营养水平对河南斗鸡与艾维茵肉鸡杂交一代产肉性能的影响

将河南斗鸡和艾维茵肉鸡杂交一代80只随机分为两组，在不同的营养水平下饲养12周，其结果表明，试验组和对照组0－2周体增重差异不显著（P＞0．05）；3—12周二者差异极显著（P＜0．01）；试验组比对照组提前两周达到最大体增重；饲料转化率二者差异显著（P＞0．05）；母鸡的屠宰率，半净膛率和全净膛率试验组均显著高于对照组（P＜0．01）；而公鸡只有全净膛率显著高于对照组（P＜0．05），胸肌率和腹脂率两组无显著差异（P＞0．05），同营养不同性别的胸肌率有显著差异（P＜0．01），营养和性别对腿重量影响均显著（P＜0．01）；对照组的肌胃重显著高于试验组（P＜0．01）．     

栽培优质牧草饲养肉鹅效果研究

栽培优质牧草饲养肉鹅效果研究四川省草原工作总站（６１００４１）李元华从肉鹅的消化特点看,肉鹅能很好的消化牧草,从牧草的营养成分看,优质牧草养鹅有着不可缺少的特殊作用。实践证明,种草养鹅不但节约粮食,而且经济效益显著,深受广大干部群众的欢迎。１从肉鹅...     

人工种草养鹅的生产性能试验与效益分析

人工种植优质牧草养鹅与种植粮食作物进行传统的副业型养鹅方法做对比试验研究，结果表明：种草养鹅生长性能和屠体品质均优于传统的副业型养鹅方法，用SPSS for windows11．0统计软件进行方差分析，其重要生产性能指标：日增重、料肉比以及腿肌率和翅膀率差异显著(p＜0．05)。进行单位面积内的生产效益比较发现人工种草养鹅按种鹅种蛋价格计算，每年亩均获利是种植粮食作物小麦和经济作物花生的8．22倍。     

那西肽对皖西白鹅仔鹅生产陛能的影响

试验用那西肽（2．0％、3．0％、4．0％）饲喂皖西白鹅仔鹅，研究饲喂那西肽对皖西白鹅仔鹅的生长速度、饲料转化率、成活率等方面的影响。结果表明，在屠宰率方面，各试验组间和各试验组与对照组间差异均不显著（P〉0．05）；在体重方面，各试验组均高于对照组。当饲粮中那西肽添加水平为4．0％时，皖西白鹅的生长性能和饲料利用率最好。该试验旨在筛选出较佳的饲喂量，并在养鹅业中推广应用，以提高养鹅业的经济效益。     

人工牧草快速育肥肉鹅试验

目前．农村养鹅多数沿用传统的饲养方法．育肥时间长．精料耗量大，经济效益不高。为此．我们根据鹅早期生长快的特点，通过饲喂优质牧草和补饲配合饲料．观测其增长效果．并计算经济效益．为推广肉鹅快速育肥技术提供科学依据。     

冬闲田套种黑麦草养鹅技术

近年来，随着草食动物养殖业的兴起，许多养殖户利用冬闲田种植牧草饲养肉鹅，取得了很好的经济效益。现将冬闲田套种黑麦草养鹅技术介绍如下：     

农村规模养鹅获规模效益的综合措施

一、充足的牧草供应 鹅是草食动物，优质的牧草可提供鹅80％～90％的日粮营养，是鹅获取营养的物质基础，是决定养鹅规模的先决条件。养殖户可根据饲养规模种植适量的牧草。据调查测算，种1／15公顷(1亩)黑麦草，年割5～6次，产量达6000千克左右，可养肉鹅200～250只。     

高温季节添加小苏打对肉用仔鸡生产性能的影响研究

为探讨小苏打对高温季节肉用仔鸡生产性能的影响，选择21日龄AA肉用仔鸡2000羽，随机分试验组和对照组，每组2个重复。试验组饲料中添加0．4％小苏打。结果显示，试验组比对照组平均日增重提高7．67％，差异显著（P〈0．05）；饲料报酬提高10．05％，差异显著（P〈0．05）；中暑发生率下降55．00％，差异极显著（P〈0．01）；死亡率下降61．29％，差异极显著（P〈0．01）。经济效益分析，试验组比对照组每羽肉鸡多获毛利18．07％，差异显著（P〈0．05）。     

