大葱种子丸粒化及性能研究

种子丸粒化是种子包衣的重要类型,与常规的种子包衣相比,种子丸粒化不仅可以改变种子形状,使种子外形标准化,而且有效成分携带量更大、有效成分间相容性更好。本研究以不规则的大葱种子为对象,考察了不同填料及黏结剂用于种子丸粒化的性能,在获得优化配方的基础上,对所制备丸粒的微观结构进行了表征。结果表明：将硬脂酸镁和滑石粉按质量比1:2混合后作为填料,以质量分数为1%的羧甲基纤维素钠水溶液作为黏结剂时,较适合用于大葱种子的丸粒化,所制得的丸粒各项指标合格,符合种子丸粒化的要求。微观结构电镜观察表明,采用不同填料制备的丸粒在微观结构上存在明显差异,填料间的结合越紧密,丸粒的强度越大。添加农药对丸粒化种子的影响评估结果表明,合理添加适宜的农药对种子发芽影响较小。本研究通过宏观性质与微观结构相结合,进一步丰富了种子丸粒化研究基础理论,对提高精量化播种和规范化种植水平具有一定参考价值。     

丸粒化处理对胡麻种子萌发和幼苗生长的影响研究

采用二因素裂区设计,以保水剂和活性炭、硅藻土、凹凸棒为填充剂的包衣材料制作丸粒化胡麻种子,研究了丸粒化处理对胡麻种子萌发和幼苗生长的影响。结果表明:与不加保水剂相比,保水剂质量与种子质量为1∶1时,丸粒种子的活力指数和出苗率显著提高20.11%、18.62%;随着保水剂含量的增加,幼苗的根冠比显著减小3.25%。包衣剂中以活性炭:凹凸棒=1∶1为填充剂的发芽率和出苗率比不加填充剂的明显提高6.79%、22.41%,幼苗生长最健壮。与未丸粒化的种子相比,当保水剂质量与种子质量为1∶1时,以活性炭:凹凸棒=1∶1为填充剂的丸粒种子发芽指数、活力指数和出苗率显著提高,而且幼苗的茎粗、叶面积和根冠比分别显著增加11.02%、27.35%、28.07%。可见,适量的保水剂(保水剂质量与种子质量为1∶1)和以活性炭、凹凸棒为填充剂的包衣剂能提高胡麻种子活力,增加出苗率,使幼苗的干物质重增大,根系发达,根冠比提高,为胡麻高产奠定了良好的基础。     

东桥乡水稻丸粒化育秧获得丰产

1988至1989年,我站在东桥乡进行水稻丸粒化育秧技术试验、示范、推广,有效地控制了早稻烂秧。方法如下: 丸粒材料有钙镁磷肥、石灰、粘土、三环唑、敌克松,按一定比例均匀混合而成。成份比(重量):草木灰:钙镁磷:石灰:粘土:三环唑:敌克松=20:50:10:20:0.2:0.1 水稻丸粒化制作技术:稻种按常规浸种吸足水份,用清水洗净并滤水后,立即倒在薄膜或水泥谷场上,加入丸粒化剂材料,用锹拌动,直到种子表面附上1层丸粒化材料为止,有条件的地方也可用丸粒化拌种器进行,然后播种,丸粒剂同干谷种比大至是1:15,即1公斤丸粒化剂可拌种谷15公斤。 此法秧苗期可防绵腐、苗稻瘟等,前者防效达60％,苗稻瘟防效达94.1％;烂秧率,处理区6.4％,对照27.8％,防效达76.1％。 秧苗素质栽前2天考查,处理区与对照     

飞播沙拐枣成苗降雨量及基于该降雨量下的种子丸粒化技术探讨

为解决沙漠区飞播造林过程中由于降雨量不足造成的"闪芽"现象,首先通过试验确定飞播树种沙拐枣成苗所需要的降雨量为15mm;然后通过完善丸粒化工艺、调整丸粒化配方的方法,控制丸粒化后的沙拐枣种子在一次降雨量达到15mm以上时裂解,达不到15mm不裂解,从而最大程度保证沙拐枣的成苗率。结果表明:延长滚实时间到45min,低于15mm降雨量的裂解率降低到34.56%;当保水剂加在丸粒化的外层时,低于15mm降雨的裂解率降低到了14.17%;通过在丸粒化过程中添加植物生长调节剂和营养物质,进一步提高了成苗率。通过改变丸粒化方法及配方,可以实现丸粒化沙拐枣种子只有在降雨量大于15mm才裂解并启动萌发,成苗率达到81.64%。     

