8种生物农药对草原蝗虫的田间防治效果评价

应用4种绿僵菌、白僵菌、0.3%印楝素、1%苦参碱和森得保8种生物农药对草原蝗虫进行了田间药效对比试验,以期筛选出防效较好的生物农药用于大面积推广.研究表明,0.3%印揀素、1%苦参碱和森得保防治效果显著优于其他5种生物杀虫剂,药后11 d防效均在90%以上.几种杀蝗绿僵菌油悬浮剂药后11 d防效在65%以上,白僵菌油...     

蝗虫微孢子虫和绿僵菌不同配方饵剂对短星翅蝗和宽须蚁蝗的室内生测研究

为了解蝗虫微孢子虫(Paranosema locustae)和绿僵菌(Metarhizium anisopliae‘acridum’)对蝗虫的防治情况,在农业部锡林郭勒草原有害生物科学观测实验站,对短星翅蝗(Calliptamus abbreviatus)和宽须蚁蝗(Myrmeleotettix palpalis)分别进行蝗虫微孢子虫、绿僵菌及两种药剂混合处理后,进行室内生测,记录28d的死虫数,并检测其感染情况。结果显示:单施蝗虫微孢子虫防治短星翅蝗,每头蝗虫的施用量为4.44×10⁵个孢子,防治效果达65.09%。单施蝗虫微孢子虫防治宽须蚁蝗,每头蝗虫的施用量为4.44×10⁴个孢子,防治效果达55.64%。混合施用蝗虫微孢子虫和绿僵菌防治草原蝗虫时,二者对每头蝗虫的施用量分别为4.44×10⁴和1.11×10⁶个,防效均可达到100%。与短星翅蝗相比,蝗虫微孢子虫对宽须蚁蝗的防效更好。     

不同农药对天然草场蝗虫防治效果的比较分析

本文通过对不同浓度/施药方式的印楝素、蛇床子素、绿僵菌悬浮液和绿僵菌孢子粉对天然草场蝗虫的防治效果试验得出：225 mL/hm²印楝素防治效果最好,施药第7天可达到98.72%;蛇床子素次之,但随其浓度增加防治效果也随之提高;而绿僵菌防治效率稍低,适用于非爆发区的预防性防治。     

几种病源微生物农药对高寒牧区草原蝗虫的防治效果试验

为选择出适宜川西北高寒牧区草原蝗虫的最佳病源微生物农药,本文选择了0. 4亿孢子/毫升蝗虫微孢子SC、2. 5%绿僵菌OL、400亿孢子/克球孢白僵菌WP对草原蝗虫进行防治试验,比较三种病源微生物农药的防治效果。结果表明三种病源微生物农药均有一定的防治效果,且具有良好的安全性;绿僵菌和球孢白僵菌速效性好于蝗虫微孢子,药后10d防效分别为85. 01%和84. 12%,显著高于蝗虫微孢子的防治效果;而蝗虫微孢子持效性好于绿僵菌和球孢白僵菌,药后30d防效为72. 32%,且残存蝗虫感病率30d时达到70. 01%,显著高于绿僵菌和球孢白僵菌对蝗虫感病率。     

太仆寺旗草原蝗虫生物防治措施与成效

近年来,草原蝗虫在太仆寺旗发生严重,对草原生态和畜牧业发展构成严重威胁。我旗从加强测报员队伍建设、完善常规调查、实施固定点监测、建立昆虫实验室和标本室等方面加强了草原蝗虫测报工作,在此基础上,提高了绿僵菌、印楝素、苦参碱、烟碱苦参碱和牧鸡等生物防治技术的推广度和覆盖度,并紧密结合草原保护和生态建设项目,加大草原蝗虫的综合治理力度。草原蝗虫生物防治措施在我旗取得了显著成效,对其他类似地区的草原蝗虫综合防治工作具有一定的指导借鉴意义。     

应用几种生物农药防治草原蝗虫效果试验

利用生物农药在辽西天然草原进行了蝗虫防治效果试验.结果表明,苦参碱乳油和烟碱苦参碱乳油防治效果最好,分别达到85.11％和82.88％,其次是阿维.苏云菌可湿性粉剂75.45％,印楝素乳油70.58％,金龟子绿僵菌油悬浮剂60.36％.苦参碱乳油和烟碱苦参碱乳油可作为辽西地区防治草原蝗虫首选的生物农药.     

