Changes in virgin olive oil quality during low-temperature fruit storage

'Frantoio' olive fruits were stored at low temperature (4 +/- 2 degrees C) for 3 weeks to investigate the effect of postharvest fruit storage on virgin olive oil quality. Volatile compounds and phenolic compounds explained the changes in sensory quality that could not be explained with quality indices (FFA, PV, K232, and K270). Increases in concentrations of ( E)-2-hexenal and hexanal corresponded to positive sensory quality, whereas increases in ( E)-2-hexenol and (+)-acetoxypinoresinol were associated with negative sensory quality. Volatile and phenolic compounds were also indicative of the period of low-temperature fruit storage. Oleuropein and ligstroside derivatives in olive oil decreased with respect to storage time, and their significant ( p < 0.05) change corresponded to changes in bitterness and pungency. ( Z)-2-Penten-1-ol increased during low-temperature fruit storage, whereas 2-pentylfuran decreased. Changes in volatile compounds, phenolic compounds, quality indices, and sensory notes indicated that virgin olive oil quality was lost within the first week of low-temperature fruit storage and regained at 2 weeks. This research suggests that low-temperature olive fruit storage may be beneficial, with a possibility of increasing oil yield and moderating the sensory quality of virgin olive oils. This study demonstrates that deeper insights into virgin olive oil quality changes during low-temperature fruit storage may be gained by studying volatile and phenolic compounds in addition to quality indices and physical appearance of the fruit.     

减压贮藏对冷藏枇杷果实品质和木质化败坏的影响(英)

为阐明低温减压贮藏对枇杷果实品质和木质化败坏的影响,该研究应用40～50 kPa压力于（0±0.5）℃下贮藏果实49 d,并每隔7 d测定果实的营养品质、出汁率、硬度、褐变指数、呼吸速率、乙烯产生速率、过氧化物酶（POD）和苯丙氨酸解氨酶（PAL）等木质化相关酶活性及木质素含量的变化。结果表明,减压处理可明显抑制冷藏枇杷果实的呼吸强度、乙烯产生和果实褐变,并保持较高的果实可溶性固形物、可滴定酸度和维生素C含量,抑制贮藏21 d后果实硬度的增加,减轻出汁率的下降,降低POD和PAL酶活性的上升趋势,抑制木质素含量的增加。另外,减压贮藏减轻冷藏枇杷果实的木质化败坏,可能与抑制POD和PAL酶活性有关。低温减压贮藏可有效保持果实食用品质,延长贮藏期,是适合枇杷果实贮藏的有效方法。     

减压贮藏对冷藏枇杷果实品质和木质化败坏的影响

为阐明低温减压贮藏对枇杷果实品质和木质化败坏的影响,该研究应用40～50 kPa压力于(0±0.5)℃下贮藏果实49 d,并每隔7 d测定果实的营养品质、出汁率、硬度、褐变指数、呼吸速率、乙烯产生速率、过氧化物酶(POD)和苯丙氨酸解氨酶(PAL)等木质化相关酶活性及木质素含量的变化.结果表明,减压处理可明显抑制冷藏枇杷果实的呼吸强度、乙烯产生和果实褐变,并保持较高的果实可溶性固形物、可滴定酸度和维生素C含量,抑制贮藏21 d后果实硬度的增加,减轻出汁率的下降,降低POD和PAL酶活性的上升趋势,抑制木质素含量的增加.另外,减压贮藏减轻冷藏枇杷果实的木质化败坏,可能与抑制POD和PAL酶活性有关.低温减压贮藏可有效保持果实食用品质,延长贮藏期,是适合枇杷果实贮藏的有效方法.     

Changes in fruit antioxidant activity among blueberry cultivars during cold-temperature storage

