Effects of preventing hyperphagia on glycolipid metabolic abnormalities in Spontaneously Diabetic Torii fatty rats

Spontaneously Diabetic Torii (SDT) fatty rats, made by introducing the fa allele of the Zucker fatty rat into the SDT rat genome, represent a new model of obese type 2 diabetes. SDT fatty ^fa/fa (SDT fatty) rats exhibit overt obesity, hyperglycemia, and hyperlipidemia from about six weeks of age, and this is associated with hyperphagia by an induced disorder of leptin action. The present study was conducted to elucidate whether suppression of hyperphagia can improve reduce abnormalities in SDT fatty rats. SDT fatty rats were subjected to pair-feeding with SDT fatty ^{+/ +} (SDT) rats from 6 to 26 weeks of age, and the effects on metabolic parameters and diabetic complications were assessed. Body weights of the pair-fed rats were similar with those of SDT rats during the experimental period. Improvement of hyperglycemia or hypertriglyceridemia was observed from 8 to 16 or 12 weeks of age in the pair-fed rats, but hypercholesterolemia was not entirely improved during the experimental period. We also examined mRNAs expression in liver, and found that the expression associated with glyconeogenesis, such as glucose-6-phosphatase (G-6-Pase) and phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEPCK), tended to decrease in the pair-fed rats, and the mRNA expression of hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA (HMG-CoA) was elevated. Renal parameters, such as blood urea nitrogen and urinary albumin excretion, were improved in the pair-fed rats. The incidence or progression of diabetic complications, such as renal lesions and cataract, was reduced. In conclusion, suppression of hyperphagia in SDT fatty rats was effective in temporally improving hyperglycemia or hypertriglyceridemia, and reducing the incidence or progression of diabetic complications, but was ineffective in reducing hypercholesterolemia.     

Pathophysiological features in the brains of female Spontaneously Diabetic Torii (SDT) fatty rats

Diabetes mellitus (DM) and obesity are associated with neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer’s disease and psychiatric disorders such as major depression. In this study, we investigated pathophysiological changes in the brains of female Spontaneously Diabetic Torii (SDT) fatty rats with diabetes and obesity. Brains of Sprague-Dawley (SD), SDT and SDT fatty rats were collected at 58 weeks of age. The parietal cortical thickness was measured and the number of pyramidal cells in the hippocampal cornu ammonis 1 and 3 (CA1 and CA3) and the number of granule cells in the dentate gyrus (DG) regions were counted. The area of glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) positivity in CA1, CA3 and DG regions were measured. The parietal cortical thickness and the number of cells in CA3 and DG regions of SDT and SDT fatty rats did not show obvious changes. On the other hand, in the CA1 region, the number of cells in SDT rats and SDT fatty rats was significantly lower than that in SD rats, and that in SDT fatty rats was significantly lower than that in SDT rats. The GFAP-positive area in SDT fatty rats was significantly reduced compared to that in SD rats only in the DG region. Preliminarily result showed that the expression of S100a9, an inflammation-related gene, was increased in the brains of SDT fatty rats. These results suggest that female SDT fatty rat may exhibit central nervous system diseases due to obesity and DM.     

Bone morphological analyses in Spontaneously Diabetic Torii (SDT) fatty rats

The Spontaneously Diabetic Torii (SDT) fatty rat, a model for obese type 2 diabetes, shows bone quantitative abnormalities, namely low bone mineral density (BMD). The objective of this study was to evaluate bone morphological changes, in particular identifying the bone qualitative abnormalities, in the SDT fatty rat. Male SDT fatty rats showed increases in total trabecular area and trabecular number and decreases in trabecular thickness in cancellous bones of the proximal tibia, indicating trabecular miniaturization. The SDT fatty rat is useful for investigation of pathophysiological changes in bone quality in diabetic osteoporosis.     

