基于DEM的巴山地区地貌区划研究

地貌区划是对地貌形成过程和区域分异特征的综合反映,划分巴山地区的地貌区划,对探究巴山地区地貌格局以及地貌差异具有重要意义。利用ArcGIS 10.2软件,基于分辨率为30 m的ASTER GDEM V3数据,提取了巴山地区的坡度、坡向、平面曲率、剖面曲率、海拔高度、地势起伏度、地表切割深度、地表粗糙度和高程变异系数等地形因子,并通过相关系数矩阵确定最佳地形因子,在此基础上对巴山地区地貌类型和地貌区划进行划分。结果表明:(1)巴山地区地貌区划的最佳地形因子为海拔高度和地势起伏度;(2)巴山地区的地貌类型依据海拔高度划分为低海拔、中海拔,依据地势起伏度划分为平原、台地、丘陵、小起伏山地、中起伏山地;(3)巴山地区的地貌区划划分为2个地貌区、5个地貌亚区和18个地貌小区。区划结果符合巴山的地貌空间分布以及地貌格局差异,能有效地体现巴山地区的地貌特征,对巴山生态环境建设具有指导意义。     

Soil Quality Indicators in Relation to Land Use and Topography in a Small Catchment on the Loess Plateau of China

Better understanding of how the loess soils respond to topography and land use under catchment‐scale vegetation restoration is needed to enable science‐based land management interventions for the policy‐driven “Grain‐for‐Green” eco‐restoration program in the Loess Plateau of China. The objective of this study was to characterize the relationships of four selected soil quality indicators to land use under vegetation restoration and topography for a small catchment (0·58 km²) in the Loess Plateau. The major land uses established in the catchment are cropland, fallow (i.e., natural revegetation), grassland, and jujube orchard. The four soil quality indicators were soil organic carbon (SOC), soil total nitrogen (STN), soil total phosphorus (STP), and mean root zone soil water content during the wet season (MRZSWwet). SOC, STN, and MRZSWwet were significantly different (p < 0·05) for different land uses. Grassland showed the highest values for these three properties, whereas cropland had relatively low values for SOC and STN. Land use had no effect on STP, although the lowest value was observed in grassland. Spatial analysis showed that various relations between soil quality indicators and topography (slope and elevation) were observed. These relations were generally weak for most of them, and they varied with land uses. Further analyses indicated that land uses, slope, and elevation had significant effects on the relations between different soil quality indicators. The results here should provide useful information for the further development of “Grain‐for‐Green” program. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Three geomorphological rainfall–runoff models based on the linear reservoir concept

Three geomorphological models, based on linear reservoirs cascade, are developed; two of the models are unit hydrograph (UH) models and one contains a non-linear routing approach. In the first UH model, each sub-basin is represented as a cascade of equal linear reservoirs (Nash's model) which directly discharges to the watershed outlet through a linear channel. In the second UH model each sub-basin is represented as a linear reservoir arranged in a sequence based on the drainage network. For both unit hydrograph models, parameters are explicitly derived, which make the models simple and applicable for real world problems. In the third model, output hydrographs of the sub-basins are calculated by the Nash model but with consideration of geomorphological properties of the sub-basins. Then, the obtained hydrographs are routed through the main channel using a non-linear kinematic wave model. Combination of the kinematic wave routing model (a non-linear routing model) and the Nash model (a linear lumped model) makes this third model more appropriate for runoff modeling.Two important properties of these three models are that they consider the effect of watershed geomorphology and include only one parameter which can be estimated using observed rainfall–runoff data. GIS tools are used for determining the watershed geomorphological parameters. The results of these models are compared with the Nash's black box and the geomorphological SCS models for the Amameh watershed, Iran. Although the results show that the proposed models yield good efficiency in rainfall–runoff modeling, the semi-distributed routing ability in the second and third models produces better results.     

