黄土高原坝系工程的相对稳定性

 坝系要达到相对稳定,最基本的条件有3个:一是相对稳定系数必须大于或等于一定的允许值,这是坝系要达到相对稳定的关键;二是有足够的防洪能力;三是坝系工程安全无病险。同时也应该满足以下条件:20年一遇的暴雨洪水标准下坝地作物可以保收;当淤地面积达到设计的可淤面积时,坝地平均淤积厚度<20cm。其控制方法主要是:合理布设坝系规模与建坝顺序;实现对暴雨洪水的均衡分配;坚持坡面治理,提高流域治理度;布设排洪渠,以防坝地积水及超标洪水;加强日常养护。     

黄土高原小流域淤地坝系统水收支过程的数值解析

黄土高原的淤地坝系统对各小流域水资源再分布发挥着重要的作用。为了分析淤地坝系统的年水收支过程,选取位于黄土高原北部六道沟流域的一座淤地坝系统为研究对象,基于实际的地理条件开发了该淤地坝系统水利计算模型。通过对观测地下水位数据的数值模拟,验证了模型的实用性。2006年的数值计算结果表明：地表径流量、蒸散发量、入渗量以及地下水流出量分别占淤地坝系统总来水量的36.0%、49.3%、11.6%及3.1%。由结果可知：淤地坝系统对水资源再分布的影响主要体现在减少地表径流,增加蒸发及入渗。研究为黄土高原北部淤地坝系统水文循环过程的研究提供了一种实用的数值计算方法。     

陕西延安黄土高原地区淤地坝建设规模研究

根据延安地区的水土流失特点，在对全区已建淤地坝进行综合调查分析的基础上。从侵蚀控制和拦泥减沙需要的两个方面对淤地坝建设规模进行了分析，依此确定延安地区黄土高原淤地坝的建设规模，淤地坝建坝总数27705座。其中骨干坝2847座，中型坝6804座，小型坝18054座，为延安地区的淤地坝建设提供理论依据。     

黄土高原丘陵沟壑区淤地坝的淤地拦沙效益分析

根据皇甫川、窟野河、佳芦河、秃尾河、大理河5条支流内黄丘区小流域淤地坝的调查资料，分析了淤地坝单坝的淤积速度、拦沙指标和拦沙效益，以及与其影响因素之间的关系。研究结果表明，黄土高原丘陵沟壑区淤地坝的淤地拦沙效益与淤地坝的规格、流域的侵蚀产沙特征有着密切的关系。淤地坝的平均淤积库容在0.9～2.4万m³之间，平均淤地面积在0.14～0.45 hm²之间，与坝高、坝控面积、侵蚀产沙模数和泥沙粒径成正比；拦沙指标变化在500～760万t/km²之     

黄土高原坡沟系统土壤侵蚀研究进展

坡沟系统是黄土高原重要的流域组成单元,是小流域侵蚀产沙的主要源地,又是控制水土流失、恢复与重建生态环境的基本治理单元,对其侵蚀现象与规律的探究,可为黄土高原地区土壤侵蚀治理措施的优化配置提供重要科学依据.对黄土高原坡沟系统的侵蚀方式、侵蚀形态的垂直分带性、坡沟系统侵蚀泥沙的来源、上方来水来沙对坡沟系统土壤侵蚀的影响、草被覆盖及其空间分布对坡沟系统侵蚀影响、淤地坝在坡沟系统土壤侵蚀研究中的应用等进行综述,指出在今后的研究中需要进一步开展侵蚀垂直分带结果和上方来水来沙对坡沟系统土壤侵蚀影响的定量分析,加强坡沟系统侵蚀泥沙来源、淤地坝对坡沟系统土壤侵蚀影响以及野外原状坡沟系统草被覆盖和空间分布对坡沟系统侵蚀影响的研究.     

Modeling Interrill Erosion on Unpaved Roads in the Loess Plateau of China

Unpaved roads play an important role in soil loss in small watersheds. In order to assess the impact of these unpaved roads in the Loess Plateau of China, runoff and sediment yields from road‐related sources must be quantified. Field rainfall simulation experiments were conducted under three slope gradients and five rainfall intensities on unpaved loess roads in a small watershed. Results showed that the runoff generation was very fast in loess road surface (time to runoff < 1 min) and produced a high runoff coefficient (mean value > 0·8). Soil loss rates were decreased as surface loose materials were washed away during a rainstorm. Rainfall intensity, initial soil moisture, and slope gradient are key factors to model surface runoff and sediment yield. Soil loss on loess road surface could be estimated by a linear function of stream power (R² = 0·907). Four commonly interrill erosion models were evaluated and compared, and the interrill erodibility adopted in the Water Erosion Prediction Project model was determined as 1·34 × 10⁶ (kg s m⁻⁴). A new equation taking into account different parameters like rainfall intensity, surface flow discharge, and slope gradient was established. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