绿僵菌和绿饵对草原优势种蝗虫的防治效果试验

新疆地域辽阔,草场面积很大,是我国重要的畜牧业生产基地之一.但是各种草场连年都受到了蝗虫不同程度的危害,其中意大利蝗是耐药性强,危害严重的优势种蝗虫之一,严重影响了新疆畜牧业的发展,长期以来主要采用化学药物进行防治,在一定程度上减轻和控制了危害,但长期反复使用的结果会使害虫产生抗药性,增加农药用量后大量的天敌被杀死,草原的生态平衡受到破坏,使虫害加剧,而且防治成本上升严重影响了防治经济效益.从80年代以来,利用蝗虫微孢子虫、人工招引粉红椋鸟、牧鸡治蝗等进行生物防治,取得了很好的防治效果和经济效益.为了了解新一代生物杀虫剂绿僵菌产品在我区特殊的气候条件下防治优势种蝗虫的效果,2000年5月底至7月初我们与中国农科院生物防治所合作进行使用绿僵菌油膏、绿僵菌饵剂和绿饵防治草原蝗虫的一系列田间试验.     

绿缰菌复合油剂对草原蝗虫的防治试验

绿僵菌Metarhizium anisopliae是一类重要的昆虫病原真菌,是一种新型的生物防治技术。试验设试验药品2.5%绿僵菌复合油剂（cl Bioc）和对照药品4.5%氯氰菊酯乳油2个试验组,每个试验组分3个剂量水平,即:450、600、750 mL/hm2。试验结果表明： 绿僵菌3个剂量水平对防治草原蝗虫均具有良好的防治效果。因绿僵菌3个剂量水平与氯氰菊酯450 mL/hm2在防治草原蝗虫时防治效果差异不显著,在虫口密度较低时可选择绿僵菌450和600 mL/hm2的剂量水平进行防治。绿僵菌750 mL/hm2剂量水平与对照药品氯氰菊酯的中等剂量水平（600 mL/hm2）防治效果无显著差异,草原蝗虫密度较高时可选择使用。     

伊犁河谷草原虫害生物防治技术应用现状

为了让广大的农牧民了解伊犁河谷草原虫害生物防治技术应用情况,在查阅文献的基础上,结合伊犁河谷草原虫害防控工作现状,回顾了草原虫害生物防治工作的进展历程,详细介绍了在推广工作中蝗虫微孢子虫、绿僵菌、核型多角体病毒、牧鸡牧鸭和人工招引粉红椋鸟、印楝素等生物药剂和天敌控制技术的研究进展及在草原上的应用现状。最后,总结了近年来伊犁河谷草原虫害生物防治技术的应用情况,指出伊犁河谷草原虫害生物防控正在形成由微生物农药、农用抗生素、天敌利用、植物源农药等多种技术构成的新型格局,并针对防治工作中存在的主要问题,提出了对策建议,为今后开展相关研究和工作提供技术支持和参考。     

我国草原虫害生物防治技术应用现状

为了让更多的人了解我国草原虫害生物防治技术应用情况,在查阅文献的基础上,结合我国草原虫害防控工作现状,回顾了草原虫害生物防治工作的进展历程,详细介绍了在推广工作中蝗虫微孢子虫、绿僵菌、类产碱假单胞菌、核型多角体病毒、阿维菌素、牧鸡牧鸭和人工招引粉红椋鸟、印楝素、苦参碱、烟碱·苦参碱等生物药剂和天敌控制技术的研究进展及在草原上的应用现状。最后,总结了近10年我国草原虫害生物防治技术的应用情况,指出我国草原虫害生物防控正在形成由微生物农药、农用抗生素、天敌利用、植物源农药等多种技术构成的新型格局,并针对防治工作中存在的主要问题,提出了对策建议,为今后开展相关研究和工作提供技术支持和参考依据。     

Effect of oil-based formulations of acaripathogenic fungi to control Rhipicephalus microplus ticks under laboratory conditions