高速公路不同边坡类型对植被恢复的影响

为了解不同护坡模式下边坡防护工程建设初期植被恢复状况,依托北京西六环现有边坡工程,采用系统聚类方法,将12段边坡划分为六棱砖与厚层基材喷播植草2类护坡模式,分析不同模式坡位、坡长、坡向和地形条件对植被恢复的影响。结果表明:1)以厚层基质喷播植草模式为主的Ⅱ类边坡植被恢复效果优于以六棱砖护坡模式为主的Ⅰ类边坡;2)随着演替进程的发展,建植初期植被表现出一定的年际变化规律,2011年植被恢复效果较2010年差;3)坡位、坡长和坡向的不同使植被群落组成存在一定的差异性,Ⅰ类边坡中部植被生长较好,Ⅱ类边坡下部植被恢复效果好,坡长较长的阴向边坡更利于植被恢复;4)六棱砖护坡模式更适宜在山岭重丘区应用,而厚层基质喷播植草护坡模式更适用于平原微丘区。     

桐柏大别山区水土保持生态修复适宜性评价与分区

针对大区域生态修复工程建设亟待解决的生态修复适宜性区划问题,采用主导因子分级组合法及其专题图叠加分析法,对淮河流域桐柏大别山区生态修复的适宜性进行了评价与分区研究。(1)用地貌类型(海拔高度)、土地覆被类型和地面坡度3个主导因子构建了生态修复适宜性评价与分区指标体系,并对指标因子进行了分类(或分级)和区域划分;(2)按照实施封禁保育(促进生态自我恢复)措施的适宜程度,提出了"适宜"、"暂不适宜"和"不适宜"3个生态修复适宜性等级,评价和确定了不同区域的生态修复适宜性;(3)按照生态修复适宜性将桐柏大别山区划分为2个生态修复区、4个亚区和16个类型区,可为在桐柏大别山区全面开展水土保持生态修复工程提供科学依据及技术支撑。     

Using high-resolution aerial images to study gully development at the regional scale in southern China

There are 239,100 gullies in southern China, which cause the degradation of ecological system. However, studies on gully development at the regional scale is relatively lack. The purpose of this study is to analyze the regional gully dynamics and explore how land use and topographic factors affect gully development. Input data consists of land use maps derived from high-resolution images from 2004 to 2014, and topography maps from a digital elevation model with a pixel size of 8 m × 8 m in two 25-km² study sites of Anxi (AX) and Xingning county (XN). The following results were obtained: (1) AX gullies decreased from 2006 to 2014 while XN first increased from 2004 to 2009, and then decreased from 2009 to 2014. Both AX and XN gully area in percentage of the total area ranged from 1% to 3%, which was higher than the average 0.25% of the whole southern China by the artificial survey in 2005. (2) Most of AX and XN gullies occurred along the ridgeline and had the close relationships with the upstream contributing area and slope gradient. (3) New gullies developed on the exposed land and forestland. The lost gullies were converted into forestland and grassland. In fact, most of these gullies were only covered by vegetation, not real disappearance. These results proved that gully decreased, but construction of roads and buildings intensified gully development. Consequently, these findings reveal that vegetation protection and ecological restoration should be adopted in southern China.     