蜂胶对糖尿病大鼠肾脏的影响

将复制糖尿病模型的72只SD大鼠随机分为模型组、蜂胶水提液低剂量组(WSP1),蜂胶水提液高剂量组(WSP2)、蜂胶醇提液低剂量组(EEP1)、蜂胶醇提液高剂量组(EEP2)和阳性对照组,另取12只为正常组.除正常组和模型组外,各组分别给予不同的试验药物.给药7周后,抽血测生化指标,同时取肾脏,计算肾脏/体重.结果发现蜂胶能降低糖尿病大鼠的尿酸、尿素、肌酐水平,并且蜂胶给药组大鼠的肾重/体重均比模型组低,表明蜂胶对糖尿病机体内的肾脏组织具有保护作用.     

蜂胶对糖尿病大鼠蛋白质代谢的影响

将复制糖尿病模型的72只SD大鼠随机分为模型组，蜂胶水提取液1(WSP1)，蜂胶水提取液2(WSP2)蜂胶醇提取液1(EEP1)，蜂胶醇提取液2(EEP2)，阳性对照组(拜糖苹)，另取12只为正常组。除正常组和模型组外，各组分别给予不同的实验药物，给药7周后，抽血测总蛋白、白蛋白，同时计算球蛋白和白蛋白，球蛋白。结果发现，蜂胶能降低糖尿病大鼠体内蛋白质的消耗，升高糖尿病大鼠体内总蛋白、白蛋白水平，同时升高白蛋白，球蛋白的比值。表明蜂胶可以调节糖尿病大鼠体内蛋白质的代谢。     

Antioxidant status and biomarkers of oxidative stress in cats with diabetes mellitus

Increasing evidence implicates oxidative damage in the progression and pathologic complications of human diabetics. This study assessed antioxidant status and oxidative stress in cats with diabetes mellitus (DM). Antioxidant status was measured in diabetic (n = 10) and control (n = 10) cats by HPLC of vitamin E isomers, reduced (GSH) and oxidized glutathione (GSSG), and calculation of the GSH:GSSG ratio. Biomarkers of protein, lipid and DNA peroxidation (fructosamine, isoprostanes and Comet assay, respectively), and neutrophil function evaluated oxidative stress. Correlation between glycemic control and antioxidant status/ oxidative stress was also investigated. A diabetic index was generated using clinical signs, body condition score, insulin dose, fructosamine, fasted blood glucose and urinary glucose and ketones. Alpha tocopherol was increased (DM = 0.11 μg/mL, controls = 0.06 μg/mL; p = 0.0012) and gamma tocopherol was decreased (DM = 0.03 μg/mL, controls = 0.05 μg/mL; p = 0.0065) in diabetic vs. control cats. There was no difference in the GSH:GSH ratio between groups. Predictably, fructosamine was greater in diabetic vs. control cats (DM = 447 μmol/L, controls = 204 μmol/L; p < 0.0001). Antioxidant status/oxidative stress was not associated with glycaemic control in diabetic cats. Despite strong association of DM with oxidative stress in humans, this simple relationship is not found in diabetic cats. They have both increased and decreased parameters of systemic oxidative stress compared with control cats. This may be due to higher levels of antioxidants in feline therapeutic diets, the relatively short duration of disease in cats compared with humans, or other factors.     

Effect of transport stress on physiological responses of male bovines

Forty-eight slaughter bulls were transported by road in groups of eight for approximately 30 min, 3 h and 6 h in two replicates. Animal welfare during the transport process was assessed. Loadings and unloadings were evaluated with a scoring method. Heart rates were monitored at the farm before loading and during all stages of transport. Blood samples were taken from all animals a week before transport and at sticking and analysed in terms of haematological values: hematocrit, haemoglobin, red and white blood cells (RBC and WBC), differential WBC counts and neutrophil:lymphocyte ratio. Glucose, creatine kinase, lactate and cortisol were also determined. To evaluate differences in meat quality, pH and water-holding capacity (WHC) were measured 24 h after slaughter. The loading and unloading scores were very low (low stress) but were associated with changes in heart rate, especially loading. Animals recovered their resting heart rate during the journey in medium and long transports. On the other hand, animals transported around 30 min maintained an elevated heart rate during the whole journey. All animals showed a stress response with significantly higher (p < 0.05) levels of erythrocyte series, N:L ratio, glucose and lactate. Animals transported for 3 and 6 hours had significantly (P<0.05) higher levels of cortisol than controls or 30 min transports, without differences between control and the shortest journey. Different transport times did not influence meat quality. Under good conditions, the transport had a slight effect on welfare, meat quality or physiological parameters related with stress.     

