江河源区高寒草甸退化序列秃斑热岛效应研究

秃斑是江河源区高寒草甸退化序列普遍存在的地理景观,以江河源区高寒草甸退化序列秃斑为对象,分析表土5cm处温度日动态、月动态和季节动态及土壤有机碳与全年、生长季＞0℃积温的关系,结果表明:温度日动态为黑土滩退化样地中坡最高温、升温(降温)速率和温差最大,分别是未退化样地中坡的3.52倍、8.33(7.11)倍和8.21倍.生长季黑土滩退化样地中坡9月温差最大,未退化样地低坡6月温差最大,前者是后者的3.96倍;各样地8月＞0℃月积温最高,其中黑土滩退化样地中坡是未退化样地低坡的1.5倍;非生长季各样地最大温差和＞0℃月积温相差较小.全年、生长季＞0℃积温与土壤有机碳呈极显著负相关,全年、生长季＞0℃积温增加1000℃有机碳含量分别减少6.2％和7.3％.秃斑呈现突出的热岛现象,其热岛效应表现为土壤有机碳流失和水分蒸散,继而土壤可蚀性增大,或是高寒草甸退化的内在动力.     

不同退化程度高寒嵩草草甸基况的初步研究

以高寒嵩草草甸退化群落指标为依据,研究了青海省未退化、轻度退化、中度退化和重度退化阶段,高寒嵩草草甸植物群落的结构特征及土壤特性的差异性。结果表明:不同退化程度的高寒嵩草草甸,其地上、地下生物量,牧草高度,生草层厚度,裸斑面积,物种数,土壤含水量等呈显著差异。同未退化阶段相比,重度退化阶段的优良牧草生物量和地下生物量分别降低了43.2和10.1 g/m2。而重度退化阶段时,裸斑面积则达到最大值65 m2,土壤含水量则为最小值22.83%,鼠洞密度则随着高寒嵩草草甸退化程度的加剧,呈倒"V"变化趋势。分析表明,高寒嵩草草甸退化的结果是,由莎草科和禾本科为主的植物演替为杂类草地。     

三江源高寒草甸典型坡面草地退化特征综合分析

以三江源地区高寒草甸退化坡面为研究对象,揭示坡面草甸退化梯度所处不同位置下土壤侵蚀和土壤理化性质的变化规律,对明晰坡面草地因人为载畜破坏发生退化后,自然侵蚀作用对土壤理化性质的变化具有重要意义.结果表明:高寒草甸土壤有机质和全氮在坡面上与137 Cs比活度呈现基本一致的分布规律,表现为轻度退化与中度退化差异较小,中度退化显著高于重度退化,极度退化高于重度退化的分布特征(P＜0.05);随退化程度加剧,土壤有机质和全氮呈现下降的基本规律,并且高寒草甸坡面土壤有机质和全氮在不同草地退化程度下具有不同的坡面运移特征;高寒草甸坡面土壤有机质、全氮含量因退化梯度表现出显著差异(P＜0.05),高寒草甸退化坡面土壤侵蚀模数随退化梯度增加而递增,相应的土壤田间持水量表现为随退化梯度增加而降低.     

高寒草甸退化草地—“黑土滩”植物量测定

依据高寒草甸草地秃斑地的多少和距居民点的远近划分为轻度退化草地(极少量秃斑地)、中度退化草地(少量秃斑地)、重度退化草地(大量秃斑地)和极度退化草地(全部秃斑地)四个退化草地等级。对各等级退化草地进行了植物量测定。结果表明:草地植物量(地上和地下)及土壤含水量,随着草地退化程度的加剧明显下降(P<0.01),毒杂草量则明显上升(P<0.01)。其中极度退化草地较轻度退化草地植被中嵩草属牧草优势度减少38,可食鲜草量减少219.2g/m~2,而毒杂草则增加99.6g/m~2,植物活根量(干物质)减少2390.6g/m~2,土壤含水量(0—10cm)减少10.02％,并对高寒草甸退化草地(黑土滩)的成因及治理途径提出了看法和意见。     