喀斯特槽谷区不同林草恢复模式下土壤入渗特征

为研究不同林草恢复模式对喀斯特槽谷区坡面的水土保持效应,采用野外调查和室内分析相结合的方法,对比分析了喀斯特槽谷区顺、逆向坡面不同林草模式(林地、花椒地、灌草地)下的土壤理化性质和入渗特征。结果表明:(1)顺、逆向坡面下林地容重最小,孔隙度最好,含水率和有机质含量最高,其次是花椒地和灌草地;顺向坡土壤有机质含量显著高于逆向坡(P<0.05),但其他理化指标间差异不显著(P>0.05)。(2)顺、逆向坡面下花椒地入渗曲线较陡峭,而林地、灌草地相对较缓;灌草地入渗率最先趋于稳定(20min左右),而花椒地和林地入渗率在30min左右开始缓慢下降,直到75min以后渐渐趋于稳定;各林草恢复模式下土壤入渗能力均为林地>花椒地>灌草地(P<0.05)。(3)入渗模型中,Horton模型拟合效果最好(R2>0.712),模拟稳定入渗率与实测值间的回归方程决定系数R2高达0.9789。(4)研究区土壤稳定入渗率与总孔隙度、非毛管孔隙度、饱和含水量及pH均呈正相关,而与有机质呈负相关,其中总孔隙度对土壤入渗性能影响最大,有机质影响最小;利用上述指标建立的多元线性回归方程可精确预测土壤稳定入渗率。研究结果可为喀斯特槽谷区坡面植被恢复选择及土壤入渗性能评估提供理论参考。     

开发建设项目生态修复环境效益评价

[目的]近年来煤炭等开发建设项目引起的环境问题日渐成为全社会关注的焦点,评价生产建设项目生态修复效益,量化生产建设项目水土保持生态工程的效果,旨在为今后开发建设项目评价提供可参考的技术与经验。[方法]以陕西省子长县永兴煤矿资源整合项目为例,建立开发建设项目水土保持生态修复效益评价体系,计算了各评价指标在不同建设时期的隶属度值,分别采用主成分分析法和层次分析法计算指标权重,并根据拉格朗日乘子法对指标权重进行了综合,最后采用生态效益指数对开发建设项目生态修复环境效益进行综合评价。[结果]考虑了主客观信息在内的拉格朗日乘子法计算得到的综合权重能够反映出开发建设项目各建设时期不同指标的特点;基于综合权重计算得到的生态效益指数显示该项目在建设前期生态效益指数最高,而试运行期的生态效益指数0.392高于施工期0.318,表明生态修复工程在试运行期开始发挥了水土保持效益。[结论]提出的生态修复效益评价体系及方法可行,可以为其他生产建设类项目生态效益评价提供一定的参考。     

退化红壤植被恢复团聚体及化学计量特征

为了探究不同植被恢复模式对土壤碳(C)、氮(N)、磷(P)分配格局及其生态化学计量特征的影响,为红壤侵蚀区的植被恢复措施及生态治理模式优化提供科学依据,以江西省泰和县红壤严重退化地为研究对象,对研究区马尾松纯林、湿地松纯林、木荷纯林、马尾松木荷混交林(马木混交林)以及湿地松木荷混交林(湿木混交林)5种植被恢复模式0—20,20—40cm土层不同粒径水稳性团聚体C、N、P分配格局及其化学计量特征进行了研究。结果表明:(1)0—40cm不同粒径团聚体分别占总重56.34%(>2mm),30.01%(0.25~2mm),7.14%(0.053~0.25mm),6.54%(<0.053mm),各植被恢复模式土壤水稳性团聚体含量随着粒径的减小而降低,且差异显著(p<0.05),马木混交林>2mm土壤水稳性团聚体含量显著高于其他恢复模式(p<0.05);(2)各植被恢复模式土壤C、N、P含量以马木混交林及湿地松纯林较高,水稳性团聚体C、N、P的含量总体随着粒径减小呈升高的趋势,以较小粒级养分含量较高,且存在显著差异(p<0.05);土层间C、N含量差异显著,P无显著差异,C∶N、C∶P及N∶P存在显著差异(p<0.05);粒径间C∶N、C∶P及N∶P存在显著差异;土壤团聚体C、N与C∶N、C∶P、N∶P均呈极显著相关关系,N∶P值较高且P与N∶P存在显著负相关性(p<0.05);(3)土壤C、N与土壤团聚体C、N含量显著相关(p<0.05),土壤团聚体C、N与土壤容重及含水率存在极显著相关性(p<0.01)。研究结果表明,不同植被恢复模式对土壤养分的改善作用主要集中于表层土壤;土壤团聚体养分对土壤养分状况具有指示作用,且土壤团聚体养分保持能力与土壤物理性质有关;研究区植被生长限制因素以P限制为主且大团聚体和微团聚体受P限制作用更严重;马木混交林较其它植被恢复模式对土壤质量和结构提升均具有显著作用。     