秋季养鹅应注意的问题

秋季是下半年种植牧草、种鹅产蛋、鹅苗孵化、肉鹅饲养的好时段，但在各个养鹅环节中，还需要提醒养鹅业界朋友注意一些具体问题。     

高赖氨酸水稻在肉鸡饲粮中应用效果的研究

高赖氨酸水稻;肉鸡;应用效果摘要：为研究不同比例高赖氨酸水稻替代玉米对肉用仔鸡生产、屠宰性能和部分血液生化指标的影响,选用150只1日龄AA肉鸡,分为3组,每组2个重复,每个重复25只鸡,分为前期（0～21d）和后期（22～42d）两个阶段饲养。对照组采用玉米一豆粕型日粮;试验组分别为高赖氨酸水稻替代40％、100％玉米组．分别在21日龄、42日龄测定各组肉鸡的生产性能、屠宰性能及部分血液生化指标。生长试验结果表明：前期高赖氨酸水稻替代40％玉米组肉鸡的平均日采食量、平均日增重、料重比与对照组差异不显著（P〉0．05）,高赖氨酸水稻替代100％玉米组肉鸡的平均日采食量、平均日增重与对照组差异不显著（P〉0．05）;后期高赖氨酸水稻替代40％玉米组和替代100％玉米组肉鸡的平均日采食量、平均日增重、料重比与对照组差异不显著（P〉0．05）。屠宰试验结果表明：前期试验组胸肌率有显著提高（P〈0．05）,全净膛率、腿肌率、腹脂率与对照组无显著差异（P〉0．05）;后期腿肌率有显著提高（P〈0．05）,全净膛率、腿肌率、腹脂率与对照组无显著差异（P〉0．05）。血液生化指标测定结果表明：前期对照组和试验组血液指标除碱性磷酸酶含量和总胆固醇含量有显著差异外（P〈0．05）,其他指标无显著差异（P〉0．05）;后期对照组和试验组各个血液指标间均无显著差异（P〉0．05）。结论：高赖氨酸水稻部分或完全代替玉米饲养肉鸡是可行的。     

Phase I evaluation of CCNU (lomustine) in tumor-bearing cats

1-(2-Chloroethyl)3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) is an alkylating agent in the nitrosourea subclass. A prospective evaluation of CCNU was done to determine the maximally tolerated dosage of CCNU in tumor-bearing cats. Response data were obtained when available. Twenty-five cats were treated with CCNU at a dosage of 50-60 mg/m3 body surface area. Complete hematologic data were available for 13 cats. Neutropenia was the acute dose-limiting toxicity. The median neutrophil count at the nadir was 1,000 cells/microL (mean, 2,433 cells/microL; range, 0-9,694 cells/microL). The time of neutrophil nadir was variable, occurring 7-28 days after treatment, and counts sometimes did not return to normal for up to 14 days after the nadir. Based on these findings, a 6-week dosing interval and weekly hematologic monitoring after the 1st treatment with CCNU are recommended. The nadir of the platelet count may occur 14-21 days after treatment. The median platelet count at the nadir was 43,500 cells/microL. No gastrointestinal, renal, or hepatic toxicities were observed after a single CCNU treatment, and additional studies to evaluate the potential for cumulative toxicity should be performed. Five cats with lymphoma and 1 cat with mast cell tumor had measurable responses to CCNU. Phase II studies to evaluate antitumor activity should be completed with a dosing regimen of 50-60 mg/m3 every 6 weeks.     

