丰产抗病偏高糖甜菜新品种ZM201的选育

ZM201是中国农业科学院甜菜研究所和美国BetaSeed公司合作选育的甜菜二倍体单胚雄不育杂交种.2001年以单胚二倍体雄性不育系Beta96186M为母本,以二倍体有粉系PT37136为父本,配制杂交组合.该品种丰产性好,舍糖率较高,抗丛根病和褐斑病,耐根腐病,适应性广,块根品质好.在2005～2006年的国家甜菜品种区域试验中,全国两年42个试验点次平均根产量60770.0kg/hm2,比对照品种提高16.6%;平均含糖率17.5%,比对照品种提高0.1度;平均产搪量10631.4kg/hm2,比对照品种提高18.0%;时褐斑病、黄化毒病和白粉病的抗性与对照相仿,对根腐病、丛根病的抗性明显优于对照.在2006年的国家甜菜品种生产试验中,14个试验点平均根产量55039.7kg/hm2,比对照品种提高14.5%;平均含糖率18.6%,比对照品种提高0.4,度;平均产糖量10163.1 kg/hm2,比对照品种提高17.6%.该品种适宜在东北、西北和华北三大甜菜产区种植推广.     

优质丰产抗病甜菜新品种ZD210的选育

ZD210是德国KWS公司和中国农业科学院甜菜研究所合作选育的甜菜二倍体多胚雄不育杂交种。在2002～2003年的国家甜菜品种区试中,全国两年34个点次平均根产量61950.8 kg/hm2,比对照品种提高25.3%;平均含糖率16.4%,比对照品种低0.2度;平均产糖量10128.6 kg/hm2,比对照品种提高24.6%;对根腐病的抗性明显优于对照品种,对褐斑病、黄化毒病和白粉病的抗性与对照品种相当。在2002～2003年的黑龙江省区试中,两年15个点次平均根产量41104.9 kg/hm2,比对照品种提高20.3%;平均含糖率17.0%,比对照品种低0.6度;平均产糖量6978.2 kg/hm2,比对照品种提高15.8%。褐斑病病情为0.5级,根腐病罹病率为1.2%,明显低于对照品种。该品种适宜在东北、西北和华北三大甜菜产区种植推广。     

糖能兼用型甜菜新品种“吉能源甜菜1号”的选育

吉能源甜菜1号是以单胚品系DTN 162-3-11为母本,二倍体多胚品系HRR7为父本,按3∶1比例自然杂交而成。该品种在2008—2010年吉林省甜菜品种区域试验中,平均根产量为45627.6kg/hm2,比对照品种HYB74增产7.5%;含糖率为17.2%,比对照高1.6度,差异显著;产糖量为7836.5kg/hm2,比对照提高16.9%;乙醇产量4411.5kg/hm2,比对照提高18.2%。吉能源甜菜1号稳定性好,抗逆性强,适于东北西部及蒙东地区种植。     

丰产优质抗病甜菜新品种ZM202的选育

ZM202是美国BetaSeed公司和中国农业科学院甜菜研究所合作选育的甜菜二倍体多胚雄不育杂交种。该品种丰产性突出,含糖性状优良,抗丛根病,耐根腐病和褐斑病,适应性广,块根品质好。在2005～2006年的黑龙江省甜菜品种区域试验中,两年14个试验点次平均根产量44019.2kg/hm2,比对照品种甜研309提高37.2%;平均含糖率16.4%,比对照品种低0.8度;平均产糖量7285.6kg/hm2,比对照品种提高31.7%;对丛根病、根腐病的抗性明显优于对照品种,对褐斑病的抗性与对照品种相当。在2007年的黑龙江省甜菜品种生产试验中,5个试验点ZM202平均根产量45754.2kg/hm2,比对照品种甜研309提高48.7%;平均含糖率17.1%,比对照品种低0.2度;平均产糖量7729.2kg/hm2,比对照品种提高45.2%。该品种适宜在黑龙江省的齐齐哈尔、哈尔滨、大庆、黑河等甜菜产区种植推广。     

甜菜新品种新甜16号的选育

新甜16号是甜菜遗传单粒二倍体杂交种。在2003～2004年的新疆维吾尔自治区甜菜品种区域试验中,12点次的平均块根产量为79927.6kg/hm2,比对照种KWS5075增产4.1%;平均含糖率为15.06%,比对照提高1.37度;平均产糖量为11867.4 kg/hm2,比对照增产17.5%。该品种抗褐斑病、根腐病性强。2005年通过新疆农作物品种审定委员会审定命名。     