Effect of heat stress on early embryonic development in the beef cow

Hereford and Hereford X Angus cows (n = 31) were utilized to determine the effects of heat stress on early embryonic development and survival. After acclimation to handling, cows were cannulated via the jugular vein on d 7 and assigned to either a control (C) chamber environment of 22 C, 35% relative humidity (RH) or one of two heat stress treatments. Ambient temperature was maintained at 37 C for 12 h followed by a decrease to 33 C for the remainder of the day in both treatment groups. Relative humidity was maintained at 27% in treatment 1 (TRT 1) and 38% in treatment 2 (TRT 2). On d 8 to 16, daily measurements of respiration rate (RES), rectal temperature (REC) and water intake were taken along with samples of blood, which were analyzed for hematocrit (HEM) and plasma concentration of protein (PP), progesterone (P4), estradiol-17 beta (E2), thyroxine (T4) and glucose (GLU). The uterus was recovered and flushed with saline on d 17 to recover the conceptus and uterine contents. Conceptus (if present) and corpus luteum (CL) wet weight were determined. Cows subjected to TRT 2 had increased RES and REC (P less than .01), while HEM was decreased (P less than .05) compared with C cows. Plasma T4 concentration was decreased (P less than .10) in TRT 2 compared with TRT 1 and cows, while P4 concentration were not significantly different. Corpora lutea wet weights were reduced (P less than .10) in heat-stressed cows vs C cows.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

香苇二石口服液对大鼠试验性热应激的影响

本试验通过检测大鼠肠道中热休克蛋白基因的表达,探究不同剂量香苇二石口服液对热应激的预防和治疗作用。45只健康雄性大鼠随机分为对照组、热应激组、自然恢复组、高剂量预防组、中剂量预防组、低剂量预防组、高剂量治疗组、中剂量治疗组、低剂量治疗组,建立高温应激模型,利用Real time-PCR技术检测大鼠小肠中HSP27、HSP70、HSP90 m RNA的表达变化。结果表明,高温刺激能极显著增加HSPs m RNA的表达量(P<0.01);香苇二石口服液能显著(P<0.05)和极显著(P<0.01)抑制HSPs m RNA的高表达。表明香苇二石口服液高剂量有极显著预防作用,中剂量有极显著治疗作用。     

Oxidative stress and innate immunity in feline patients with diabetes mellitus: the role of nutrition

This study was undertaken to test the hypothesis that oxidative stress is increased and neutrophil function is decreased in cats with diabetes mellitus (DM). Measures of oxidative stress and neutrophil function were evaluated in 20 control and 15 diabetic cats. Cats were then fed a diet designed specifically for feline diabetics (Purina DM Dietetic Management Feline Formula) for 8 weeks, after which all assays were repeated. Cats with DM had significantly less plasma superoxide dismutase (SOD) than control cats, consistent with a greater degree of oxidative stress in the DM group. Following 8 weeks of consuming a diabetes-specific diet glutathione peroxidase, an antioxidant enzyme increased significantly in both groups. Other parameters of oxidative stress, as well as neutrophil function, were similar between groups and did not change following dietary intervention. The DM cats were significantly older and heavier than the control cats, which may have contributed to differences in parameters of oxidative stress and levels of antioxidant enzymes between these groups, but the decreased level of SOD enzyme in the diabetic group would appear to support the continued development of targeted antioxidant supplementation for this cats with this disease.     