Antioxidant activity, total phenolic content, anthocyanin content, and six other fruit characters including titratable acid concentration, soluble solids, firmness, and percentage of bruised berries were determined for nine blueberry (Vaccinium L. sp.) cultivars at harvest and at various postharvest intervals after storage at 5 degrees C. Berries from MSU-58, Brigitta, and Legacy stored successfully for 7 weeks, Bluegold stored for 3-5 weeks, Bluecrop, Elliott, and Nelson stored for 3 weeks, and Jersey and Little Giant stored for fewer than 3 weeks. During the time they retained marketable quality, one cultivar (MSU-58) demonstrated a 29% increase in antioxidant activity. None of the cultivars showed a significant decrease from the harvest antioxidant activity value during storage. Antioxidant activity, total phenolic content, and anthocyanin content were strongly correlated with each other (r = 0.87-0.99, P < 0.01). All three parameters were moderately correlated with soluble solids (r = 0.47, P < or =0.05; r = 0.44, P < or = 0.05; and r = 0.64, P < or = 0.01, respectively), and antioxidant activity and total phenolic content were both moderately correlated with pH (r = 0.53 and 0.49, respectively; P < or = 0.05). However, antioxidant activity, total phenolic content, and anthocyanin content showed no correlation with firmness, percent severely bruised berries, or weight loss. Antioxidant activity and total phenolic content at harvest both correlated with titratable acidity at harvest (r = 0.68, P < or = 0.05 and r = 0.70, P < or = 0.05, respectively) on a cultivar mean basis. Berries from Elliott were also harvested from plants at two levels of bush ripeness (30-50% and 60-80% ripe berries on plants) and separated into three fruit maturity classes on the basis of percent blue color. The level of bush ripeness had no significant effect on antioxidant activity, total phenolic content, or anthocyanin content; however, fruit maturity had a significant effect on antioxidant activity, total phenolic content, and anthocyanin content, and bush ripeness x fruit maturity interactions were significant for these three traits. Berries with 50-75% blue coloration harvested from bushes with 60-80% mature fruit showed a significant increase in antioxidant activity, total phenolic content, and anthocyanin content during the first 3 weeks in storage. Our results demonstrate that increases in antioxidant activity, total phenolic content, and anthocyanin content may occur in the blueberry during cold storage and are cultivar-dependent. The increases that occur in immature fruit, such as in Elliott, may be advantageous for producers who wish to delay marketing of the fruit.     

硅酸钠处理对杏品质和风味物质的影响（英）

硅酸盐作为一种安全有效的物质,已被广泛用于果蔬等采后病害的控制,为了研究其处理对园艺产品品质的影响,该文以兰州“大接杏”（Armeniaca vulgaris Lam. cv. Lanzhou Dajie）为试验对象,在室温（22±2℃）下使用硅酸钠（10 mmol/L）化学诱抗处理,探讨硅酸盐对杏果实品质,特别是挥发性风味物质的影响。结果表明,硅酸钠处理可延缓果实硬度的下降和腐烂率的升高,在贮藏结束后,其分别是对照组的1.95倍和58%。并能够减少贮藏过程中可滴定酸、可溶性固形物及Vc含量的下降,但对果实总糖含量的影响不显著。采用固相微萃取（SPME）结合气相色谱质谱联用（GC-MS）的方法分离鉴定了“大接杏”果实的香气成分,共分离鉴定出超过100多种挥发性成分。硅酸钠处理样挥发性物质的释放总量低于对照。同时,处理后的杏果还表现出醛类物质、萜类物质和β-紫罗兰酮的释放增大和酯类物质的释放减少的现象。与对照相比,该处理能够更好地保持杏果实良好的品质,是一种可行的杏果保鲜处理方法。     

Changes in volatile flavor components of guava juice with high-pressure treatment and heat processing and during storage.

The changes in volatile flavor components of guava juice during pressure processing (25 degrees C, 600 MPa, 15 min), heat processing (95 degrees C, 5 min), and storage at 4 and 25 degrees C were evaluated by purge and trap/gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. Esters were the major volatile fraction in guava juice, and alcohols were the second. Pressure processing could maintain the original flavor distribution of the juice. Heat processing (95 degrees C, 5 min) caused decreases in the majority of flavor components in the juice when compared with freshly extracted juice. High-pressure treatment at 600 MPa for 15 min can effectively sterilize microbes but partially inactivate enzymes of guava juice; therefore, volatile components in pressure-treated juice gradually changed during storage periods. Pressure-treated guava juice showed increases in methanol, ethanol, and 2-ethylfuran with decreases in the other components during storage period. Nevertheless, the volatile distribution of 600 MPa treated guava juice was similar to that of freshly extracted juice when stored at 4 degrees C for 30 days.     

鸭梨果实接种轮纹病菌及生长期、贮藏期防御酶系活性变化的研究

该文研究了鸭梨果实受轮纹病原菌(Botryosphaeria berengriana f.sp.piricola)侵染后,及其在不同的生长期、贮藏期防御酶活性的变化.结果表明:鸭梨果实中多酚氧化酶(PPO)活性在接种轮纹病菌48 h内显著高于对照,苯丙氨酸解胺酶(PAL)活性在接种120 h内一直呈上升趋势,过氧化物酶(POD)和过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性在接种后72 h出现活性高峰,超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性在接种后120 h内也显著高于对照,说明这些酶对鸭梨果实抵抗轮纹病密切相关. 鸭梨果实在幼果期抗性相关酶主要是PPO、POD、PAL和CAT,在盛花后25～75 d能够保持较高的活性,而后均显著下降;在近成熟期与果实抗病性相关酶主要是SOD和PAL,SOD活性在盛花后75 d快速升高至成熟采收达到最大值,PAL活性在花后115 d出现较小的活性高峰.鸭梨果实在贮藏期间与抗病性相关的这5种酶活性总体呈下降趋势,对抵抗病原扩展能力减弱.果实在不同时期对病原菌的抵抗能力与果实中防御酶活性变化密切相关.     