甜菜品种H004引种试验

H004是黑龙江省农垦总局九三农业科学研究所从荷兰安地公司引进的甜菜二倍体单胚杂交种,2011—2013年参加黑龙江省甜菜品种区域试验和生产试验,平均根产量分别为57280.0kg/hm2和51183.0kg/hm2,比对照品种甜研309分别增产13.5%和13.3%,平均含糖率为16.9%和16.1%,比对照品种甜研309增加0.4度和0.2度,平均产糖量为9702.2kg/hm2和8200.2kg/hm2,比对照甜研309分别提高16.1%和14.4%。H004抗褐斑病、根腐病,苗期立枯病发病率低,适应性强。适宜在黑龙江省的黑河、哈尔滨、佳木斯、绥化、齐齐哈尔等地区种植。     

甜菜新品种新甜18号的选育

新甜18号是石河子甜菜研究所选育的抗丛根病二倍体雄性不育多粒型杂交种,在2006～2007年新疆维吾尔自治区甜菜品种区域试验中,两年14个点次的块根产量平均为82156.5kg/hm2,比对照KWS2409增产3.99%,含糖率平均15.21%,比对照低0.09度.产糖量平均12745.5kg/hm2,比对照增糖4.3%.在丛根病抗性鉴定中,两年平均块根产量为102182.3kg/hm2,比对照KWS2409增产33.92%,含糖率15.10%,比对照低0.08,度产糖量平均18475.5kg/hm2,较对照增糖35.0%.该品种丰产性能稳定,抗病性强,适应范围广.     

甜菜新品种甘糖七号的选育

甘糖七号是以多粒二倍体雄性不育系MS2007-2A为母本,多粒二倍体授粉系P2007抗为父本,按3∶1比例配制杂交选育而成的。该品种在2009—2011年甘肃甜菜品种区域试验中,平均块根产量为93401kg/hm2,比对照品种甘糖五号增产16%,平均含糖率16.97%,比对照提高0.51度,产糖量为15850kg/hm2,比对照增加19%,差异极显著。甘糖七号产质量稳定性好,抗逆性强,适宜甘肃省河西走廊种植。     

优良甜菜新品种Beta866的引进

Beta866是美国BetaSeed公司选育,中国农业科学院甜菜研究所引进的甜菜二倍体单胚雄不育杂交种。该品种丰产性好,块根含糖较高,属标准偏丰产型品种;抗丛根病和褐斑病,耐根腐病;块根形状整齐,品质好,出糖率高,产质量稳定,适应性广。在2010—2011年的国家甜菜品种区域试验中,全国三大甜菜产区两年42个试验点次平均根产量72506.8kg/hm2,比对照品种提高25.4%;平均含糖率16.4%,比对照品种低0.4度;平均产糖量11867.8 kg/hm2,比对照品种提高23.2%;对丛根病的抗性明显优于对照品种,对褐斑病、根腐病、黄化毒病和白粉病的抗性与对照品种相当。在2009—20011年的黑龙江省区域试验中,Beta866两年15个点次平均根产量55565.3 kg/hm2,比对照品种提高9.8%;平均含糖率16.0%,比对照品种高0.2度;平均产糖量8910.1kg/hm2,比对照品种提高11.8%。该品种适宜在黑龙江的绥化、齐齐哈尔、哈尔滨、佳木斯、黑河、牡丹江,河北的张北,内蒙古的包头,新疆的伊犁、昌吉等地区种植推广。     

红甜菜新品种"甜研红1号"的选育

红甜菜新品种"甜研红1号"是以二倍体食用红甜菜品系S203为母本,以二倍体食用红甜菜品系Y219为父本,杂交而成的新品种。该品种2005～2006年在黑龙江省品种区域试验中,平均根产量达45.0t/hm2,超对照种18.9%;平均含糖(锤度)为8.8%,高于对照0.4度;食用根中平均粗蛋白含量达到17.8%,较对照提高0.3%,粗纤维含量达到12.7%,较对照品种提高0.9%。在生产试验中,平均根产量为43.6t/hm2,比对照种提高18.6%;平均含糖(锤度)为8.7%,高于对照品种0.4度;粗蛋白达到18.3%,较对照提高0.4%;粗纤维含量为12.8%,比对照提高1.0%。"甜研红1号"中抗甜菜褐斑病和根腐病,易于收获。该品种适于在东北、内蒙古、西北等地区种植。2007年2月通过了黑龙江省农作物品种审定委员会审定并正式命名。     

Comparative Assessment of the Efficacy of Various Nitrogen Fertilizers

Summary

The efficiency of N fertilizers is usually poor; often less than 50% of the applied N is taken up by the crop. This review focuses on various N fertilizers with respect to the significance of different N loss pathways, namely (i) ammonia volatilization, (ii) dinitrogen and nitrogen oxide emissions, and (iii) nitrate leaching. Further, the significance of biological N immobilization, ammonium fixation and, finally, the impact of nitrate vs. ammonium uptake on crop yield are also discussed. The reviewed literature shows that N fertilizers may differ markedly in their susceptibility to losses. There is, however, considerable scope to improve N efficiency of each N source by proper N management practices.     

