Evaluation method of the ecological benefits of urban green spaces and application conditions

The importance of ecological benefit analyses about green space systems has been widely discussed on the basis of a per-ceived bias towards the landscaping effect of green spaces to be built in urban areas as opposed to the perception of comprehensive ecological benefits of designed plant communities. Given the basic principle of ecological benefit analyses and evaluation methods widely applied today, the methodology to calculate ecological benefits and to model the expansion of urban green spaces by CITY-green 5.0 and its conditions for application were explored. We propose that aerial images can be substituted by AutoCAD graphics of a green space containing detailed information of plant dispositions by digitizing the key features during the working process in order to evaluate the ecological benefits quickly and to offer proper guidance to the establishment of small scale green spaces in urban areas. The theoretical foundation, potential application range and prospects for extension of the method are introduced by using the analysis of ecological benefits of the green spaces on the campus of Southwest Forestry College, Kunming, as an example.     

海南海口城市河道植物群落景观评价

运用层次分析法,从生态效益和景观效益2个准则层的10个指标因子构建城市河道植物群落景观评价体系,并对海口城建区内的南渡江入海口主要河段、美舍河和海甸溪及其28块典型样地进行评价。结果表明,10个指标因子的重要程度排序为生态群落稳定性>植物适应性>植物配置层次性>乡土植物比例>植物绿视率>物种多样性>植物色彩丰富度>与周围环境的协调性>植物形态>植物长势一致性;3条河道综合评价值从高到低排序为南渡江入海口主要河段>美舍河>海甸溪,分别是Ⅱ级、Ⅲ级和Ⅳ级;28块典型样地中仅2块样地属Ⅰ级,占7%,大多数属Ⅲ和Ⅳ级,各占32%和43%,景观质量等级不高,均需进行一定的优化设计。     

山西平朔ATB矿退化土地的林业复垦与生态重建研究

采用调查、类比、室内模拟和野外试验示范相结合的方法，１９８７年－１９９９年在山西平逆ＡＴＢ矿进行了林业复垦与生态重建研究，结果表明。该矿生态系统演谱分为生态系统破损阶段、生态系统雏形建立阶段和生态系统动脉平衡阶段；生态受损引发因子包括土地挖损、土地压占、土地占用和土地污染；生态重建的实质为林业复垦基础工程的再造与植被重建工程的实施；生态重建的关键技术包括排土场的设计、有毒物质的消除、黄土的覆盖、侵蚀的控制、植物筛选与配置；重建后的生态优于采矿前的原生态。     

浅谈居住区环境与园林设计——以广东东莞光大“天骄峰景”为例

以广东省东莞市光大“天骄峰景”居住区为案例，介绍环境设计背景、园林景观构思、主体空间设计、植物配置及细部景观亮点等，探讨自然生态及节约型居住区环境与园林景观的设计思路与方法。     

培黎国际学院植物景观设计

基于植物造景的基本原则与方法,以甘肃省张掖市山丹县培黎国际学院的植物景观设计为例,研究适用于西北地区的校园植物景观设计方法。在满足校园功能要求的基础上,遵循适地适树,合理搭配树种比例,生态效益优先、乔灌花草藤并举等配置原则,明确校园绿化的主要树种,对校园内各功能区植物景观进行合理设计,营造科学的群落结构,突出植物景观的季相特色,以期为西北地区校园植物景观设计提供参考。     

高速公路生态景观林带建设工程的设计理念

生态景观林带的概念及构成,高速路段生态景观林带建设工程设计理念的确立,设计理念遵循的基本原理:物质循环再生、生物多样性、协调与平衡、整体性、系统学和工程学原理,设计理念框架下的设计特点:明确思路理顺关系、精细踏勘奠定基础、因地制宜合理布局、综合分析优化结构、紧扣重点分类突破、灵活变通放大尺寸、紧贴实际动态设计、手法多样自成风格、有的放矢适合操作、务实增效节省投资。     

韩国首尔的城市记忆——工业废弃地上的城市公园

概述工业废弃地、后工业景观概念及韩国后工业景观设计方式,分析探讨了旧净水厂改造为仙游岛公园的设计方案、兰芝岛垃圾山生态修复工程和世界杯公园建设历程。总结韩国首尔改造废弃地的成功经验,以期对我国的工业废弃地景观改造有积极的借鉴作用。     