高原鼠兔对西藏邦杰塘高寒草甸的影响

高原鼠兔是西藏高寒草甸的优势物种之一,其摄食和掘穴活动加快了邦杰塘高寒草甸退化速度,制约着当地草牧业的可持续发展。鉴于此,以林芝市工布江达县松多三村的冬季牧场作为试验地,以高原鼠兔活动为主要影响因素,初步探索高原鼠兔活动对不同退化程度的高寒草甸的影响。以期为邦杰塘天然草地的高原鼠兔防控和草地管理提供科学依据。研究表明,围栏外(A样地)的平均高原鼠兔鼠总洞数和有效鼠洞数均大于围栏内(B样地),A样地鼠兔掘穴土丘占地面积、洞口面积和草地占地面积也均大于B样地。高原鼠兔对植被有显著影响,表现为草地生物量减少,地上生物量干湿比增大,植物Gleason丰富度指数增加。在样地植物密度和种类基本一致的情况下,高原鼠兔的活动致使土壤种子库密度减少,尤以根茎型植物为最;地上地下植被Sorensen相似性指数减小,降低了草地根茎型植被更新潜力;其中A样地鼠区土壤种子密度仅为3 929.3粒·m^-2,显著低于B样地鼠区;同时鼠区土壤种子库中的根茎型牧草物种数占保护区的40%。说明高原鼠兔对两种不同退化程度的高寒草甸的影响不同,对轻微退化高寒草甸地表特征、植被特征和土壤种子库的影响小于对重度退化高寒草甸的影响。     

基于分形维数的放牧地秃斑特征提取方法及其应用

通过野外数码成像获得放牧地秃斑图像,运用地理信息系统软件(ArcView GIS 3.2a)计算其面积、周长,以此为基础计算放牧地秃斑的形状指数及分形维数。运用该方法对放牧地秃斑的特征进行了实地测量,结果显示退化高寒嵩草草甸上放牧地秃斑具有典型的分形特征,形状指数和分维数分别为1.8和1.1,在形状指数相对变化率<5%和分维数相对变化率<0.5%的条件下,退化高寒嵩草草甸上放牧地典型秃斑沿边界走向最少插入点数为120。此方法具有快速、准确测定的特征,具有良好的实用性和可操作性。该方法的引入给解释放牧地秃斑出现的一些复杂问题提供了全新的技术途径,或将成为放牧生态学研究的创新性研究方法。     

嵩草草甸退化和恢复过程中主要牧草演替和地表特征变化

以青藏高原高寒草甸禾草、矮嵩草和小嵩草的重要值及斑块变化为对象,研究其在嵩草草甸退化和恢复过程中的变化规律。结果表明,退化中的嵩草草甸小嵩草重要值显著高于矮嵩草和禾草,样带调查显示在小嵩草样带矮嵩草盖度急剧降低,黑斑盖度增加近一倍,小嵩草斑块分布普遍;重牧小嵩草草甸小嵩草成为优势种,重要值显著高于矮嵩草和禾草(P＜0.05),黑斑面积增大,塌陷增多,矮嵩草斑块出现几率小;恢复中的小嵩草草甸禾草重要值增大,矮嵩草恢复慢,恢复斑块上禾草成为优势种,小嵩草斑块接近消失,黑斑和秃斑面积急剧缩小,植被盖度增加;恢复较好的草甸禾草成为样地的优势种,矮嵩草和小嵩草的重要值低(零星斑块分布),没有黑斑和秃斑出现。高寒草甸退化引起优势植物更替,地表黑斑和秃斑严重,封育和减牧措施能够有效恢复退化的草甸。     

超载放牧与那曲地区高山嵩草草甸植被退化及其退化指标的探讨

对那曲地区中部高山嵩草草甸不同超载程度草地植被的调查分析结果表明,那曲地区中部高山嵩草草地超载严重,从定居点至放牧最远点,放牧压力逐渐降低,定居点附近超载高达3.73倍,超载最轻的草地也达到1.75倍;超载草地的多样性指数、植被盖度、地上现存生物量都显著低于围栏禁牧区;随超载程度的加大,莎草科植物、耐旱的杂类草、牲畜不喜食和不食的植物种有增加的趋势;综合分析超载下植被的不同特征变化并与现有的高寒草甸、草原类退化草地分类指标体系比较,初步认为,那曲地区的高山嵩草草甸都呈现退化加剧的趋势,已达到重度-中度退化程度,极重度超载区达到重度退化程度,重度和中度超载区达到中度退化程度,其比例分别达到9%和91%,远大于1996年的调查数据.     

