常见的具有不同代表性的花木和基质,在本地露天条件下进行定期营养液浇灌和培养土栽培,作植     

Production of interspecific F1 hybrids, BC1, BC2 and BC3 populations between Lycopersicon esculentum and two accessions of Lycopersicon peruvianum carrying new root-knot nematode resistance genes

Two accessions of Lycopersicon peruvianum Mill. (PI270435, PI126443) carrying Mi-2 and Mi-3, respectively, new root-knot nematode resistance genes, were selected as the male parents for crosses with L. esculentum Mill. in order to produce interspecific hybrids. Crossability barriers between these two distantly related species were circumvented by ovule culture. A total of ten interspecific F₁ hybrid plants were produced. The hybrid nature of the putative F₁ plants was confirmed by a comparison of several morphological characteristics and a PCR-based assay. Eight of ten hybrid plants were backcrossed with L. esculentum to generate a total of 98 BC₁ progeny. Two lines were advanced to the BC₂ and BC₃ levels. Based on these results, ovule culture was found to be an effective method for the production of novel interspecific F₁ and BC₁ plants. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Hybridization, Through Culture of Embryos and Immature Seeds, of a Range of Tomato Cultivars with a Tomato Somatic Hybrid [Lycopersicon esculentum (+) L. peruvianum]: Emergence of a Possible New Marker Gene for Tomato Breeding

Two hexaploid somatic hybrids [Sh; L. esculentum (+) L. Peruvianum] accessions 6 and 18 were back-crossed with two diploid L. Esculentum cultivars ‘Moneymaker’ (mm) and ‘pusa Ruby’ (pr). Twenty-two plants of the bc2 generation were produced by backcrossing 7 bcl plants (mm x sh, 6, 18) with five tomato cultivars. Fourteen of the bc2 plants were self-fertile, five produced anther cones with anthocyanin pigmentation not present in the parents. A bc3 generation was developed by crossing the four cultivars as female parent with three bc2 generation plants. The bc3 progeny derived from one pollen parent plant were produced without the need to culture immature seeds. They segregated with respect to pigmented anther cones and were self-fertile. The anther cone pigmentation of the pollen parent plant was associated with increased seed set, greater fruit size and an orange-red fruit colour. These features were transmitted to the fertile bc3 generation. Conversely, bc3 offspring involving the other two parent plants were only recovered by culture of immature seeds. The recovery of diploid plants in BCl and self-fertility in BC2 resulted in almost total recovery of the tomato cultivar characteristics (fruit size, colour and number of seeds) by BC3.     

Efficient hybridization between Lycopersicon esculentum and L. peruvianum via 'embryo rescue' and in vitro propagation

For the transfer of valuable traits from wild species into the cultivated tomato, excised globular-stage embryos 13 and 15 days after pollination (DAP) were cultured in vitro. Plants were regenerated from interspecific crosses of Lycopersicon esculentum cv. ‘Early pink’×L. peruvianum PI270435, and backcrosses of L. esculentum‘Giban (JF) No. 1’× (‘Early pink’× PI270435). Somatic embryos and single cotyledons emerged on hypocotyl sections of the embryos. Five to nine plantlets per embryo were obtained by clonal propagation. The hybrid nature of the plants is confirmed by comparing hybrids and parents in their ability to regenerate shoots from leaf segments in vitro, by comparing plant morphology and characteristics and by chromosome number. This study describes an efficient ‘embryo rescue’ method, as well as somatic embryogenesis by clonal propagation. A novel and simple method for the characterization of the interspecific hybrids is also reported.     

Pistillate-parental differences and the ability to produce interspecific hybrids between Lycopersicon esculentum and 'peruvianum-complex' species (L. peruvianum and L. chilense)

To overcome the cross-breeding barriers between the cultivated tomato Lycopersicon esculentum and the ‘peruvianum-complex’, hybrid production ability (HPA) and pistillate-parental differences were investigated. As a criterion of HPA, the number of germinated ovules per fruit (GPF) was used. GPF was expressed as GPF = OPF × GPO, where OPF is the number of ovules per fruit, and GPO is the proportion of germinated ovules to total ovules obtained. The interspecific crossing between nine varieties and three ‘peruvianum-complex’ accessions revealed that the cultivars ‘Sekaiichi’,‘Ponde Rooza’ and ‘Early Pink’ showed quite high and stable GPF over the years, but the cv.‘Best of All’ produced no hybrids. Variance analysis for GPF, OPF and GPO, and their correlation with seven sexual organ morphological traits and three fruit morphological traits were performed. These results indicated that choosing both the pistillate parents with wider reproductive organs for high OPF and appropriate environmental conditions for high GPO might be significant for enhancing GPF in interspecific crossing.     