The formulations of acaripathogenic fungi to control ticks have been widely studied. The present study evaluated the efficacy of oil-based formulations of Metarhizium anisopliae sensu lato (s.l.), isolate Ma 959, and Beauveria bassiana, isolate Bb 986, on different Rhipicephalus microplus stages, comparing the efficacy between aqueous suspensions and 10, 15 and 20% mineral oil formulations. Twelve groups were formed: one aqueous control group; three mineral oil control groups, at 10, 15 or 20%; two aqueous fungal suspensions of M. anisopliae s.l. or B. bassiana; and three formulations of M. anisopliae (s.l.) or B. bassiana containing 10, 15, and 20% mineral oil. To prepare aqueous suspensions and oily formulations, fungal isolates were cultivated on rice grains in polypropylene bags. The conidial suspensions and formulations had a concentration of 10(8)conidia/mL. Bioassays were repeated twice. After treatment, the following biological parameters of engorged females were evaluated: hatching percentage, egg production index, nutritional index, and percentage of tick control. The following parameters were evaluated in the bioassays with eggs: period of incubation, period of hatch, and hatching percentage. Mortality was evaluated in bioassays with larvae. M. anisopliae s.l. and B. bassiana oil-based formulations were more effective than aqueous suspensions against R. microplus eggs, larvae and engorged females, however, there was no significant difference between the three oil concentrations used. M. anisopliae s.l. and B. bassiana formulated in mineral oil reached 93.69% and 21.67% efficacy, respectively, while M. anisopliae s.l. and B. bassiana aqueous suspensions attained 18.70% and 1.72% efficacy, respectively. M. anisopliae s.l. oil-based formulations caused significant effects in all biological parameters of engorged females while B. bassiana oil-based formulations modified significantly the nutritional index only. Eggs treated with M. anisopliae s.l. and B. bassiana oil-based formulations showed hatching rates that decreased 102.5 and 3.65 times, respectively. In the bioassay with larvae, M. anisopliae s.l. oil-based formulations caused nearly 100% mortality five days after treatment, while larva treated with B. bassiana oil-based formulations reached 100% mortality at day 20 after treatment. Larva from oil-based control groups showed mortality at day 15 after treatment, which indicated a possible toxic effect of the oil for this R. microplus stage. The results showed that the fungal mineral oil formulations tested were more effective than the aqueous suspension. Oil-based formulations at 10, 15 and 20% enhanced the activity of M. anisopliae s.l. Ma 959, and B. bassiana Bb 986, isolates against R. microplus eggs, larvae, and engorged females tick. Mineral oil was effective as an adjuvant in formulations of M. anisopliae s.l., Ma 959, and B. bassiana, Bb 986, for the control of R. microplus under laboratory conditions.     

内蒙古草原蝗害与绿色防控技术应用现状

草原是内蒙古的生态主体,对维护全国的生态环境起着十分重要的作用。多年来草原蝗害在内蒙古连年发生,对草地植被造成严重破坏。本研究对2006-2015年内蒙古草原蝗害、绿色防控技术及应用现状进行了分析与总结,并提出防控对策。结果表明,内蒙古草原蝗虫整体为害2010-2015年已连续6年呈下降态势,目前以点片状中、低密度分散发生为主;蝗虫微孢子虫(Nosema locustae)、蝗绿僵菌(Metarhizium acridum)、苏云金杆菌(Bacillus thuringiensis)、印楝素(azadirachtin)、苦参碱(matrine)、烟碱·苦参碱(nicotine·matrine)、牧鸡牧鸭、自然天敌防控及生态治理效果明显,绿色防控技术得到优化,防控技术体系基本形成,10年间累积应用面积733.3万hm~2,生物防治面积明显增大,生物防治比例显著提高,减灾收益9.9亿元,生态、经济和社会效益显著;建议草原蝗虫绿色防控应进一步增加资金投入、完善预警体系、加大科研力度、强化生物防治,切实解决生产实际中的难点和问题,以实现草原蝗虫的绿色可持续防控。     

2种微生物药剂防治草原蝗虫的应用研究

为考察不同剂型金龟子绿僵菌对青海地区草原蝗虫的防治效果,开展绿僵菌油悬浮剂和绿僵菌可湿性粉剂对草原蝗虫的防治试验。绿僵菌油悬浮剂和绿僵菌可湿性粉剂各设置3个试验小区,分别为A1、A2、A3区和B1、B2、B3区,A1和B1区为平地,A2和B2区为上坡地,A3和B3区为下坡地,同时设CK对照区;于施药前及施药后第5、10、15、30天对各试验区进行草原蝗虫虫口密度调查,计算施药后第5、10、15、30天的虫口减退率,采用统计学方法对各试验区的草原蝗虫防治效果进行比较。结果表明：施药前各试验处理区的虫口密度与CK对照区差异均不显著（P〉0.05）,绿僵菌2种剂型施药后第5、10、15、30天,各处理区的虫口密度均显著低于CK对照区（P〈0.05）;施药后第10天,A2、A3区的虫口减退率显著高于B1、B2、B3区（P〈0.05）;施药后第15天,A1、A2、A3区的虫口减退率显著高于B1、B2、B3区（P〈0.05）;施药后第30天,6个处理区的虫口减退率均高于65%,绿僵菌油悬浮剂在下坡地施药效果最佳,虫口减退率达到71.86%。总体来看,绿僵菌油悬浮剂的防治效果略优于绿僵菌可湿性粉剂,且施药于下坡地时防治效果更佳。金龟子绿僵菌2种剂型都具有一定的水平扩散能力,施药当年控制草原蝗虫持续效果较显著。     