茶油深加工项目效益评价

油茶树是我国南方主要的经济林树种,通过采用静态和动态分析相结的方法对茶油深加工项目进行效益评价,分析结果表明:项目经济效益显著,投资风险小,且具显著的社会效益和生态效益。项目的推广和实施,有利于促使农民脱贫致富,促进茶油资源的产业化发展,间接保护生态公益林,并对广西生态与工业协调发展产生积极影响。     

Financing Methods for Small-Scale Hardwood Plantations in Queensland, Australia

Under Vision 2020, a target was set in 1997 for trebling the forestry plantation area in Australia by the year 2020. Government subsidies and extension for plantation establishment have largely disappeared, hence forestry expansion is highly dependent on access to private finance. Plantation expansions throughout Australia has occurred predominantly through managed investment schemes, and to a lesser extent by joint venture schemes between landholders and government or private enterprise. Relatively small-scale hardwood plantations have been established, designed to replace the hardwood timber from the native forests that will be protected from further logging after 2024 under the Regional Forestry Agreements. Views on financing methods for forestry expansion in Queensland were investigated through by an email survey of 12 forestry and finance professionals, followed by in-depth personal interviews of the same group of key informants. Issues identified include lack of transparent information, inequitable taxation system between Managed Investment Scheme (MIS) companies and small-scale forest owners, need for further R&D on all aspects of the industry, and design of a strategic alliance model for forestry investors. Participants took the view that adoption of a strategic alliance model would encourage further investment in small-scale forestry and argued that this model could protect the interests of all the stakeholders through reducing investment risk and creating competitive advantage. The potential introduction of a carbon trading scheme also attracted interest from investors, who look for recognisable structures that may alleviate the risk of investing in an industry with which they are unfamiliar. The participants considered that further R&D should be the main focus for government participation in small-scale forestry, although recognizing current difficulties with information sharing.     

3S集成技术在森林资源调查中的应用

森林资源调查是建立或更新森林经营方案、制定森林采伐限额、进行林业工程规划设计和森林资源管理的基础,也是制定区域国民经济发展规划和林业发展规划、实行森林生态效益补偿和森林资源资产化管理、指导和规范森林科学经营的重要依据。近年来,以微电脑为基础的3S（RS、GIS、GPS）集成技术进行的高精度面积测量和GIS自动成图,为提高面积测量精度和不同地类准确定位提供了重要技术保障。星源通掌上森林资源调查仪是以3s集成技术为基础研制的森林资源调查仪器,为检验其测量精度,在汪清林业局不同林地选择地形明显、最易勾绘的10个小班进行精度检验,小班的勾绘面积最小为1．34hm^2,最大为35．80m^2。结果表明,测量精度最低为98．0％,最高为99．2％,平均为98．71％;星源通掌上森林资源调查仪可广泛应用于森林资源调查、伐区调查设计、造林地验收、林火损失评估、征占用林地调查等多个方面。     

Multi-sectoral Participatory Urban Forestry Development in Philippines＇ Metropolitan Manila

Metropolitan Manila, the capital region of the Philippines, initiated urban forestry projects to showcase its environmental benefits. Metro Manila was once a part of a tropical mangrove forest dominated by small trees locally called nilad (Scyphiphora hydrophyllaceae). The fast-paced urbanization transformed the original ecosystem into a bustling metropolis subjected to environmental decay. The establishment of urban forestry is one of the interventions sought by the government to mitigate the environmental conditions.Thus, the concept of participatory urban forestry was formalized in 1988 by the national government.However, it was during the early years of the 1970s that the idea of exerting collective effort in greening Metro Manila started through the Green Revolution, with the primary motive of uplifting the economic condition of the people rather than on ecological enhancement. The project was forced on the people to plant vegetables and fruit trees with less emphasis on forest trees species. Although the project was not successful,the government realized that the citizenry could be a great partner for a collective worthwhile undertaking.     