芩丹颗粒对热损伤雄性大鼠生殖功能的影响

为了观察芩丹颗粒对热损伤雄性大鼠生殖功能的影响,并探讨其初步机制,将清洁级Wistar大鼠100只,随机分成正常对照组,模型组,芩丹颗粒大、中、小剂量组,除正常对照组外,将其余各组大鼠置于42℃高温环境1 h/d,连续14 d。高温暴露前,芩丹颗粒大、中、小剂量组灌胃给药芩丹颗粒10 g/kg、20 g/kg、40 g/kg体重,连续30 d,高温暴露后进行大鼠性行为能力的观察,精子相对计数、精子畸形率、精子死亡率;血清中氧化损伤等指标的检测。结果:与正常对照组比较,模型组42℃高温暴露7 d,14 d后大鼠的扑捉潜伏期(Capture incubation period,CIP)显著延长、扑捉次数(Capture times,Ct)显著减少(P<0.05);精子相对计数明显减少(P<0.05);精子畸形率和死亡率明显增加(P<0.05);血清中超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-PX)的活性显著降低(P<0.05);血清中丙二醛(MDA)的含量显著增加(P<0.05);与模型组比较,芩丹颗粒大剂量组上述指标与正常对照组相比均未见明显变化。表明芩丹颗粒能够保护热损伤雄性大鼠的生殖功能,其作用机制可能与减轻生殖细胞的氧化损伤有关。     

Effect of the alpha-glucosidase inhibitor acarbose on control of glycemia in dogs with naturally acquired diabetes mellitus

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate effect of acarbose on control of glycemia in dogs with diabetes mellitus. DESIGN: Prospective randomized crossover controlled trial. ANIMALS: 5 dogs with naturally acquired diabetes mellitus. PROCEDURE: Dogs were treated with acarbose and placebo for 2 months each: in 1 of 2 randomly assigned treatment sequences. Dogs that weighed < or = 10 kg (22 lb; n = 3) or > 10 kg (2) were given 25 or 50 mg of acarbose, respectively, at each meal for 2 weeks, then 50 or 100 mg of acarbose, respectively, at each meal for 6 weeks, with a 1-month interval between treatments. Caloric intake, type of insulin, and frequency of insulin administration were kept constant, and insulin dosage was adjusted as needed to maintain control of glycemia. Serum glucose concentrations, blood glycosylated hemoglobin concentration, and serum fructosamine concentration were determined. RESULTS: Significant differences in mean body weight and daily insulin dosage among dogs treated with acarbose and placebo were not found. Mean preprandial serum glucose concentration, 8-hour mean serum glucose concentration, and blood glycosylated hemoglobin concentration were significantly lower in dogs treated with insulin and acarbose, compared with insulin and placebo. Semisoft to watery feces developed in 3 dogs treated with acarbose. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Acarbose may be useful as an adjunctive treatment in diabetic dogs in which cause for poor glycemic control cannot be identified, and insulin treatment alone is ineffective.     

Progression of pancreatitis prior to diabetes onset in WBN/Kob-Lepr(fa) rats

We established the WBN/Kob-Lepr(fa) rat as a new congenic strain for the fa allele of the leptin receptor gene (Lepr). Homozygous (fa/fa) WBN/Kob-Lepr(fa) rats provide a model of non-insulin-dependent diabetes, although its onset is secondary to pancreatitis. In the present study, we compared histopathological observations of pancreatitis in each genotype of this rat, to examine its suitability as a model of pancreatitis. The histopathological findings of the pancreatitis revealed intense changes dependent on age, such as hemorrhage or hemosiderin deposition. The pancreatitis in homozygous (fa/fa) WBN/Kob-Lepr(fa) rats were more severe than those of WBN/Kob rats.     

Effect of dietary insoluble fiber on control of glycemia in cats with naturally acquired diabetes mellitus