藏北不同退化阶段高寒草甸植物群落特征与土壤养分特性

为探究藏北不同退化阶段高寒草甸的植物群落特征、土壤养分特性及其相关性,以那曲县那玛切村的轻度退化(lightly degraded,LD)、中度退化(moderately degraded,MD)和重度退化(severely degraded,SD)高寒草甸为研究对象,采用冗余分析(RDA)试图揭示不同退化阶段高寒草甸土壤环境因子与植被因子之间的关系。结果表明:1)研究区植物共有9科20属25种,莎草科、禾本科、菊科和蔷薇科植物适应性较强,不同退化草甸植被类型分别为高山嵩草+斑唇马先蒿,弱小火绒草+高山嵩草,二裂委陵菜+白苞筋骨草,其中高山嵩草是轻、中度退化草甸的优势种,不同退化阶段高寒草甸杂类草均占据重要地位,生活型以多年生草本为主。2)从轻度退化草甸到重度退化草甸,植物群落特征(地上生物量、高度、密度、频度、总盖度)整体呈递减趋势,且差异显著(P<0.05),Shannon-Wiener多样性指数、Margalef物种丰富度指数、Simpson优势度指数、Pielou均匀度指数随着退化加重呈降低的趋势。3)随退化程度加重,土壤有机质、速效氮、全氮、全磷、速效磷、速效钾、全钾均...     

黄河源区不同退化阶段高寒草甸植被特征

研究不同退化阶段高寒草甸植被演替以及草地生产力特征,对进一步探究高寒草甸退化机制,科学评估草地状况和退化草地恢复重建具有重要意义。采用野外植被调查,对黄河源区高寒草甸未退化、轻度退化、中度退化、重度退化和极度("黑土型")退化草地的植被群落结构、物种组成及生物量等植被特征进行了研究。结果表明:黄河源区高寒草甸共有植物48种;随着高寒草地退化程度的加剧,线叶嵩草、垂穗披碱草、高原早熟禾等优势植物种呈下降趋势,黄帚橐吾、青海刺参和臭蒿等则呈上升趋势。随着高寒草地退化程度的加剧,植被群落物种优势度指数、多样性指数和丰富度指数均呈下降趋势,均匀度指数则无明显变化。将高寒草地植被划分为禾本科、莎草科、龙胆科、菊科、杂类草和毒害草六类,随着草地退化程度的加剧,禾本科、莎草科和龙胆科牧草比例显著降低,菊科和毒害草比例则显著升高。高寒草甸不同退化阶段地上生物量呈"V"形变化,轻度退化草地地上生物量最高,显著高于其他阶段。中度退化草地最低,与未退化、轻度退化和重度退化草地之间差异显著。高寒草甸地下生物量80%以上集中于表层土壤,随着高寒草地退化程度的不断加剧,地下生物量显著降低。     

Comparison of the Effect of the Aromatase Inhibitor, Anastrazole, to the Antioestrogen, Tamoxifen Citrate, on Canine Prostate and Semen