热水处理对黄皮果实贮藏品质的影响(简报)

该文探讨了热水处理对采后黄皮在（1±1）℃贮藏期间主要生理和品质变化的影响。黄皮果实经过40℃,20 min、40℃,40 min、50℃, 10 min和50℃,20 min 4种不同热水处理后,其中50℃,20 min热水处理显示出对黄皮的保鲜效果最好。50℃,20 min热水处理不仅能较好地减缓黄皮果实营养品质的下降,同时还可显著抑制黄皮果实的呼吸强度、质膜相对透性、多酚氧化酶（PPO）及过氧化物酶（POD）活性,提高保护酶苯丙氨酸解氨酶（PAL）活性,延缓黄皮果实采后衰老速度,有利于延长贮藏期限和保持黄皮果实原有的风味品质。     

Influence of variety and storage on the polyphenol composition of apple flesh

Apple is among the most consumed fruits worldwide. It is available on the market for the whole year being a major source of dietary polyphenols. Several studies suggested that apple polyphenols could play a role in prevention of degenarative diseases. The action of these compounds has been partially ascribed to their antioxidative ability, and fruit antioxidants profile is influenced by apple variety and by the postharvest storage. In this work, the polyphenols composition of the flesh of four apple varieties cultivated in southern Italy were investigated by HPLC, and a flow injection MS/MS procedure to quantify cholorogenic acid and catechins was set up. Phenolic composition and the radical scavenging activity were monitored during a postharvest storage of four months. The quantification by flow injection procedure gives results comparable to those obtained by HPLC, and the increase of the antioxidant activity during storage correlated with an increase of the concentration of catechin and phloridzin. This trend is particularly evident for the variety "Annurca" which is a typical product cultivated in the area around Naples. The genetic characteristics of the Annurca variety together with the anticipated harvest time and the peculiar postharvest conditions are likely responsible for this increase of the antioxidant activity.     

热处理对冷藏枇杷木质化及相关酶活性的影响

为阐明热处理对冷藏枇杷果实木质化败坏的影响及其机理,该研究先将枇杷果实用38℃热空气处理5 h,然后在(1±1)℃下贮藏35 d,并每隔7 d测定果实硬度、出汁率、苯丙氨酸解氨酶（PAL）、过氧化物酶（POD）、多酚氧化酶（PPO）和多聚半乳糖醛酸酶（PG）等木质化相关酶活性及果胶和木质素含量的变化。结果表明,热处理可以有效控制果实硬度的上升和出汁率的下降,抑制PAL、POD和PPO活性的上升及PG活性的下降,减少原果胶和木质素的积累,保持较高的水溶性果胶含量,从而减轻冷藏枇杷果实的木质化症状,保持较好的食用品质。这些结果表明,热处理减轻冷藏枇杷果实木质化败坏的机理与其抑制木质素的合成和促进果胶物质的降解有关。     

Changes in chloroplast pigments of olive varieties during fruit ripening

Changes in chlorophyll and carotenoid pigments of five olive (Olea europaea L.) varieties destined for milling were investigated at six consecutive ripening stages. There was a manifest dependence between olive variety, moment of picking, and chloroplast pigment composition of the fruits. Although the content of chlorophylls and carotenoids differed with fruit variety, ripening always involved their gradual loss, which becames more pronounced with increased presence of anthocyanin compounds. The relative rates of disappearance of chlorophylls and carotenoids were markedly different between varieties, implying that the catabolism of these pigments takes place at a relative rate inherent to each variety. The varieties less rich in pigments showed the most extreme behavior. The highest relative rate of disappearance was observed in fruits of the Blanqueta variety, and the lowest was observed in those of Arbequina. The chlorophyll a/chlorophyll b ratio remained practically constant during ripening, with a value very similar for Hojiblanca, Picual, Cornicabra, and Blanqueta, but much higher for Arbequina, implying that the structure of the photosynthetic apparatus is different in the latter variety. In the five varieties studied, lutein was the slowest carotenoid to be degraded, so that its percentage in the fruits increased with ripening, whereas beta-carotene was the fastest to disappear. In ripe fruits covered with anthocyanins, chloroplast pigments were retained in both skin and pulp, with the rate of disappearance being much higher in the latter.     