蚯蚓蓄积疏水性有机污染物的过程及预测模型

简述了蚯蚓蓄积疏水性有机污染物(HOC)的过程和影响因素,并介绍了几种预测蚯蚓蓄积疏水性有机污染物的模型,包括经验模型、速率模型、平衡分配模型、机制模型和逸度模型。一般地,蚯蚓蓄积疏水性有机污染物的途径包括经口和经皮两条,主要方式是简单扩散,其中对于大多数疏水性有机污染物,经皮途径占主导地位,然而随着疏水性的提高(logK ow5),经口途径贡献增大,尤其是在有机质含量高的土壤中。不同的蓄积预测模型除速率模型外均是基于三个假设:(1)疏水性有机污染物,主要是持久性有机污染物,在土壤-蚯蚓系统间的基本行为是土壤固液之间和蚯蚓生物相之间的分配平衡过程;(2)蚯蚓的脂肪相是此类污染物的主要蓄积库;(3)污染物在蚯蚓体内不存在或者存在可忽略的代谢和生物转化过程。最后提出未来的研究应该重视疏水性有机污染物在蚯蚓体的内部行为如分布,以更好地了解蚯蚓毒理上的相关信息。     

漯河市规划区雨洪格局空间分布特征综合量化研究

[目的]探索城市雨洪格局空间分布规律,为海绵城市建设提供参考。[方法]建立GIS数据库,ArcGIS空间模拟与SCS-CN,SWMM模型相结合,定量分析20a重现期和2h,85.43mm降雨,漯河规划区产流和积水分布特征。[结果]研究区径流量和径流系数(相等)、径流体积、峰值流量、积水区域的自相关Moran's I系数分别为0.338(p0.001),0.142(p0.001),0.101(p0.001),0.918(p0.001),表明产流与积水分布均呈现显著集聚性,土地类型和管网分布对产流影响大于积水过程,而地形影响则相反;径流量和径流系数由中心向外递减趋势,径流体积与峰值流量受汇水区面积和城市管网分布影响;高产流风险区不透水面占该区域82.73%,径流系数0.7和不透水面70%的汇水区集中在城市中心;积水区用地类型以农业用地、城市绿地、道路用地为主,分别占总面积的36.56%,21.39%,21.82%,分布特征存在显著差异。[结论]城市地表结构变化与城市产流和积水分布关系密切,综合量化方法可以直观地反映城市雨洪格局特征与趋势。     

Vineyards in Terraced Landscapes: New Opportunities from Lidar Data

Vineyard landscapes are a relevant part of the European culture, and several authors concluded that they are the agricultural practice that causes the highest soil loss. Grape quality depends on the availability of water, and soil erosion is an important parameter dictating the vineyard sustainability; therefore, soil and water conservation measures are often implemented. Among them, the construction of terraces is the most widely used system. However, while favouring agricultural activities, terraces if not properly maintained can lead to local instabilities creating hazards for settlements and cultivations, and for the related economy. Terraced fields are also served by agricultural roads that can have deep effects on water flows triggering surface erosion. The goal of this research is to use lidar elevation data for a hydro‐geomorphological analysis of terraced vineyards. The work is divided in two parts. At first, the Relative Path Impact Index is tested in two vineyards to identify terrace‐induced and road‐induced erosions. Statistical thresholds of the Relative Path Impact Index are then defined to label the most critical areas. On the second step, using the index and the defined thresholds, we simulate different scenarios of soil conservation measures, establishing the optimal solution to reduce erosion. The results highlight the effectiveness of high‐resolution topography in the analysis of surface erosion in terraced vineyards, when the surface water flow is the main factor triggering the instabilities. The proposed analysis can help in scheduling a suitable planning to mitigate the consequences of the anthropogenic alterations induced by the terraces and agricultural roads. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