This study compared the efficiency of the aromatase inhibitor, anastrazole, with the antioestrogenic receptor blocker, tamoxifen, on normal (NRL) and hyperplastic prostate glands. Forty healthy dogs were classified as NRL (n = 18) or abnormal (ABN) with benign prostate hyperplasia (n = 22). The dogs were randomly assigned to one of the following six groups, treated for 60 days; oral placebo for normal (NRL-PLC; n = 6) and abnormal (ABN-PLC; n = 6), oral anastrazole 0.25–1 mg/day, for normal (NRL-ANZ, n = 6) and abnormal (ABN-ANZ, n = 8) and oral tamoxifen citrate 2.5–10 mg/day for normal (NRL-TMX; n = 6) and abnormal (ABN-TMX; n = 8) dogs. The dogs were evaluated before treatment and then monthly for 4 months. At the end of the treatment, the prostatic volume decreased by 28.5 ± 4.3%, 21.6 ± 6.3% and 0.7 ± 1.0% in the ABN-TMX, ABN-ANZ and ABN-PLC (p < 0.01), respectively. From then on, prostatic volume began to increase without reaching pre-treatment values at the end of the study. In the ABN animals, there were no differences for this parameter between ANZ and TMX treatment (p > 0.1), whereas in the NRL animals ANZ produced a less pronounced decrease (p < 0.05), libido, testicular consistency and scrotal diameter decreased during treatment in the TMX group (p > 0.05). These parameters and sperm volume, count, motility and morphological abnormalities remained unaltered throughout the study in the ANZ and PLC groups (p > 0.05). There were no haematological nor biochemical side effects. Anastrazole might offer a safe and effective alternative for the medical management of dogs with benign prostatic hyperplasia.     

Preliminary studies on the effectiveness of the novel pulicide, spinosad, for the treatment and control of fleas on dogs

Spinosad is a novel mode-of-action insecticide produced from a family of natural products derived from fermentation of the actinomycete, Saccharopolyspora spinosa. Separate studies were undertaken to determine the minimum effective dose of spinosad given orally for the treatment of experimentally induced flea infestations (Ctenocephalides felis) on dogs, and to assess any potential impacts of feeding canned or dry food at the time of dosing. Both were randomized block (blocked by gender and pre-treatment flea counts), blinded parallel-arm studies, with dogs selected on health and ability to maintain pre-treatment flea populations. For dose selection, 48 dogs were allocated among six groups (8 dogs/group; 4 males, 4 females): placebo-treated negative control, spinosad in gelatin capsules at 15, 20, 30 and 40 mg/kg administered per os; and topical imidacloprid (10 mg/kg) as a positive control. Placebo and spinosad treatments were administered on Days 0, 30 and 60, imidacloprid only on Day 0. In a second study to assess the impact of food type at the time of dosing, three groups were formed: placebo-treated control (8 dogs; 4 males, 4 females), spinosad (30 mg/kg) administered with canned food (8 male dogs, 8 females); and spinosad (30 mg/kg) with dry food (8 males, 8 females). Treatments were administered on Days 0 and 30. To assess post-treatment persistent efficacy, flea infestations were repeated at regular post-treatment intervals, beginning on Day 5 through Day 89 in the dose selection study and Day 58 in the impact of food type and dosing study. Flea counts were performed 48 h post-infestation by study personnel who were blinded to treatments. In the dose selection study, compared to geometric mean live flea counts in the control group, each spinosad dose was highly effective (99.8–100%) at 7, 14 and 21 days after treatment. Only the 30 and 40 mg/kg doses maintained high efficacy (97.2–100%) until 30 days after treatment, with no difference between the two. Imidacloprid was highly effective at Day 30, with significant difference only from the 15 mg/kg spinosad group. Because there was no significant difference between the higher spinosad rates, 30 mg/kg was selected as the optimal minimum effective dose. In the second study, spinosad was highly effective at all post-treatment flea counts (98–100%). Taken together, these studies demonstrate that repeated monthly oral treatments with spinosad at 30 mg/kg provide sustained control of C. felis on dogs. There were no treatment-related adverse events in either study, indicating that spinosad has potential to be used monthly as a safe and effective flea adulticide, providing sustained activity that matches that of currently used topical products.     

Coagulase-negative, novobiocin-resistant staphylococci on the skin of animals and man, on meat and in milk.