Changes in phenolic content of tomato products during storage

The effect of storage on the total polyphenol content and individual phenolic compounds as well as on the hydrophilic antioxidant capacity of ketchups and tomato juices was studied. The total polyphenol content was determined using the Folin-Ciocalteu assay, and the antioxidant capacity of the hydrophilic fraction was determined using DPPH and ABTS(+) assays. Individual polyphenols were identified and quantified using liquid chromatography/electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry on a triple quadrupole. All analyses were carried out for ketchups and tomato juices after storage for 3, 6, and 9 months. The total polyphenol content and antioxidant capacity of the hydrophilic fraction decreased during storage of ketchups and tomato juices. Ketchups, in general, showed a slightly greater stability during storage than tomato juices. The most significant decrease was observed for quercetin followed by caffeic and ferulic acids, whereas glycosilated polyphenols showed greater stability during storage.     

静电场处理对贮藏番茄品质及生理变化的影响

为探讨静电场对番茄贮藏品质的影响,以“朝研219”绿熟番茄为试材,从控制软化和转红出发,筛选了适宜的静电场处理条件为：场强-200 kV/m,频度2 h/d。研究静电场处理对贮藏番茄品质和生理变化的影响,结果表明：静电场处理能显著延缓番茄果实硬度的下降,抑制由绿转红的过程;可以延缓果实可溶性糖含量的下降和可滴定酸含量的上升;经负高压静电场处理的番茄,呼吸跃变推迟6 d出现,乙烯峰的出现也延迟了3 d,相对电导率与丙二醛含量较对照明显降低,说明静电场处理可调控果实细胞膜透性的变化。     

Changes in the aroma of a strawberry drink during storage.

The flavor of a commercially available strawberry drink was investigated with special regard to the changes of the sensory properties during the shelf life of the product. The experiments were performed using gas chromatographic methods after liquid-liquid extraction and after solid-phase microextraction of the headspace. A trained sensory test panel was used to substantiate the results from instrumental analyses. The relative concentrations of several compounds were followed over a storage period of six weeks at elevated temperature (37 degrees C), which corresponds to about 12 months storage at room temperature. Significant concentration changes of several flavor compounds were determined after a short storage time. These results correlate highly with changes in the aroma observed by the sensory test panel. Further on, changes in the sensorial relevance of aroma active compounds were monitored by comparative aroma extract dilution analysis of extracts of the fresh product and the product at the end of the declared shelf-life time. The results showed a significant decrease in flavor dilution factors of compounds with characteristic fruity attributes.     

Effect of type of oil and addition of delta-tocopherol on model flavor compound stability during storage

The objective of this study was to investigate approaches to protect selected flavor compounds from deterioration when stored in an oil matrix. An aroma compound model mixture was prepared in a medium-chain triglyceride (MCT) or sunflower oil (SfO) matrix and stored under either an ambient air or argon atmosphere containing, respectively, ca. 20 and <0.5% residual oxygen as controls or containing a natural antioxidant, delta-tocopherol (0.01%). Samples were analyzed by static headspace GC/FID to determine the stability over time of the compounds in mixture. It was found that the type of oil had the greatest effect (P < 0.01) on overall compound stability. A low-oxygen atmosphere also had a significant (P < 0.05) protective effect on the aroma compounds in both oils. The addition of delta-tocopherol generally offered little additional protection. No significant relationship could be determined between the oxidation of the lipid matrix and the loss of oxidation-sensitive thiol compounds.     

Effect of gas environment and sorbate addition on flavor characteristics of irradiated apple cider during storage

Apple cider, with (0.1%) and without potassium sorbate, was packaged in polystyrene containers and exposed to three different gas environments: oxygen flush, nitrogen flush, and atmospheric air. To evaluate the effects of irradiation (2 kGy) and storage on flavor and microbial quality, these irradiated apple cider samples were compared to a control, unirradiated sample exposed to atmospheric air. Volatile compounds, soluble solids, titratable acidity, and microbiological counts were determined weekly throughout 7 weeks of refrigerated (4 degrees C) storage. Cider irradiated and stored in atmospheric air or nitrogen-flush environments had lower rates of loss for characteristic flavor volatiles compared to unirradiated apple cider and cider irradiated and stored in an oxygen-flush environment. The addition of potassium sorbate to the apple cider resulted in lower counts of yeasts and aerobic microorganisms, reduced fermentation of sugars to organic acids, and improved retention of volatile compounds characteristic of apple cider.     