蝗虫微孢子虫病在蝗虫和群间的流行规律研究

在同德县北巴滩进行了不同浓度蝗虫微孢子虫（N.L)小区试验和大面积推广试验，并在1997和1999年对防治效果作了调查，结果表明N.L不仅当年虫口减退率和感病率可达60％和50％以上（30天），而且在1997年、1999年防区内平均感病率仍保持在30％和40％。说明N.L具有较强的水平扩散能力和垂直感染能力，可持续、有效地控制蝗灾的发生。     

蝗虫微孢子虫大量增殖与治蝗应用研究

探索蝗虫微孢子虫在蝗虫体内增殖特性,用相差显微镜检查病死蝗虫体内病原物具有两种发育阶段。裂殖生殖期和孢子形成期。病虫在孢子形成期死亡则能获得较高产孢量,可见产孢量与病虫致死时间有关。接种病原浓度和寄主虫龄又影响致死时间,因而影响孢子产量。选择适宜接种病原浓度和寄主虫龄是获得较高孢子产量的重要因子。利用微孢子虫治蝗在蝗虫低密度下施用,可以控制煌害在经济阈值以下,高虫口密度下与少量化学农药混用也能收到治蝗效果。     

蝗虫微孢子虫防治青藏高原蝗虫对主要天敌种群数量的影响

以蝗虫微孢子虫为主的治理蝗虫的配套技术，在青藏高原蝗害治理中发挥了重要作用，能有效地控制蝗虫灾害，不污染环境，对自然天敌没有杀伤作用，保护了草地生态系统的生物多样性．特别是蝗虫自然天敌的生物多样性；而运用化学农药治理蝗虫，天敌被大量杀伤，破坏了草原生态系统的生物多样性，蝗灾发生的频率增加。     

蝗虫微孢子与昆虫生长调节剂协同控制草原蝗虫作用机制

蝗虫微孢子（Paranosema locustae, PL）是重要的防蝗生物制剂,其与昆虫生长调节剂（insect growth regulator, IGR）协同使用有利于蝗虫可持续治理。本文通过田间超低喷雾和扫网调查等方法在青海蝗区开展协调应用PL和IGR防治草原蝗虫的作用及其机理研究。首先明确青海蝗区的主要蝗虫种类为宽须蚁蝗Myrmeleotettix palpalis、小翅雏蝗Chorthippus fallax、狭翅雏蝗Chorthippus dubius、毛足棒角蝗Dasyhippus harbipes、鼓翅皱膝蝗Angaracris barabensis等;结果证明PL与IGR协调应用,可有效抑制草原蝗虫种群增长,且可保持存活蝗虫感病率在较高水平,对优势种宽须蚁蝗和小翅雏蝗等的持续控制作用明显。结果明确了微生物制剂和IGR协同防治蝗虫的短期与长期、速效与长效的协同作用,为防治高密度蝗虫提供新的绿色防控策略。     

Control of the sheep scab mite Psoroptes ovis in vivo and in vitro using fungal pathogens

As part of a research programme designed to identify biological agents for the control of sheep scab, the pathogenicity of the fungus Metarhizium anisopliae to Psoroptes mites in the presence of sheepskin and wool was examined in the laboratory. No inhibitory effects of skin and wool were observed and high levels of infection were recorded. Subsequently the pathogenicity of formulations of both M. anisopliae and Beauveria bassiana to Psoroptes ovis was studied in vivo. For this, 36 batches of 20 adult female Psoroptes mites were confined in 25 mm diameter chambers which were attached to the backs of 6 scab-naive sheep. In some treatments, mites were exposed to the fungal pathogens for 48 h in vitro prior to being placed on the host, while other treatments involved mites with no prior exposure placed directly onto the skin of a host treated with a fungal pathogen. After 48 h on the host, mites were removed, incubated individually and all fungal infections were recorded. Fungal infection was observed in all treatments, except untreated controls. However, B. bassiana infected a significantly greater number of mites than M. anisopliae with all the formulations examined. Infection rates were highest when mites were exposed to dry conidia (>90%) and lowest with M. anisopliae in diatomaceous earth. Overall, the infection rate was not affected by whether or not the mites were given prior exposure to the conidia, before being placed on the sheep. The results demonstrate that Psoroptes mites can become infected by entomopathogenic fungi on the skin of sheep and provides a first demonstration of the potential of this technology for the control of sheep scab.