黄土高原地区生态淤地坝效益分析探讨——以陕西延安地区为例

淤地坝工程是黄土高原区非常重要的水土保持措施之一,淤地坝的效益与一般水土保持建设工程的效益既有相同之处,又有不同之处。以陕西延安地区为例,对淤地坝的效益计算从生态安全、防洪减沙、淤积造地等几个方面进行了分析计算,为延安地区淤地的效益分析与评价提供理论和实践依据。     

Diversification of rural livelihood strategies and its effect on local landscape restoration in the semiarid hilly area of the Loess Plateau,China

This study is about the diversification of livelihood strategies and the interaction of farmers' livelihood with landscape change in Zhongzhuang small watershed, Pengyang County in Ningxia Autonomous region located in the Loess Plateau, western China. Farmers' livelihoods and landscape patterns during 1978–2007 in Zhongzhuang were analysed. In different stages, diverse limiting factors were discovered behind the diversification process of livelihood strategies. Before 1978, ‘planned economy’, ‘production team organization’, strict ‘household registration system’ and the scarcity of livelihood assets were the main factors restricting the diversification of livelihood strategies. From 1978 to 1993, the reform and open policy provided opportunities for local people to diversify their livelihood strategies, but livelihood strategies based on crop production still took an important role in their life. From 2000 to 2007, national policies brought assistance to help local farmers diversify their agricultural activities. However, the insufficient and incomplete credit and insurance market and lack of skill were the main factors constraining non‐farm activity diversification. Meanwhile, through analysis of the links between livelihood strategies diversification and landscape pattern change, we found that diversification of farmers' livelihoods contributed to the recovery of the landscape. Finally, using this relationship, steps for future landscape restoration is proposed, which provide a new view of landscape restoration research in the Loess Plateau. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

西黑岱沟流域坝系相对稳定性分析

 为给小流域坝系工程建设的前期规划工作与科研提供科学依据,根据西黑岱沟流域治理现状及影响坝系稳定有关因子的实测资料,对坝系的相对稳定性进行分析。结果表明,小流域坝系实现相对稳定,其淤地面积虽是最基本条件之一,但不是唯一的条件。衡量坝系是否实现了相对稳定性,必须同时满足以下4个条件:一是每km2的坝控面积范围内应有坝地7.8hm2,坝地面积与坝控面积的比值,即坝系相对稳定系数达到1/12.7;二是坝系运行15a后,每隔3～5a要对坝体进行维修加高,使坝系防洪能力长期保持100年一遇或大于100年一遇的防洪标准;三是在每km2的控制范围内,要有骨干坝0.3座、淤地坝1.0座,坝系的整体布局与结构要达到合理,使暴雨洪水达到均衡分配;四是坝系的安全系数小于1。建设目标实现后,坝系进入相对稳定状态,在设计频率100年一遇的暴雨洪水标准下,坝系安全系数等于0.94,坝地种植的高秆作物可以达到保收,此时,坝系安全和坝地保收能力可趋向于统一。     

Assessment of soil erosion at large watershed scale using RUSLE and GIS: a case study in the Loess Plateau of China

Soil erosion is a serious problem in the Loess Plateau of China, and assessment of soil erosion at large watershed scale is urgently need. This study used RUSLE and GIS to assess soil loss in the Yanhe watershed. All factors used in the RUSLE were calculated for the watershed using local data. RUSLE‐factor maps were made. The mean values of the R‐factor, K‐factor, LS‐factor, C‐factor and P‐factor were 970 209 MJ km⁻² h⁻¹ a⁻¹, 0·0195 Mg h MJ⁻¹ mm⁻¹, 10·27, 0·33359 and 0·2135 respectively. The mean value of the annual average soil loss was found to be 14 458 Mg km⁻² per year, and the soil loss rate in most areas was between 5000 and 20 000 Mg km⁻² per year. There is more erosion in the centre and southeast than in the northwest of Yanhe watershed. Because of the limitations of the RUSLE and spatial heterogeneity, more work should be done on the RUSLE‐factor accuracy, scale effects, etc. Furthermore, it is necessary to apply some physical models in the future, to identify the transport and deposition processes of sediment at a large scale. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

黄土高原沟道坝系布局论证若干问题的解决方法

流域坝系规划必须解决好现状分析、建设目标、建设规模、淤地坝总量及配置比例、防洪安全等几方面的问题 ,形成布局合理的沟道坝系 ,达到理想的整体效能。探讨了问题的解决方法。     