不同活性菌配方的丸化种衣剂对高粱生物学及生理的影响研究

为明确不同活性菌配方引入丸化种衣剂对高粱生长的影响,指导科学合理使用种衣剂,确保高粱良种直播,提升高粱品质,以红缨子高粱种子为材料,研究了不同浓度的黑曲霉及粉红粘帚菌丸化种衣剂对高粱种子萌发及幼苗生理生化的指标影响。结果表明,将粉红粘帚菌及黑曲霉引入到丸化种衣剂中包衣高粱种子可提高其发芽率、出苗率、根长、根系活力、单株鲜质量、叶绿素及可溶性蛋白含量,并使高粱植株矮化,增强其抗倒伏能力。4×10⁶ cfu/g粉红粘帚菌及4×10⁸ cfu/g黑曲霉的丸化种衣剂包衣可促进高粱种子萌发及幼苗生长,而超过此含量的丸化种衣剂则对高粱种子萌发及幼苗生长有一定程度的抑制作用。该研究结果可为新型种衣剂的研发提供科学参考,为活性菌的应用提供新的思路,对生产有机高粱及保障高粱质量安全具有重要参考意义。     

一种牧草种子中粒线虫虫瘿的快速分离方法

为实现牧草种子中粒线虫虫瘿的快速分离,本文采用一种快速分离法进行分离。结果表明:该快速分离方法与直接挑取虫瘿法相比,虫瘿检出率无明显差异,工作时间由平均25 min降低至5 min,大大节省了虫瘿分离时间。本方法成本低廉,操作简便,适用于牧草种子中粒线虫虫瘿的日常检测。     

种子处理防治病虫害的研究

种子处理防治病虫害,既能防止或减少种子和土壤传染病茵引起的种子腐烂、幼苗枯萎、猝倒病等病害及害虫所造成的损失,提高了产量,又节省了大量的人力、物力。主要处理方法分为拌种、浸种、包衣、丸粒化4种。     

羊草、赖草与白草种苗活力及耐旱性的研究

本文对羊草、赖草与白草三种根茎型牧草进行了种子活力和幼苗耐旱性研究。结果表明:三种牧草种子萌发时需水量相对较低,为种子重量的0.4—0.46倍;种子活力与发芽率、发芽指数和活力指数呈正相关关系,白草的种子活力明显高于赖草和羊草;三种牧草幼苗的耐旱性与种子活力和种子萌发最低需水量有关,活力高的种子其幼苗耐旱能力强,萌发时最低需水量低的种子其幼苗耐旱能力强,白草幼苗的耐旱性强于赖草和羊草幼苗的耐旱性。     

PEG胁迫对三种豆科牧草种子萌发及幼苗生理影响

本实验采用聚乙二醇(PEG-6000)模拟干旱,研究了不同干旱胁迫对三种多年生豆科牧草(白三叶、红豆草、紫花苜蓿)种子萌发与幼苗生理影响。结果表明:随着PEG浓度的升高,三种豆科牧草种子发芽率、发芽指数和叶片相对含水量都呈下降趋势;白三叶种子的发芽势在PEG浓度为10%时出现拐点。不同PEG胁迫下白三叶发芽率最高,紫花苜蓿较低;红豆草叶片相对含水量较高,且下降趋势平缓。随着PEG浓度胁迫加剧,白三叶和红豆草叶片SOD活性先升后降,紫花苜蓿叶片SOD活性先降后升;白三叶和红豆草叶片POD活性呈现"Z"变化;三种豆科牧草CAT和根系活力总体呈先升后降趋势,且红豆草CAT活性和根系活力最高。     

施氮肥对新疆高羊茅种子质量的影响

2000-2001年在新疆塔里木农垦大学牧草试验站进行了施氯见对交战高羊茅（Festuca arundinacea cv．Crossfire)种子质量影响的研究。结果表明，施氯处理与对照相比，施氯处理的标准发芽率、老化发芽率、脱氢酶活性和酸性磷酸酶的活性都显著提高，施氮可以明显提高种子的活力和质量。     

Investigation of the Mode of Action of Nematode Neuropeptides

The neuropeptide AF2 has a complex set of actions on the dorsal muscle strip of Ascaris suum, including a potentiation of the acetylcholine-stimulated muscle contraction. Caffeine at 100 μm and 5 mm inhibited this potentiation, as did 100 μm theophylline in two out of six studies. The cyclic-AMP-potentiating compounds IBMX, dibutyryl cAMP and forskolin had no effect on the AF2-induced potentiation of the acetylcholine-stimulated muscle contraction. These preliminary data suggest that the potentiating action of AF2 is not mediated by a cAMP pathway.     