Changes in the lipid composition of powdered infant formulas during long-term storage

Changes in the lipid composition of two standard infant formulas induced by 4 years of storage were determined. Lipids were thoroughly analyzed using different gas-liquid and liquid-liquid chromatographic techniques. Oleic acid and linoleic acid, which accounted for almost the total monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fatty acids, respectively, showed slight but significant decreases (P < 0.05) during the 4 years of storage (from 41.52 to 39.83% for oleic acid and from 17.35 to 15.99% for linoleic acid). Total trans fatty acid isomers showed low initial level (0.22% of total fatty acids), and such level remained unchanged during the storage period. Nonvolatile oxidation compounds including oxidized, dimeric, and polymeric triglycerides did not significantly increase during the storage period, although a significant loss of tocopherols was found in the surface oil fraction (10-15%). In general, the results obtained indicate that, although small losses of oleic and linolenic acid as well as tocopherols were found, the 4 year storage period did not lead to relevant changes in the lipid fraction of infant formulas.     

茭白冷藏期间蛋白质表达谱的变化

为探讨茭白冷藏期间衰老的分子机理,应用蛋白质组学技术,研究了茭白冷藏期间蛋白质表达谱的变化。结果显示,双向电泳胶上共检测到大约650个蛋白点,其中35个蛋白表达量存在2.0倍以上显著(p0.05)差异,经过串联飞行时间质谱分析,成功鉴定出29个蛋白,根据其功能可分为6类,即代谢(20.7%)、细胞结构(27.6%)、抗胁迫(20.7%)、衰老(6.9%)、蛋白质合成(13.8%)和功能未知蛋白(10.3%);其中:代谢相关蛋白3个上调表达、3个下调表达,细胞结构相关蛋白6个上调表达、2个下调表达,抗胁迫相关蛋白4个上调表达、2个下调表达,衰老相关蛋白2个上调表达,蛋白质合成相关蛋白4个及功能未知蛋白3个均下调表达。这些差异表达蛋白的功能分析表明,茭白采后衰老机理可能涉及物质代谢过程的调整、能量代谢途径的改变、活性氧清除能力的减弱以及细胞结构的解体。     

基于动力学模型的高油大豆储藏期间品质指标变化规律

为了解高油大豆在储藏过程中品质指标的变化规律,为高油大豆的科学储藏及储藏期间的品质变化预测提供理论依据。选取河南与内蒙古产地的高油大豆为研究对象,调节至不同含水率13.00%和15.00%后分别在25℃和35℃下密闭储藏180 d,每隔30 d取样一次,对其品质指标进行测定分析,并进一步对其电导率、丙二醛（Malonaldehyde, MDA）两项指标的变化趋势进行动力学分析。结果表明,随储藏时间的延长,两种高油大豆中过氧化氢酶（Catalase, CAT）、过氧化物酶（Peroxidase, POD）及多酚氧化酶（Polyphenol oxidase, PPO）活性均呈下降趋势,电导率和MDA含量均呈上升趋势,且含水率和储藏温度越高,变化幅度越大。不同指标的相关性分析结果表明,储藏时间与两种高油大豆的各理化指标的变化均有显著或极显著相关性,储藏时间与河南大豆的MDA和PPO相关系数分别为0.82和-0.90,与内蒙大豆的MDA和PPO相关系数分别为0.81和-0.92。初始含水率与两种大豆的CAT活性呈极显著负相关,相关性系数分别为-0.63和-0.74;储藏温度与两种大豆电导率的变化存在较强相关性,相关性系数分别为0.60和0.59。不同储藏温度下两种高油大豆的电导率和MDA含量的变化均符合零级动力学模型,两项指标在储藏过程中的变化均属于需能反应,零级动力学反应系数随大豆初始含水率和储藏温度的升高而增大,同时具有较高粗脂肪含量的河南大豆的电导率和MDA的零级动力学活化能均高于内蒙古大豆,并且在相同含水率条件下,MDA的活化能均小于电导率的活化能,表明高油大豆储藏过程中,温度、水分和粗脂肪含量越高,电导率和MDA含量变化越快,且MDA含量较电导率更易发生变化。因此在高油大豆储藏过程中,要根据大豆的脂肪含量,严格控制储藏时的温度和水分,尤其高含水率的大豆要严格控制温度条件,以延缓其品质劣变,同时在高油大豆在储藏过程MDA含量较其他指标更易发生变化,可作为其储藏品质变化的早期预测参考指标。