Impact of land‐use changes on soil hydraulic properties of Calcaric Regosols on the Loess Plateau,NW China

Vegetation restoration efforts (planting trees and grass) have been effective in controlling soil erosion on the Loess Plateau (NW China). Shifts in land cover result in modifications of soil properties. Yet, whether the hydraulic properties have also been improved by vegetation restoration is still not clear. The objective of this paper was to understand how vegetation restoration alters soil structure and related soil hydraulic properties such as permeability and soil water storage capacity. Three adjacent sites with similar soil texture, soil type, and topography, but different land cover (black locust forest, grassland, and cropland) were selected in a typical small catchment in the middle reaches of the Yellow River (Loess Plateau). Seasonal variation of soil hydraulic properties in topsoil and subsoil were examined. Our study revealed that land‐use type had a significant impact on field‐saturated, near‐saturated hydraulic conductivity, and soil water characteristics. Specifically, conversion from cropland to grass or forests promotes infiltration capacity as a result of increased saturated hydraulic conductivity, air capacity, and macroporosity. Moreover, conversion from cropland to forest tends to promote the creation of mesopores, which increase soil water‐storage capacity. Tillage of cropland created temporarily well‐structured topsoil but compacted subsoil as indicated by low subsoil saturated hydraulic conductivity, air capacity, and plant‐available water capacity. No impact of land cover conversion on unsaturated hydraulic conductivities at suction > 300 cm was found indicating that changes in land cover do not affect functional meso‐ and microporosity. Our work demonstrates that changes in soil hydraulic properties resulting from soil conservation efforts need to be considered when soil conservation measures shall be implemented in water‐limited regions. For ensuring the sustainability of such measures, the impact of soil conversion on water resources and hydrological processes needs to be further investigated.     

Trends in grain yields and soil organic C in a long‐term fertilization experiment in the China Loess Plateau

Changes in grain yields and soil organic carbon (SOC) from a 26 y dryland fertilization trial in Pingliang, Gansu, China, were recorded. Cumulative C inputs from straw and root and manure for fertilizer treatments were estimated. Mean wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) yields for the 18 y ranged from 1.72 t ha^–1 for the unfertilized plots (CK) to 4.65 t ha^–1 for the plots that received manure (M) annually with inorganic N and P fertilizers (MNP). Corn (Zea mays L.) yields for the 6 y averaged 2.43 and 5.35 t ha^–1 in the same treatments. Yields declined with year except in the CK for wheat. Wheat yields for N only declined with time by 117.8 kg ha^–1 y^–1 that was the highest decrease among all treatments, and that for NP declined by 84.7 kg ha^–1 y^–1, similar to the declines of 77.4 kg ha^–1 y^–1 for the treatment receiving straw and N annually and P every second year (SNP). Likewise, the corn yields declined highly for all treatments, and the declined amounts ranged from 108 to 258 kg ha^–1 y^–1 which was much higher than in wheat. These declined yields were mostly linked to both gradual dry weather and nutrients depletion of the soil. The N only resulted in both P and K deficiency in the soil, and soil N and K negative balances in the NP and MNP were obvious. Soil organic carbon (SOC) in the 0–20 cm soil layer increased with time except in the CK and N treatments, in which SOC remained almost stable. In the MNP and M treatments, 24.7% and 24.0% of the amount of cumulative C input from organic sources remained in the soil as SOC, but 13.7% of the C input from straw and root in the SNP, suggesting manure is more effective in building soil C than straw. Across the 26 y cropping and fertilization, annual soil‐C sequestration rates ranged from 0.014 t C ha^–1 y^–1 for the CK to 0.372 t C ha^–1 y^–1 for the MNP. We found a strong linear relationship (R² = 0.74, p = 0.025) between SOC sequestration and cumulative C input, with C conversion–to–SOC rate of 16.9%, suggesting these dryland soils have not reached an upper limit of C sequestration.     