厚朴病虫害种类的初步调查

采用标准地法和线路调查法,对湖北恩施市新塘乡双河厚朴基地的厚朴病虫害进行了系统调查,记录主要虫害13种,其中叶部害虫9种,枝干害虫2种,根部害虫2种。厚朴主要病害5种。藤壶蚧、厚朴枝角叶蜂和厚朴新丽斑蚜为湖北省首次报道,小绿叶蝉为厚朴新寄主记录种。同时记录了藤壶蚧的天敌6种,其中寄生小蜂2种,瓢虫4种;厚朴新丽斑蚜的天敌昆虫8种。对藤壶蚧、厚朴枝角叶蜂和厚朴苗木根腐病等重要病虫害的发生规律进行了初步调查,同时提出了防治建议。     

Effects of timing and method of application of Penicillium oxalicum on efficacy and duration of control of Fusarium wilt of tomato

The effects of timing and method of application of Penicillium oxalicum on the control of fusarium wilt of tomato were investigated. Application of P. oxalicum to tomato seedlings in seedbeds reduced disease caused by Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. lycopersici in a growth chamber by 45–49% and in glasshouse experiments by 22–69%. Disease suppression was maintained for 60–100 days after inoculation with the pathogen in the glasshouse. No disease reduction was observed in tomato plants where P. oxalicum was applied to seeds. Treatment with P. oxalicum did not affect the population of F. oxysporum f.sp. lycopersici in the rhizosphere.     

棉花黄萎病菌致病型的AFLP分析

 选用41个棉花黄萎病菌(Verticillium dahliae)代表菌系,在温室条件下,对4个棉花品种鄂荆1号(感)、中棉所12(耐)、文-5(抗)和唐棉2号(抗)进行致病性测定,结果可将供试菌系分为落叶型与非落叶型2类。选取8对AFLP引物PCR扩增的结果中,统计带型稳定、清晰且有多态性的条带,共169条作系统聚类分析,将上述菌系分为2大类,第一类为非落叶型菌系,包括10个非落叶型菌系和1个过渡菌系;第二类为30个落叶型菌系。根据聚类分析建立树状图,发现菌系与地理来源存在一定的相关性,而依据菌系致病力强弱分类则相关关系不大。选用25对EcoRⅠ和MseⅠ引物组合,对供试的41个V.dahliae进行AFLP扩增,筛选到2对引物E64(GACTGCGTACCAATTCGAC)、M53(GATGAGTCCTGAGTAACCG)和E49(GACTGCGTACCAATTCCAG)、M65(GAT-GAGTCCTGAGTAAGAG),能分别扩增出433bp和110bp2条仅为V.dahliae非落叶型菌系独有的特异片段,可将落叶型与非落叶型菌系分开,这2条特异片段被命名为EM₄₃₃和EM₁₁₀。     

百合地下害虫主要种类调查及生物（源）农药筛选

调查了甘肃省临洮县为害百合的地下害虫种类, 并以主要发生为害种类为供试对象, 采用拌土法测定了几种生物（源）农药对主要害虫的室内毒力和致死中时。调查发现小云斑鳃金龟Polyphylla gracilicornis、棕色鳃金龟Holotrichia titanis为主要发生及为害种类, 不同时间发生种类存在差异, 9月份以小云斑鳃金龟幼虫发生为害为主, 发生量占地下害虫总数的66.16%, 平均种群密度为10.48头/m2, 10月份, 则以棕色鳃金龟幼虫发生为主, 发生量占地下害虫总数的96.86%, 平均种群密度为7.79头/m2, 主要取食百合根系和鳞茎, 造成根系数量减少, 鳞茎出现不规则褐色缺口或凹陷斑。药剂筛选结果表明, 1.8%阿维菌素乳油、200亿孢子/g球孢白僵菌粉剂对两种蛴螬均具有较高的杀虫活性和速效性, 药后7 d时, 校正死亡率在82.22%以上, 对小云斑鳃金龟幼虫和棕色鳃金龟幼虫的LC50分别为0.161、0.060 mg/g和5.558×107、0.362×107孢子/g, LT50分别为2.237 d（2.2 mg/g）、1.393 d（2.2 mg/g）和6.645 d（40.0×107孢子/g）、4.940 d（2.0×107孢子/g）, 这两种生物（源）农药对两种蛴螬的LC50和LT50值均略大于两种化学农药25%二嗪磷乳油、40%辛硫磷乳油处理的, 且对小云斑鳃金龟幼虫的杀虫活性均低于对棕色鳃金龟幼虫的杀虫活性, 致死中时则长于对棕色鳃金龟幼虫的致死中时。     