武汉大学口腔医院景观环境改造整体构思探讨

本文通过对武汉大学口腔医院现有景观环境改造的效果分析 ,阐明了在医院这一特定环境下 ,园林绿化既要考虑美学原则 ,又要与医疗场所的环境条件相适应 ,在景观设计思想、原则及景点布置上体现了人与自然的高度和谐统一的生态理念 ,首次提出了植物配置上具有生态保健标准的概念     

要素投入、资源经营与林业生态工程建设的过程绩效——基于我国天保工程灰色投入产出系统的实证研究

林业生态工程有别于一般工程项目,其要素投入、资源经营与工程绩效之间呈现灰色系统“信息不完全”的典型关系特征,对优化工程决策、强化工程管理和过程控制、改进工程绩效等形成严峻挑战。文中以我国天保工程为例,基于对投入产出体系灰色特征的理论解析,利用灰色系统的方法学工具分别构建天保工程投入产出模型、中介效应模型及效益互动模型,得到了要素投入、资源经营与工程绩效之间的作用关系,验证资源经营变量在投入产出体系里的中介效应,探明了生态、社会、经济三大效益之间的内在关联机制,总体实现了对林业生态工程灰色投入产出系统的白化目标;基于实证研究结果,进一步分别从理论和实践层面提出促进我国林业生态工程建设的启发性建议。     

石家庄滹沱河生态休闲区滨水公园设计

通过对石家庄滹沱河生态休闲区滨水公园的区位条件、自然资源、周边环境等基础资料进行调查解析,了解场地存在问题,结合滹沱河景区总体规划,在设计中以生态理念为指导,将滨水公园设计为"一线、一带、四区、九大景"自然式城市滨水景观;场地设计保持与外环境协调,划分成4个分区,即花卉观赏区、安静休闲区、生态湿地区、活力运动区;园内九景的设计结合场地特征基础,满足功能性、生态性、亲水性等,形成动静结合、景观性与生态性相结合的连续景观线,分别为城市广场、生态湿地、密林野趣、滹沱记忆、长岛清影、临水吟诗、瞭望自然、浪漫教堂、梦幻花镜;园内种植遵循"因地制宜,适地适树"原则,采用自然式种植形式,将石家庄滹沱河生态滨水公园设计为集生态、休闲、文化于一体的滨水景观。     

城市绿化地被植物混种模式试验

采用地被植物混种模式,可以提高绿地覆盖率,达到最佳的植物景观效果,延长观赏期,使地被景观更为生动,富有变化,提升园林地被植物的景观效果与生态效益。       

城市水体环境设计的生态学研究

城市扩展过程中,维护区域山水格局的连续性和完整性,是维护城市生态安全的一大关键。城市水体环境的保护、利用和开发受到越来越多的重视。本文从生态学的视角来研究城市水体环境,讨论了水景植物的选择配置、护岸的处理以及维持水体生物生态系统和生物多样性等方面的设计方案,提出了生态水体环境塑造的方法。     

临安官塘湿地生态效益评价

湿地作为人居环境的重要组成部分,对其生态效益的研究具有重要的现实意义。通过市场价值、影子工程、成果参照、机会成本等方法对临安官塘湿地的水质净化、涵养水源、均化洪水、固定CO2和释放O2、生物栖息地、水土保持6个湿地生态指标进行了评价,分别估算出各个生态指标每年的生态价值,得出了临安官塘湿地的生态效益为13.93万元/年。通过对湿地的生态效益的研究,为城市湿地植物群落景观构建提供了量化数据,使人类科学利用湿地,走与湿地和谐共处的良性发展轨道。     

南太行野生植物资源在特色旅游区的景观途径与旅游评价

对南太行山野生植物资源在风景旅游区的空间分布进行调查,分析其野生植物资源特色旅游现状.阐述自然花境重真成趣、秋色叶树木层林尽染、水岸崖边色彩点点、秋季山林硕果累累、历史花卉相映生辉等景观途径从植物空间分布与景观结合的有效性、视觉效果与景观的和谐相容性、特色旅游的主题确定、植被的保护与生态效益4个方面对其野生植物资源特色旅游项目进行了评价.     

湖南退耕还林主要造林模式研究

湖南省自2000年开展退耕还林试点,2002年在全省全面实施,6年来各地在退耕还林实践中创造出了一批成功的造林模式,取得了良好的生态、经济和社会效益。通过总结湖南省主要退耕还林造林模式的技术措施,分析其生态和经济效益,走生态、经济、社会共同发展之路,确保退耕还林工程“退得下,还得上,能致富,不反弹。”     

林业苗圃工程绿篱建设探讨

林业苗圃采用绿篱防护代替棘铁丝围栏具有防护效果好、防护期长、造价低、美化环境、改善生态的优点。介绍了林业苗圃绿篱防护带的设计原则、植物选择、配置组合、栽培管理等方面的技术方法。