喀斯特森林近地表层覆盖对碳酸盐岩红土蒸发过程的影响

蒸发是西南喀斯特地区薄层土壤水分损失的主要途径,浅层土壤水分的存蓄对喀斯特地区农业生产和生态恢复至关重要。以西南喀斯特森林碳酸盐岩红土为研究对象,基于室内蒸渗试验设置4个苔藓生物量(0,0.32,0.64,0.95 kg/m~2)和3个松针生物量(0,0.32,0.64 kg/m~2)共12种处理,分析森林近地表层覆盖对碳酸盐岩红土蒸发过程及表层温度时空分布的影响规律,并对比3种蒸发模型(Black、Rose、空气动力学蒸发模型)在喀斯特森林碳酸盐岩红土的适用性。结果表明:苔藓和松针覆盖显著降低累积蒸发量和蒸发速率(P0.05),接种苔藓0.95 kg/m~2和覆盖松针0.64 kg/m~2处理比裸土累积蒸发量小36.9%;苔藓和松针导致土壤含水量显著增加(P0.05);苔藓和松针增加了表层土壤的平均温度,松针对土壤温度的提升作用强于苔藓;Black、Rose和空气动力学模型均能较好地模拟碳酸盐岩红土蒸发过程,Black蒸发模型的拟合精度高于Rose和空气动力学蒸发模型。研究结果能为西南喀斯特地区的水量平衡分析提供理论支撑并加强对喀斯特森林地表水文过程的认知。     

典型退化山地生态系统植被恢复阶段分类——以小浪底库区山地为例

 在调查黄河小浪底山地植物物种多样性指数和海拔、坡度、坡向、土壤状况等环境因素的基础上,采用主成分分析的方法对生态因子进行筛选,根据影响因子的作用大小,采用聚类分析的方法对样地进行群落恢复进程的分类,利用判别分析技术建立各恢复阶段的判别公式。结果表明:1)研究区植物群落可以划分为15种类型,其中乔木群落4个,灌草群落6个,草本群落5个;2)土壤和地形等环境因子、土壤流失等生态因子对多个公共因子都有较大的载荷。多样性指数H′/sup>,D1,P,Jsw,D2等在第1主分量上、石砾含量在第2主分量上、土壤流失程度、土壤厚度以及坡向和土壤类型在第2、第3主分量上都有较大载荷,海拔在3个主分量上载荷都较小;3)黄河小浪底山地植被恢复期可以分为4个恢复阶段:恢复初期阶段,其群落占27%;进展阶段,其群落占40%;恢复中期阶段,其群落占20%;恢复稳定阶段,其群落占13%;4)所建立的判别模型是可靠的,在判识植被恢复阶段有显著效果。     

基于GIS和RUSLE的甘南州土壤侵蚀时空演变

[目的]探究甘南州草场退化带来的侵蚀问题,可以把握当地水土流失情况,有利于建设青藏高原生态安全屏障。[方法]通过修正的通用土壤流失方程(RUSLE模型)研究2000年、2010年和2019年甘南州土壤侵蚀时空变化,并基于地理探测器模型分析侵蚀的影响因素。[结果]甘南州侵蚀程度较轻,以微度侵蚀和轻度侵蚀为主,强烈、极强烈、剧烈侵蚀区面积占比虽然较小,但呈现面积扩大、强度增强的趋势。甘南州土壤侵蚀空间差异性较为明显,西部地区土壤侵蚀强度低于东部地区,中度、强烈、极强烈、剧烈侵蚀区域的分布较为相似,呈现出较为明显的聚集状态,卓尼县、迭部县、舟曲县土壤侵蚀强度较高。2000—2019年甘南州87.14%的地区侵蚀等级未发生明显变化,发生转移的区域主要为微度侵蚀和轻度侵蚀,侵蚀等级升高的区域面积高于降低的区域,升高的区域主要分布在玛曲县、碌曲县、夏河县、卓尼县以及迭部县。对甘南州侵蚀空间分异性解释力较强的是土地利用和地形起伏度。退耕还林(草)工程、农牧业活动、城市化推进以及甘南州复杂的地形均对侵蚀有较大的影响,人口密度、坡度、高程、年均降雨量、植被覆盖度与土地利用交互作用时对侵蚀的解释力均呈现明显增强。[结论]甘南州总体侵蚀较轻但局部较强烈且随时间呈现增强的趋势,土地利用变化和地形因素对其影响较大,未来甘南州应重点关注土地利用变化和草场退化问题,做好保护和修复工作,警惕地形复杂的生态风险区的侵蚀恶化风险。     