Furosemide continuous rate infusion in the horse: evaluation of enhanced efficacy and reduced side effects

Continuous rate infusion (CRI) of furosemide in humans is considered superior to intermittent administration (IA). This study examined whether furosemide CRI, compared with IA, would increase diuretic efficacy with decreased fluid and electrolyte fluctuations and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in the horse. Five mares were used in a crossover-design study. During a 24-hour period, each horse received a total of 3 mg/kg furosemide by either CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h preceded by a loading dose of 0.12 mg/kg IV) or IA (1 mg/kg IV q8h). There was not a statistically significant difference in urine volume over 24 hours between methods; however, urine volume was significantly greater after CRI compared with IA during the first 8 hours ([median 25th percentile, 75th percentile]: 9.6 L [8.9, 14.4] for CRI versus 5.9 L [5.3, 6.0] for IA). CRI produced a more uniform urine flow, decreased fluctuations in plasma volume, and suppressed renal concentrating ability throughout the infusion period. Potassium, Ca, and Cl excretion was greater during CRI than IA (1,133 mmol [1.110, 1,229] versus 764 mmol [709, 904], 102.7 mmol [96.0, 117.2] versus 73.3 mmol [65.0, 73.5], and 1,776 mmol [1,657, 2.378] versus 1,596 mmol [1,457, 1,767], respectively). Elimination half-lives of furosemide were 1.35 and 0.47 hours for CRI and IA, respectively. The area under the excretion rate curve was 1,285.7 and 184.2 mL x mg/mL for CRI and IA, respectively. Furosemide CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h) for 8 hours, preceded by a loading dose (0.12 mg/kg), is recommended when profound diuresis is needed acutely in horses.     

Prevalence of gastric lesions in racing Alaskan sled dogs

Human and equine athletes are reported to have a high prevalence of gastric disease, and anecdotal evidence suggests a similar phenomenon applies to racing sled dogs. To investigate the prevalence of gastric disease in racing sled dogs, we conducted 2 gastroscopy studies on dogs competing in the annual Iditarod Sled Dog Race. A pilot study of dogs that were either dropped from the 2000 Iditarod Sled Dog Race because of illness or that finished the race indicated that, approximately 5 days after competing, 10 of 28 dogs (35%) had endoscopic evidence of gastric ulceration, erosion, or hemorrhage. The next year, an endoscopic study of 73 dogs participating in the 2001 Iditarod race was performed in order to evaluate a larger population of dogs. Data from 70 of these dogs could be used; 34 (48.5%) had ulceration, erosion, gastric hemorrhage, or some combination of these findings. When this group of 70 dogs was compared retrospectively to a control group of 87 dogs presented to the Texas A&M University (TAMU) Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, the Iditarod sled dogs had a significantly higher prevalence (P = .049) of gastric lesions. These findings suggest that, similar to athletes of other species, elite canine athletes have an increased prevalence of gastric disease compared to the canine population at large.     

The Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Nematodes of Dairy Cattle in Central Kenya

The epidemiology of H. placei and of other gastrointestinal nematodes in yearling dairy cattle was examined on two farms in Kiambu District, central Kenya during each of 13 one-month periods from April 1993 to April 1994. On each farm, 32 newly weaned dairy calves were given a single dose of albendazole and then placed on experimental pastures. Twelve of the animals were designated for bi-monthly slaughter (n = 2) and analysis of worm population characteristics and 20 were designated for blood and faecal collection and for weighing. Two parasite-free tracer calves were grazed alongside the weaner calves each month throughout the study period and were also slaughtered for analysis of worm populations. Faecal egg counts, haematological and serum pepsinogen determinations, herbage larval counts, and animal live weight changes were recorded monthly. The study revealed that Haemonchus placei, Trichostrongylus axei, Cooperia spp. and Oesophagostomum radiatum were responsible for parasitic gastroenteritis and that H. placei was the predominant nematode present in the young cattle on both farms. Faecal egg counts from resident cattle and necropsy worm counts revealed that pasture larval levels were directly related to the amount of rainfall. The total worm burdens in the animals were highest during the rainy season (March–June and October–December) and lowest during the dry seasons (July–September and January–February). The very low recovery of immature larvae of H. placei from the tracer calves indicated that arrested development is not a feature of the life cycle of this parasite in central Kenya. The maintenance of the parasite population depended on continuous cycling of infection between the host and the pasture. The agroclimatic conditions of the study area were such that, in general, favourable weather conditions for the development and survival of the free-living stages of gastrointestinal nematodes existed all year round.     