Mode of action of etoxazole

The mode of action of the 2,4-diphenyl-1,3-oxazoline acaricide/insecticide etoxazole has been argued to be moulting inhibition, but experimental results supporting this hypothesis are lacking. This study investigated the effect of etoxazole on chitin biosynthesis in the fall armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda (Smith) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). Etoxazole induced moulting defects in fall armyworm larvae similar, if not identical, to those caused by benzoylphenylureas, a well-known class of insecticidal chitin biosynthesis inhibitors. Furthermore, in contrast to untreated larvae, the chitin content in the integuments of larvae several days after treatment did not differ from that in freshly ecdysed individuals, thus suggesting strong chitin biosynthesis inhibition in vivo. A more detailed investigation of the inhibitory potential by incubating cultured integument pieces from larvae of S. frugiperda with [14C]N-acetyl-D-glucosamine, a radiolabelled chitin precursor, revealed I50 values of 2.95 and 0.071 microM for etoxazole and triflumuron respectively. The incorporation of radiolabel into potassium hydroxide-resistant material was inhibited by etoxazole in a dose-dependent manner. Based on these results, it is concluded that the acaricidal and insecticidal mode of action of etoxazole is chitin biosynthesis inhibition.     

青稞种子带菌检测及杀菌剂消毒处理效果

为了研究青稞种子外部和内部携带真菌情况,比较不同杀菌剂对青稞种子的带菌消毒效果和对幼苗生长的影响,为青稞种子播前包衣处理和种传真菌病害防控提供依据,采用离体平皿法对云南迪庆‘云青1号’、‘云青2号’和‘短白青稞’3个主栽品种进行带菌检测,并对种子进行拌种或浸种处理测定6种杀菌剂对种子消毒效果,分析杀菌剂对种子发芽和幼苗生长的影响。结果表明:供试青稞种子表面携带的优势菌群为青霉(Penicilliumspp.)、镰刀菌(Fusariumspp.);种子内部寄藏的真菌主要为镰刀菌、核腔菌(Pyrenophoraspp.)、附球菌(Epicoccumspp.)、丝核菌(Rhizoctoniaspp.)、链格孢(Alternariaspp.)和木霉(Trichoderma spp.)。青稞不同品种的种子表面及内部携带的真菌种类差异较大。致病性测定表明,镰刀菌对种子萌发和幼苗生长影响最大,后期出现幼苗坏死现象。45%咪鲜胺EW、75%百菌清WP、50%福美双WP对青稞种子携带真菌均有显著抑制作用和消毒效果,50%福美双WP消毒效果最优,达100%;45%咪鲜胺EW、75%百菌清WP、50%福美双WP处理对青稞种子发芽和幼苗生长均无显著影响。     

黑麦草属DNA条形码鉴定技术研究

以毒麦、田毒麦、多花黑麦草、多年生黑麦草、硬直黑麦草、高羊茅与狗牙根等禾本科的7种植物为材料,拟采用 DNA 测序、特异性位点比对、种间遗传距离测定、建立系统树等分析候选 DNA 条形码 psbA-trnH 鉴别黑麦草属常见植物的能力。实验结果表明,以 psbA-trnH 为 DNA 条形码时,建立的系统发育树能较好区分毒麦和田毒麦与其他几种植物。psbA-trnH 序列可以作为黑麦草属植物的潜在条形码。     

Effects of different temperature treatments on dormancy of sclerotia of ten isolates of Sclerotium cepivorum

The variability of dormancy of sclerotia of ten isolates ofSclerotium cepivorum was investigated. Of all isolates tested, the freshly harvested sclerotia were dormant. After drying for 48 hours the sclerotia of six isolates were able to germinate, two isolates stayed dormant and two isolates were infested by hyperparasitic fungi. After storage in soil at 5°C or 20°C, the sclerotia of the different isolates exhibited considerable differences in respect to germination capability, but all isolates showed highest germination after a treatment of 8 weeks at 20°C followed by 8 weeks at 5°C. The sclerotia of all isolates showed an increased capacity to germinate withoutAllium extracts at 10°C after pretreatment at 30°C for 28 days.     

Allelopathy of buckwheat: Assessment of allelopathic potential of extract of aerial parts of buckwheat and identification of fagomine and other related alkaloids as allelochemicals

The allelopathic potential of buckwheat ( Fagopyrum esculentum ) was investigated. Field study showed that living buckwheat reduced weed biomass compared with plots without buckwheat. Laboratory study revealed that root exudates suppressed root and shoot growth of weeds and reduced weed dry weight. Sequential partitioning of the aqueous ethanolic extract of the aerial parts of buckwheat showed that the chloroform extract caused an 80% reduction in radicle elongation of lettuce seedlings at a concentration of less than 100 p.p.m. Fagomine, 4-piperidone and 2-piperidinemethanol were isolated and identified by ¹H and ¹³C nuclear magnetic resonance from the chloroform extract. These compounds caused a 50% inhibition of radicle elongation in lettuce seedlings at concentrations of less than 100 p.p.m. These results suggest that compounds 1, 2, and 3 might act as allelochemicals and affect the growth or germination of different plant species.