Studies on natural repellents against potato tuber moth (Phthorimaea operculella Zeller) in country stores

Summary The effects of the leaves of five plant species, one from each of the generaAmbrosia, Anemone, Eupatorium, Eucalyptus andLantana, on potato tuber moth were investigated under indigenous storage conditions at the Central Potato Research Station, Shillong (1800 m above sea level). Their action was compared with that of a biological insecticide (spores ofBacillus thuringiensis), a chemical insecticide (carbaryl), and an untreated control. The data collected after six months storage on tuber damage, sprout damage and the rotting indicated that the leaves ofLantana aculeata provided most protection to the tubers, reducing damage from over 70% in the check to below 5%, and sprout damage from over 45% to below 3%. Next best wasEucalyptus globulus followed byB. thuringiensis. They may be used on tubers stored for table use or for seed as they had no adverse effect on germination or on the yield of a subsequent crop.     

Novel food and non-food uses for sorghum and millets

Sorghum and millets have considerable potential in foods and beverages. As they are gluten-free they are suitable for coeliacs. Sorghum is also a potentially important source of nutraceuticals such antioxidant phenolics and cholesterol-lowering waxes. Cakes, cookies, pasta, a parboiled rice-like product and snack foods have been successfully produced from sorghum and, in some cases, millets. Wheat-free sorghum or millet bread remains the main challenge. Additives such as native and pre-gelatinised starches, hydrocolloids, fat, egg and rye pentosans improve bread quality. However, specific volumes are lower than those for wheat bread or gluten-free breads based on pure starches, and in many cases, breads tend to stale faster. Lager and stout beers with sorghum are brewed commercially. Sorghum's high-starch gelatinisation temperature and low beta-amylase activity remain problems with regard to complete substitution of barley malt with sorghum malt . The role of the sorghum endosperm matrix protein and cell wall components in limiting extract is a research focus. Brewing with millets is still at an experimental stage. Sorghum could be important for bioethanol and other bio-industrial products. Bioethanol research has focused on improving the economics of the process through cultivar selection, method development for low-quality grain and pre-processing to recover valuable by-products. Potential by-products such as the kafirin prolamin proteins and the pericarp wax have potential as bioplastic films and coatings for foods, primarily due to their hydrophobicity.     

In vitro antimicrobial activity of different accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. from Uruguay

Summary The in vitro antimicrobial activity of extracts from accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. collected in the south of Uruguay was investigated against five microorganisms including the pathogenRalstonia solanacearum. A total of 30 extracts corresponding to organic and aqueous extracts were studied. Interestingly, most of the positive results for growth inhibition were againstR. solanacearum. The extracts were also analyzed for the presence of glycoalkaloids and lectins. Six of the ten aqueous extracts showed lectin presence and a wide variation in the type and amounts of glycoalkaloids, was found. Results indicate that there is no clear relationship between the antimicrobial activity against the five microorganisms screened and the presence or amounts of lectins and glycoalkaloids, traditionally regarded as possible antimicrobial metabolites in theSolanum genus, which indicates the presence of as yet unidentified antimicrobial compounds.     

Extreme resistance to infection by potato virus X in genotypes of wild tuber-bearingSolanum species

Summary Clones derived from thirty-one different accessions (nineteen of Argentine origin) belonging to eightSolanum species were screened for resistance to infection by potato virus X strain cp (PVX cp) by mechanical inoculation of plantlets that had been micropropagated in vitro. Estimates of PVX multiplication obtained by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay and slot blot nucleic acid hybridization allowed the identification of resistant clones derived from five accessions belonging toS. commersonii S. oplocense, S. sparsipilum andS. tuberosum andigena. Resistant genotypes supported PVX concentrations 5 to 15 times smaller than did the susceptible control cultivar Spunta. Graft inoculation test confirmed the presence of extreme resistance similar to that conferred by the ‘immunity’ gene X¹ (also called RX_act).     