The occurrence of coagulase-negative, novobiocin-resistant staphylococci, i.e. Staphylococcus cohnii, Staphylococcus saprophyticus, Staphylococcus sciuri and Staphylococcus xylosus, on the skin of animals and man has been studied. On cultures from cats, cows, dogs, guinea pigs, mice, rabbits and sheep studied, such organisms were predominant among the coagulase-negative staphylococci. From the skin of the hands of 21 of 38 persons whose professions brought them into contact with animals, e.g. inséminât ors, slaughterhouse workers and veterinarians, coagulase-negative, novobiocin-resistant staphylococci were isolated. This finding contrasted with that regarding 50 persons lacking such contacts, of whom only 1 harboured such bacteria. S. saprophyticus was isolated only from those slaughterers presenting with wounds on their hands. Coagulase-negative, novobiocin-resistant staphylococci were also isolated from every second specimen collected from the surface of meat at a slaughterhouse. No difference in the culture results could be demonstrated from specimens collected before and after cutting-up of the carcasses. Of 26 strains of coagulase-negative, DNase-negative staphylococci isolated from milk with pathological CMT, all but 5 were novobiocin-resistant. Fifteen were classified as S. xylosus, 4 as S. sciuri and 1 as S. cohnii. Of another 15 DNase-positive strains, 3 were resistant to novobiocin. Finally, clinical infections with coagulase-negative, novobiocin-resistant staphylococci in man, e.g. urinary tract infections caused by S. saprophyticus, are considered in relation to possible contagious reservoirs and modes of spread.     

蓖麻碱的分离鉴定及其含量测定方法的研究

蓖麻碱 (Ricinine) ,3-氰基 - 4-甲氧基 - 1 -甲基 - 2 -吡啶酮 ,分子式为C8H8N2 O2 ,分子量为1 6 4。因其分子中含氰基 ,毒性较大 ,对人可引起恶心、呕吐 ,严重时呼吸衰竭以致死亡 (林启寿 ,1 977)。蓖麻碱对家禽毒性较强 ,是一种导致甲状腺肿的潜在因子 (Pahuja ,1 978)。饲料中蓖麻碱含量超过0 .0 1 % ,抑制鸡的生长 ;含量超过 0 .1 %时 ,鸡麻痹中毒死亡 (Vohra等 ,1 976 ;史志诚等 ,1 996 )。雏鸡蓖麻碱的半数致死量LD50 为 1 1 .2 4 μg/g体重 ,其中毒症状为神经中枢麻痹 ,呼吸急促、困难 ,全身痉挛 ,步态不稳 ,最终倒地死亡 (闵建…     

The origin and function of the enamel cup, infundibulum dentis, on the incisors of the horse

The enamel cups of equids originated phylogenetically through several phases in Oligocene and Miocene horses, which readjusted from hard to soft leaf food and from double nutrition (leaves and grass) to a pure grass intake. This has been proved experimentally. The resulting construction of the incisor is continually changed on its occlusal surface by erosion according to the pattern of the enamel crests. Referring to the whole incisor tooth, this results in an equid life cycle in which the good grip of the occlusal surface and the efficiency of ingestion favours the young, sexually mature horses, which are at the best age for food intake.     

硼、钼、锌与大量元素配施对紫花苜蓿草产量和品质的影响

在氮磷钾肥料基础上,研究硼、钼、锌配施对紫花苜蓿草产量和品质的影响.结果表明:施氮磷钾肥可以提高苜蓿干草产量,降低叶茎比,但对其粗蛋白质含量的影响不大;在氮磷钾肥适量的基础上,硼、钼、锌合理配施可以增加苜蓿干草产量,其中单施硼(2.0 kg/hm2)或锌(1.5 kg/hm2)增产显著(P＜0.05),分别较对照增产29.0%和25.9%;硼、钼、锌配施对各茬次粗蛋白质含量的影响不同;单施锌苜蓿粗蛋白质含量呈降低趋势,单施钼粗蛋白质含量呈增加的趋势.     

氮、磷、钾和镁对罗顿豆生长的影响

盆栽试验结果表明,在红砂岩发育的红壤上施用氮、磷能明显地提高罗顿豆的产量,但钾或镁肥只有与其他肥料配合施用才能明显地促进罗顿豆的生长.过量的施用磷、钾和镁均会对罗顿豆产生毒害作用,其中毒临界值分别为242mg/kg、180mg/kg和126mg/kg.