Diversity of Ectoparasites in Sheep Flocks in Sa~o Paulo,Brazil

The occurrence of ectoparasites in sheep flocks is frequently reported but seldom quantified. Sheep production used to be a predominantly family activity in the state of Sa~o Paulo (Brazil), but it began to become a commercial activity in the past decade. Thus, information about the ectoparasites existing in sheep flocks has become necessary. The present data were obtained by means of questionnaires sent to all sheep breeders belonging to the `Associaça~o Paulista de Criadores de Ovinos' (ASPACO; Sa~o Paulo State Association of Sheep Breeders). Response reliability was tested by means of random visits paid to 10.6% of the respondents. Most of the properties (89.5%) reported the presence of one or more ectoparasites. Screw-worm (Cochliomyia hominivorax) was the most frequent ectoparasite (72.5%), followed by bot fly larvae (Dermatobia hominis, 45.0%), ticks (Amblyomma cajennense) and Boophilus microplus, 31.3%) and finally lice (Damalinia ovis, 13.8%). Combined infestations also occurred, the most common one being screw-worm with bot fly larvae (36.0%) followed by bot fly larvae with ticks (13.9%), screw-worm with ticks (9.3%), bot fly larvae with lice (6.9%), and ticks with lice (5.0%). The most common triple combination was screw-worm, bot fly larvae and ticks (12.8%). Breeds raised for meat or wool were attacked by bot fly larvae and ticks more often than other breeds. Lice were only absent from animals of indigenous breeds. The relationships among these ectoparasites are discussed in terms of sheep breeds, flock size, seasonality and the ectoparasitic combinations on the host.     

Evaluation of biohydrogenation rate of canola vs. soya bean seeds as unsaturated fatty acids sources for ruminants in situ

An experiment was conducted to study disappearance of C14 to C18 fatty acids, lag times and biohydrogenation (BH) rates of C18 fatty acids of ground soya bean and canola seeds in situ. Three ruminally fistulated Dallagh sheep were used to determine ruminal BH of unsaturated fatty acids (UFAs). Differences in the disappearance of fatty acids through the bags and lag times were observed between the oilseeds. We saw that the longer the incubation time of the oilseeds in the rumen, the lower the content of C18:2 and C18:3. Significantly higher lag times for both C18:2 and C18:3 were observed in ground canola compared to ground soya bean. BH rates of C18:2 and C18:3 fatty acids in soya bean were three times higher than those of canola. These results suggest that the fatty acid profile of fat source can affect the BH of UFAs by rumen micro‐organisms. So that UFAs of canola had higher ability to escape from ruminal BH. It seems that fatty acid profile of ruminant products is more affected by canola seed compared to soya bean seed.     

Serum biochemical values and mineral element contents of tissues in yaks

Serum biochemical values and the wet weight to dry weight ratios of tissues were determined in yaks in Shandan county of Gansu province. The liver, kidney, heart and muscle contents of seven elements in yaks were also analysed. Most serum biochemical values were similar to those of cattle, camels and sheep, but the calcium concentration was considerably above the normal range for other ruminants. The liver contained the highest concentrations of copper, manganese and cobalt and the kidney of selenium, iron and calcium.Abbreviations Alb albumin - ALT alanine aminotransferase - AST aspartate aminotransferase - BUN blood urea nitrogen - Chol cholesterol - Glob globulin - -GT -glutamyl transpeptidase - IP inorganic phosphorus - TP total protein     

Avian brood parasitism — a growing research area in behavioral ecology (part Ⅱ)

正We are pleased to publish the second special issue on avian brood parasitism and to be responsible guest editors for the two special issues of Chinese Birds (Vol. 3, No. 4, 2012 and Vol. 4, No. 1, 2013), entitled "Avian Brood Parasitism - A Growing Research Area in Behavioral Ecology". The first issue was published in December 2012. The goal of the two special issues is to publish accumulated knowledge and some of the recent developments in     

Internal Parasites and Haematological Values in Cattle Slaughtered in Buea Subdivision of Cameroon

Tropical Animal Health and Production -