Cyanobacteria Secondary Metabolites as Biotechnological Ingredients in Natural Anti-Aging Cosmetics: Potential to Overcome Hyperpigmentation,Loss of Skin Density and UV Radiation-Deleterious Effects

The loss of density and elasticity, the appearance of wrinkles and hyperpigmentation are among the first noticeable signs of skin aging. Beyond UV radiation and oxidative stress, matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) assume a preponderant role in the process, since their deregulation results in the degradation of most extracellular matrix components. In this survey, four cyanobacteria strains were explored for their capacity to produce secondary metabolites with biotechnological potential for use in anti-aging formulations. Leptolyngbya boryana LEGE 15486 and Cephalothrix lacustris LEGE 15493 from freshwater ecosystems, and Leptolyngbya cf. ectocarpi LEGE 11479 and Nodosilinea nodulosa LEGE 06104 from marine habitats were sequentially extracted with acetone and water, and extracts were analyzed for their toxicity in cell lines with key roles in the skin context (HaCAT, 3T3L1, and hCMEC). The non-toxic extracts were chemically characterized in terms of proteins, carotenoids, phenols, and chlorophyll a, and their anti-aging potential was explored through their ability to scavenge the physiological free radical superoxide anion radical (O₂^•−), to reduce the activity of the MMPs elastase and hyaluronidase, to inhibit tyrosinase and thus avoid melanin production, and to block UV-B radiation (sun protection factor, SPF). Leptolyngbya species stood out for anti-aging purposes: L. boryana LEGE 15486 presented a remarkable SPF of 19 (at 200 µg/mL), being among the best species regarding O₂^•− scavenging, (IC₅₀ = 99.50 µg/mL) and also being able to inhibit tyrosinase (IC₂₅ = 784 µg/mL), proving to be promising against UV-induced skin-aging; L. ectocarpi LEGE 11479 was more efficient in inhibiting MMPs (hyaluronidase, IC₅₀ = 863 µg/mL; elastase, IC₅₀ = 391 µg/mL), thus being the choice to retard dermal density loss. Principal component analysis (PCA) of the data allowed the grouping of extracts into three groups, according to their chemical composition; the correlation of carotenoids and chlorophyll a with MMPs activity (p < 0.01), O₂^•− scavenging with phenolic compounds (p < 0.01), and phycocyanin and allophycocyanin with SPF, pointing to these compounds in particular as responsible for UV-B blockage. This original survey explores, for the first time, the biotechnological potential of these cyanobacteria strains in the field of skin aging, demonstrating the promising, innovative, and multifactorial nature of these microorganisms.     

Marine Pharmacology in 2009–2011: Marine Compounds with Antibacterial,Antidiabetic, Antifungal,Anti-Inflammatory,Antiprotozoal, Antituberculosis,and Antiviral Activities; Affecting the Immune and Nervous Systems,and other Miscellaneous Mechanisms of Action ?

The peer-reviewed marine pharmacology literature from 2009 to 2011 is presented in this review, following the format used in the 1998–2008 reviews of this series. The pharmacology of structurally-characterized compounds isolated from marine animals, algae, fungi and bacteria is discussed in a comprehensive manner. Antibacterial, antifungal, antiprotozoal, antituberculosis, and antiviral pharmacological activities were reported for 102 marine natural products. Additionally, 60 marine compounds were observed to affect the immune and nervous system as well as possess antidiabetic and anti-inflammatory effects. Finally, 68 marine metabolites were shown to interact with a variety of receptors and molecular targets, and thus will probably contribute to multiple pharmacological classes upon further mechanism of action studies. Marine pharmacology during 2009–2011 remained a global enterprise, with researchers from 35 countries, and the United States, contributing to the preclinical pharmacology of 262 marine compounds which are part of the preclinical pharmaceutical pipeline. Continued pharmacological research with marine natural products will contribute to enhance the marine pharmaceutical clinical pipeline, which in 2013 consisted of 17 marine natural products, analogs or derivatives targeting a limited number of disease categories.     

Recent Modifications of Chitosan for Adsorption Applications: A Critical and Systematic Review

Chitosan is considered to be one of the most promising and applicable materials in adsorption applications. The existence of amino and hydroxyl groups in its molecules contributes to many possible adsorption interactions between chitosan and pollutants (dyes, metals, ions, phenols, pharmaceuticals/drugs, pesticides, herbicides, etc.). These functional groups can help in establishing positions for modification. Based on the learning from previously published works in literature, researchers have achieved a modification of chitosan with a number of different functional groups. This work summarizes the published works of the last three years (2012–2014) regarding the modification reactions of chitosans (grafting, cross-linking, etc.) and their application to adsorption of different environmental pollutants (in liquid-phase).