The suitability of pde‐solvers in rhizosphere modeling,exemplified by three mechanistic rhizosphere models

Mechanistic rhizosphere models are mathematical models that calculate the uptake of solutes (e.g. nutrients such as P or K) in a plant root and/or the concentration profiles of ions or microorganisms across the rhizosphere. They consist of partial differential equations (pde's) and their associated initial and boundary conditions, and often require numerical solutions due to non‐linearity. The suitability of the pde‐solver FlexPDE for rhizosphere modeling was evaluated by reproducing the outputs of three original rhizosphere models and comparing the results with the original model outputs. The models considered were NST 3.0 (Syring and Claassen, 1996), Kirk (1999), and Newman and Watson (1977). From visual comparison, the curves as produced by the original model and FlexPDE match very well. All calculated R²s (coefficients of determination) were equal to 1 with a rounding precision of three decimal places. Rescaling the time, using an upwind scheme in the presence of convection terms and controlling the relative error with the FlexPDE function errlimit were helpful in finding the most accurate numerical solution. These results showed that FlexPDE is a valuable tool in rhizosphere modeling.     

不同恢复方式下盐渍化弃耕地土壤生物学活性的变化

以干旱区新疆玛纳斯河流域冲积扇缘定点定位试验地为研究对象, 研究灌溉处理、人工草地处理和补植处理对盐渍化弃耕地土壤微生物量、酶活性及土壤呼吸速率的影响。结果表明, 不同恢复方式均明显增加了土壤微生物数量和土壤微生物量碳、氮及土壤酶活性。不同处理土壤微生物量碳、氮分别比原始弃耕地高17.80%、26.38%、5.33%和7.89%、12.75%、21.93%; 不同处理土壤微生物数量分别是原始弃耕地的4.72倍、6.04倍和4.56倍; 不同处理土壤蔗糖酶活性分别比原始弃耕地高3.4倍、3.2倍和7.7倍, 多酚氧化酶活性比原始弃耕地高1.7倍、1.2倍和1.5倍, 脲酶活性比原始弃耕地高11.1%、52.3%和37.1%; 灌溉处理土壤过氧化氢酶活性最高, 是原始弃耕地的1.53倍, 土壤呼吸速率变化表现为人工草地处理>灌溉处理>补植处理>原始弃耕地, 其中, 人工草地处理土壤呼吸速率比弃耕地高52.25%。相关分析表明, 微生物量碳与微生物C/N和微生物数量之间均呈显著正相关关系(P<0.05); 土壤呼吸速率与土壤脲酶、微生物数量和微生物量碳的相关性达到显著水平(P<0.05), 与土壤微生物量氮呈负相关关系, 但相关性不显著; 土壤蔗糖酶与其他3种酶以及微生物量氮呈显著正相关关系, 土壤脲酶与微生物数量呈显著正相关关系, 多酚氧化酶与过氧化氢酶相关性达到显著水平(P<0.05)。本研究表明干旱区盐渍化弃耕地采用灌溉与人工草地处理有利于土壤养分积累, 可在一定程度上改善土壤质量。     