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate effects of dietary insoluble fiber on control of glycemia in cats with naturally acquired diabetes mellitus. DESIGN: Randomized controlled crossover trial. ANIMALS: 16 cats with naturally acquired diabetes mellitus. PROCEDURE: Cats were fed a diet high in insoluble fiber (HF) containing 12% cellulose (dry-matter basis) or a diet low in insoluble fiber (LF) for 24 weeks; they were fed the other diet for the subsequent 24 weeks. Caloric intake and insulin treatment were adjusted to maintain stable body weight and control of glycemia, respectively. Cats were allowed an adaptation period of 6 weeks after initiation of a diet, after which control of glycemia was evaluated at 6-week intervals for 18 weeks. Variables assessed included serum glucose concentration measured during the preprandial state, blood glycated hemoglobin concentration, serum glucose concentration measured at 2-hour intervals for 12 hours beginning at the time of the morning insulin injection, 12-hour mean serum glucose concentration, and mean fluctuation in serum glucose concentration from the 12-hour mean serum glucose concentration. RESULTS: Mean daily caloric intake, body weight, or daily insulin dosage did not differ significantly between cats when fed HF and LF diets. Mean preprandial serum glucose concentration, most post-prandial serum glucose concentrations, and the 12-hour mean serum glucose concentration were significantly lower when cats consumed the HF diet, compared with values when cats consumed the LF diet. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: These results support feeding a commercially available diet containing approximately 12% insoluble fiber (dry-matter basis) to cats with naturally acquired diabetes mellitus.     

双峰驼奶对2型糖尿病大鼠肾组织结构及其细胞凋亡的影响

观察双峰驼奶对2型糖尿病大鼠肾组织结构及其细胞凋亡的影响,为临床预防和治疗糖尿病及其并发症提供理论参考。通过链脲佐菌素（streptozotocin,STZ）结合高糖高脂饮食诱导构建2型糖尿病（type 2diabetes mellitus,T2DM）大鼠模型,糖尿病大鼠随机分为糖尿病模型组（diabetes model control,DMC）、低剂量骆驼奶组（2ml/d）（low camel milk,LCM）、高剂量骆驼奶组（5ml/d）（high camel milk,HCM）和盐酸二甲双胍组（200mg/kg）（metformin hydrochloride,MTH）,每组12只,另设正常对照组（control group,C）。建模成功后,试验组处理4周后检测大鼠空腹血糖（FPG）浓度变化;采用苏木精-伊红（HE）染色方法检查肾脏组织的病理变化;采用荧光定量Real time-PCR法检测Bax（Bcl2-associated X protein,Bax）、Bcl-2（B cell lymphoma/lewkmia-2,Bcl-2）、细胞凋亡蛋白酶3（cysteinyl aspartate specific proteinase 3,Caspase 3）和核转录因子（nuclear factor-kappa B,NF-κB）mRNA的表达丰度;采用免疫组织化学染色法和免疫印迹法观察肾脏组织凋亡相关蛋白Bax和Bcl-2的表达变化。结果显示,与DMC组相比,LCM、HCM、MTH组大鼠FPG浓度均显著下降（P〈0.01）,LCM组大鼠胰岛素敏感性指数（ISI）显著升高（P〈0.01）;HE染色显示DMC组肾小球体积增大,囊腔变小,肾小球内出血严重,而LCM、HCM、MTH组肾小球体积、囊腔间隙较正常,肾小球出血明显减少;Bax mRNA和NF-κB mRNA在DMC组中表达量最高,Bcl-2mRNA和Caspase 3mRNA分别在LCM组和HCM组有较高的表达量;与DMC组相比,LCM、HCM、MTH组大鼠肾脏细胞Bax蛋白表达减低,Bcl-2蛋白表达升高。结果表明,双峰驼奶能显著降低糖尿病大鼠肾脏损伤,抑制其细胞凋亡,对糖尿病及其并发症的治疗发挥有效作用。     

干旱条件下硅对草地早熟禾生长初期的影响

在聚乙二醇(PEG-6000)模拟干旱胁迫条件下,研究了5种硅肥(Na2SiO3)浓度对草地早熟禾Poapratensis种子萌发以及幼苗生长初期形态及生理指标的影响.结果表明:干旱胁迫会显著抑制早熟禾种子的萌发.使其幼苗萎蔫失水、叶片相对含水量降低、生物量下降;干旱胁迫下,硅可以显著提高早熟禾种子的发芽率和发芽势.并且干旱胁迫程度愈大硅的作用效果愈显著,同时硅能有效改善幼苗根系生长状况,利于早熟禾对养分和水分的吸收,提高叶片相对含水量和生物量,从而起到缓解干旱伤害的作用.但超过一定浓度时,硅也会抑制早熟禾的生长.