转il-4基因番茄及其杂交F1代的筛选与表现型分析

为完善转il-4基因番茄的筛选及鉴定工作,本实验比较了il-4基因在PPT抗性筛选与非PPT抗性筛选植株中的阳性率,对il-4基因在T6代及杂交F1代番茄中的传递规律和植株表现型进行调查。本文对L402、‘中疏4号’、‘大黄’三个品种的T6代及杂交F1代植株进行PPT抗性筛选及非PPT抗性筛选,特异性的PCR扩增、PCR-Southern杂交。研究结果表明,il-4基因在非PPT抗性筛选植株中的阳性率高于PPT筛选植株,T6代及F1代植株中il-4基因的分离情况不符合孟德尔分离规律,其分离情况远远低于3:1的分离比率。转il-4基因番茄与非转基因植株（对照）相比发现,转基因植株在一至多个性状上发生了不同程度的变异,杂交F1代与亲本T6代植株相比,杂交F1代有少数组合存在杂种优势。     

Response of tolerant breeding lines of tomato, Lycopersicon esculentum, originating from three different sources (L. peruvianum, L. pimpinellifolium and L. chilense) to early controlled inoculation by tomato yellow leaf curl virus (TYLCV)

Selection of tomato plants supposedly tolerant to tomato yellow leaf curl virus (TYLCV), based solely on the absence of symptoms in an infested field can be misleading. An inoculation routine was therefore established to avoid escapes and to overcome difficulties associated with the age of the plant at the time of infection. The inoculation routine was applied to a selection of resistant/tolerant individuals generated through a diallel F¹ cross and to F² segregating populations originating from three wild tomato species described as tolerant to TYLCV: Lycopersicon peruvianum EC 104395, Lycopersicon pimpinellifolium Hirsute and Lycopersicon chilense LA 1969. Clear differences were observed between susceptible symptomatic and tolerant symptomless tomato genotypes, indicating that the uncertainty resulting from escapes, from different levels of inoculum, and from the time of inoculation, can be eliminated. The genes involved in tolerance provided different levels of protection; combinations of various tolerant sources and levels in a single genotype gave a higher level of tolerance. Differences in level of protection were found between genes from the same source and between sources; none of the sources tested had complete dominance. The results obtained with the F² segregating population showed that tolerance from L. pimpinellifolium is controlled by one major gene, that from L. chilense by two genes, and that from L. peruvianum by three genes with no dominant effect. The combination of sources for resistance can thus have positive or negative synergistic effects, or no effect. We suggest that a maximal level of tolerance can be obtained by the additive effect of the partly dominant genes from L. pimpinellifolium and L. chilense.     

Production of interspecific hybrids between <Emphasis Type="Italic">Lilium longiflorum</Emphasis> and <Emphasis Type="Italic">L. lophophorum</Emphasis> var. <Emphasis Type="Italic">linearifolium</Emphasis> via ovule culture at early stage

Interspecific hybridization was carried out between Lilium longiflorum and L. lophophorum var. linearifolium by using the cut style method of pollination, as a contrast, intraspecific hybridization between L. longiflorum ‘Gelria’ and L. longiflorum was also made, but no mature seeds and offspring were obtained from the two combinations under in vivo condition. Ovules excised from each carpel 5–35 days after pollination (DAP) were cultured on B5 or half-strength B5 medium containing sucrose at different concentrations in vitro. In L. longiflorum × L. lophophorum var. linearifolium, only 1.17% of ovules excised at 10 DAP developed into seedlings, and in L. longiflorum ‘Gelria’ × L. longiflorum, only 0.99% of ovules excised at 25 DAP developed into seedlings; none of the ovules excised at other different DAP in the two cross combinations produced any seedlings. The results showed that interspecific hybridization had a more serious post-fertilization barrier than the intraspecific hybridization, and that a lower concentration (3%) of sucrose led to better embryo development and higher percentage of seedlings in ovule cultures. All hybrid seedlings obtained were successfully transplanted to soil and grew normally. The progenies investigated were identified as true hybrids based on inter-simple sequence repeat (ISSR) analysis.     

Interspecific hybridization between Coffea arabica L. and tetraploid C. canephora P. Ex Fr. II. Meiosis in F1 hybrids and back crosses to C. Arabica

Summary Melosis was studied in Coffea arabica, in induced tetraploid C. canephora, in their F₁ hybrid (arabusta hybrid) and in backcross generations of the hybrid with C. arabica as recurrent parent. Irregularities were observed, consisting of univalents (especially in the arabusta hybrid), multivalents (especially in tetraploid C. canephora) and uneven distribution of chromosomes at first anaphase. Chromosome distribution was improved by backcrossing. Meiotic irregularities wer negatively correlated with pollen fertility.     

Interspecific hybridization between Coffea arabica L. and tetraploid C. canephora P. ex Fr. I. Fertility in F1 hybrids and backcrosses to C. Arabica

Summary The interspecific (C. arabica × tetraploid C. canephora) F₁ hybrid showed a low but highly variable fertility. An almost complete restoration to normal fertility was observed in individual trees of BC₁ and BC₂ generations with C. arabica as recurrent parent. From a comparison of various tests of fertility, it was found that pollen viability is a satisfactory measure of fertility.     

The transfer of triazine resistance from Brassica napus L. to B. oleracea L. II. Morphology,fertility and cytology of the F1 hybrid

Summary F₁ hybrids of triazine resistant Brassica napus and triazine susceptible B. oleracea were morphologically intermediate to the parent species. Of 49 hybrids examined, 44 had 28 chromosomes, two had 37, one had 38 and two had 56. The 38-chromosome plant was thought to be a matromorph, the others, A₁C₁C (28), A₁C₁CC (37) or A₁A₁C₁C₁CC (56) type hybrids. Pollen stainability averaged 9.0% in the sesquidiploid, 32.0% in the tetraploids and 89.5% in the hexaploids. All the interspecific hybrids were resistant to 1.0×10^-4 mol L^-1 atrazine. The sesquidiploid hybrids produced gametes with chromosome numbers ranging from 9 to 17 and the tetraploid hybrid gametes had chromosome numbers from 15 to 22. Most hybrids produced self-seed. The partial fertility of these hybrids may permit their backcrossing to one or both parents.