Monitoring of gully erosion in the Central Ebro Basin by large-scale aerial photography taken from a remotely controlled blimp

Large deep gullies (Span. barrancos) are some of the most important sediment sources in the semi-arid environment of the Central Ebro Basin. They are incised into the Quaternary valley bottoms (Span. vales), which are characteristic landforms in this area. In the research project EPRODESERT ( valuation of cesses Leading to Land Degradation and ification under Extensified Farming Systems), the development of a large barranco system is being investigated by different methods, including documentation and monitoring by aerial photography.Geomorphological forms and processes, such as sheet wash, rill and gully erosion, cannot be documented sufficiently by conventional remote sensing methods. Spatial and temporal resolution of satellite sensors as well as of conventional aerial photography do not correspond to the scale and dynamics of geomorphological processes.With a specially designed hot-air blimp as a sensor platform, large-scale aerial photographs were obtained from the Barranco de las Lenas specifically aimed at the scientific demands (very high spatial and temporal resolution). The development of the gully is documented and its dynamics are evaluated by a sequence of six aerial photographs taken between 1995 and 1998.     

Relationships between vegetation and soil and topography in a dry warm river valley,SW China

Understanding of the relationships between vegetation and soil and topography would be very important for ecosystem restoration and management efforts in the dry valleys of Himalayan region but how to clarify the complicated relationships and figure out key factors for practical purpose is a challenge. The main objective of this research was to propose a four-staged procedure by combining several multivariate statistical techniques to detect the relationships between vegetation and soil and topography, and thereby identify the key factors for the degraded ecosystem restoration and management. Forty-three plots (5 m × 5 m) were selected for the field survey of the vegetation, soil and topography variables in the dry warm river valley of the upper Minjiang River, Sichuan Province, China. Cluster analysis (CA) demonstrated that high plant diversity, cover and height were associated with good soil quality and favorable topographic positions with lower solar incident radiation, runoff and soil erosion potential. Correlation analysis (simple correlation analysis and canonical correlation analysis) and multiple linear stepwise regression analysis affirmed that plant diversity was mainly correlated with soil water content, and soil water content was mainly determined by soil texture (clay content). Soil clay content alone could explain about 70% of the total variance. Identifying the favorable topographic position and the distribution pattern of soil texture and its controlling mechanisms is thus very important for restoration practices. In the process of ecosystem restoration, we should promote the co-evolution of vegetation and soil, and follow the natural succession sequence. Some relevant conservation polices are also needed to reduce human disturbance on ecosystem.     

黄土丘陵区不同植被恢复对土壤入渗影响及适宜模型研究

研究植被恢复条件下土壤入渗特性及模型适应性，可为流域生态治理和效益评估提供科学依据。以延河纸坊沟小流域为研究区，采用野外单环入渗法和数值模拟法，对比研究不同恢复年限下的刺槐林地、柠条灌木林地、次生草地和农地的表层以下土壤和20 cm以下土壤的水分入渗变化特征，评价4种常用入渗模型在该区域的适应性。结果表明：(1)不同植被恢复地的表层以下土壤入渗过程在渗润阶段与渗漏阶段差异明显，相差4倍以上，20 cm以下的土壤入渗过程则在入渗稳定后的渗透阶段差异明显，相差5倍多；(2)不同植被类型及恢复年限会显著影响土壤入渗特征，整体呈现出林地>草地>农地的规律，并且随着恢复年限的增加，柠条灌木林地和次生草地的入渗能力增强，而刺槐林地入渗能力减弱；(3)Philip方程、Kostiakov方程、Horton方程与蒋定生方程对该地区土壤水分入渗过程均具有较好适用性，其中Philip方程适用性最好，决定系数(R²)能达到0.931～0.985,均方根误差(RMSE)相对最小，在0.057～0.283范围内，Kostiakov方程次之，Horton方程及蒋定生方程在个别情况...