Effect of land use on soil nutrients in the loess hilly area of the Loess Plateau,China

Understanding the effects of land use change on soil properties is important for soil quality improvement and sustainable land use. In this study, six land use types including wasteland (WLD), cropland (CLD), abandoned land (ABD), artificial grassland (AGD), shrubland (SLD) and woodland (WOD) were selected to analyse the effects of land use types on soil nutrient in the Anjiapo catchment in the western part of the Loess Plateau in China. Significant differences were found in soil organic matter (SOM), total nitrogen (TN) and nitrate nitrogen (NON) (P < 0.01) between the six land use types. Our study also showed that land use types have different effects on soil nutrient storage, and vegetation restoration may improve soil nutrients and soil quality. While crop plantation can significantly decrease soil fertility, the trend can be reversed by cropland abandonment and afforestation. It is recommended that more C input, alternative cultivation practices, vegetation restoration and education and techniques training of local farmers could be used to improve soil conditions and to advance the sustainable land use and local development in the loess hilly area in the Loess Plateau of China. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

黄土高原淤地坝安全运用巡查管理系统的设计与开发

[目的]设计淤地坝巡查管理系统,借助现代便利的智能手机和信息化手段,进一步落实“3个责任人”管护制度,提升黄土高原淤地坝安全运用管理水平。[方法]以智能手机为移动终端,开发“淤地坝安全运用巡查管理系统”微信小程序,辅助各级淤地坝工程管理人员进行安全巡查工作管理。[结果]构建了淤地坝工程信息数据库和管理人员数据库,实现了安全巡查打卡、淤地坝工程安全隐患识别、问题描述、拍照上报,上级主管部门可及时提出解决方案,消除隐患,降低风险。同时为智慧水务应用平台构建了一个应用模块。[结论]该系统可以提升黄土高原淤地坝工程安全管理信息化水平,缩短巡查责任人安全问题上报和主管部门处置的反应时间,帮助各级管理部门随时掌握辖区内工程风险点。     

黄土高原沟壑区土壤侵蚀评价指标体系——以中国王东沟流域为例

The Wangdonggou Watershed on the Loess Plateau in China was selected as the study area to develop a model for soil erosion assessments. Using the data collected at 20 sampling sites all tentatively selected indicators were assessed against their corresponding erosion intensity through a correlation analysis. Eight highly correlated indicators were then chosen for the soil erosion assessment. In addition, threshold limits to delineate the class size for these indicators and weights to rank them were determined. Next, a grading model incorporating the selected indicators class rating and their associated weights was developed and verified by an on site evaluation of the soil erosion intensity in the study area. Results of the verification showed that the overall accuracy of the indicator system for assessing soil erosion in the Loess Plateau gully regions could reach 85%.     

黄土高原土壤入渗基本特性研究

阐述了土壤入渗原理、模型以及测量土壤入渗速率的4种方法,并对4种试验方法加以对比分析。概括了黄土高原土壤入渗速率的水平变化规律。     

黄土高原坝地深层土壤有机碳稳定性研究

淤地坝作为黄土高原重要的碳储库,其深层土壤有机碳稳定性在很大程度上影响坝地土壤储碳能力和碳排放。以黄土丘陵区不同利用年限的坝地为对象,从坝地剖面土壤有机碳含量及其组分入手,研究不同利用年限、不同沉积深度下,土壤有机碳含量及其稳定性的变化特征和影响因素。结果表明：（1）坝地深层土壤有机碳（SOC）含量低于该区坡耕地表层土壤有机碳含量,并未呈现明显的有机碳富集现象。随利用年限增加,坝地SOC含量呈增加趋势。（2）不同利用年限坝地的SOC、易氧化碳（EOC）、微生物量碳（MBC）、水溶性碳（DOC）含量呈现出明显的表聚现象。MBC、DOC和EOC含量在土壤0—60 cm内较高。（3）相较于坝地浅层土壤而言,坝地深层土壤有机碳具有较高的稳定性,长期耕作会降低坝地深层土壤有机碳稳定性。（4）坝地浅层和深层土壤有机碳稳定性变化的主导因素不同。浅层土壤有机碳稳定性主要受土层深度、有机碳含量和黏粒含量的影响,分别能解释其变异的50.4%,19.6%和11.8%;深层土壤有机碳稳定性主要受有机碳含量、土壤含水量和利用年限的影响,分别能解释其变异的38.9%,33.9%和11.8%。     

黄土高原节水生态型淤地坝建设的方法与措施

 淤地坝是黄土高原地区水土流失治理的关键措施。大规模建设淤地坝,不仅对于改善黄土高原地区的生态环境,促进经济社会的可持续发展,全面建设小康社会具有重要意义,而且对于减少入黄泥沙,确保黄河安澜也具有不可替代的重要作用。基于黄土高原地区淤地坝建设所取得的巨大成就,分析淤地坝数量、淤地面积和拦泥量按区域、流域的分布特征;针对淤地坝建设中存在的设计不合理、设计标准偏低、坝地非点源污染加剧、无效蒸发大等问题,提出了淤地坝单坝系统和节水生态型淤地坝的概念,以及建设节水生态型淤地坝的基本方法和保障措施。还分析了节水生态型淤地坝建设的案例,以期为淤地坝工程建设提供有关科学依据。