北太平洋渔业资源种类目标强度研究进展

声学方法作为现代渔业资源调查评估方法的重要手段,在北太平洋渔业资源评估中应用日益广泛.其中,目标强度对声学调查评估精度影响重大.目前,已经有许多学者使用不同的方法对北太平洋一些物种的目标强度进行了研究.本文系统梳理了现有的北太平洋主要渔业资源的目标强度及其测量方法,将其归纳总结为原位测量(in situ)、非原位测量(...     

Target strength estimation of black porgy Acanthopagrus schlegeli using acoustic measurements and a scattering model

ABSTRACT:   Black porgy are hatched and released in marine ranching areas in Japan, Korea and Taiwan to maintain fisheries resources in coastal areas. If acoustic methods are used for field surveys, target strength ( TS ) information on the species is needed to convert acoustic data to biomass density. Target strength of black porgy ( Acanthopagrus schlegeli ) 15.5–32.9 cm fork length (nine individuals) was measured at 38 and 120 kHz (split beam) by ex situ measurements (cage and fishhook methods) of living fish, a tethered method with shock-frozen fish, and an acoustic scattering model, the Kirchhoff ray mode (KRM) model based on fish morphology. The ex situ TS -to-fork length ( FL , cm) relationships were TS _38kHz = 20log₁₀ FL  − 64.6 ( r  = 0.77) and TS _120kHz = 20log₁₀ FL  − 65.2 ( r  = 0.70). The values for the KRM model were TS _38kHz = 20log₁₀ FL  − 64.8 ( r  = 0.88) and TS _120kHz = 20log₁₀ FL  − 65.4 ( r  = 0.80). The agreement between the ex situ measurements and the KRM model for the mean TS was very good. In contrast, the results for the tethered method ( TS _38kHz = 20log₁₀ FL  − 69.3 [ r  = 0.42]) differed markedly from the other two methods, perhaps because of the effects of the shock-freezing procedure in air. The results of the ex situ measurements and scattering model provide basic information for studying TS and conducting acoustic surveys of black porgy, even though the tethered method must be modified.     

莲花洲港航道工程的生态修复效果初步研究

为了解莲花洲港生态涵养区的修复效果，2021年1月、4月、10月在武汉至安庆段的东流水道莲花洲港对底栖动物群落和鱼类分布状况进行调查，设置21个采样点，采集底栖动物和鱼类样品，分析工程区不同区域及非工程区底栖动物和鱼类群落结构差异。结果显示，不同区域底栖动物的种类数不同，透水框架区获取底栖动物6种，鱼巢排区17种，工程其他区域25种，非工程区8种。单因素方差分析表明，不同区域的底栖动物密度差异显著（P<0.05)，透水框架区最高，为191.1个/m2，其次为鱼巢排区60.44个/m2，其他工程区44.44个/m2，非工程区较少，仅28.39个/m2。各区域Pielou 均匀度指数（J）差异性不显著（P>0.05)，Margalef丰富度指数（D）和Shannon-Wiener 多样性指数（H′）差异性显著（P<0.05)。CCA分析表明，影响底栖动物的环境因子为流速、水深、温度、溶氧、硝态氮、氨氮。水声学调查显示，鱼类密度以透水框架区最高，为25 581.21尾/hm2，鱼巢排区次之，为3 239.00尾/hm2，工程其他区域为808.73尾/hm2，非工程区最低，仅6.82尾/hm2。研究表明，透水框架和鱼巢排营造了适宜底栖动物和鱼类栖息的水流条件，有利于底栖动物生存和鱼类聚集，且透水框架的生态涵养效果优于鱼巢排。     

Influence of diurnal behaviour rhythms and water-level fluctuations on the migratory activities of fish in a backwater of the River Danube:a hydroacoustic study

This paper reports the results from three fixed-location acoustic surveys carried out in August and September 1996 to analyse the influence of diurnal behaviour rhythms and water-level fluctuations on the migratory activities of fish in the mouth of the Regelsbrunn-arm east of Vienna, Austria. A BioSonics 105 dual-beam echosounder (420 kHz), with a circular transducer (6°/15°) beaming nearly horizontal across the arm was used, with acoustic ranges of between 20 and 30 m. All surveys were conducted during day and night. The fish density was highest during the first observation period with low water level, lowest during the second sampling period with increasing water level, and intermediate during the third period with decreasing water level. The fish density was always higher during night than during day. Diurnal behaviour rhythms influenced the fish density as well as the size-frequency distribution. Increasing or decreasing water-gauge superposed the influence of diurnal behaviour rhythms on the size-frequency distribution for immigrating fish of certain length classes. Fish within the length group 10–15 cm tended to migrate upstream during decreasing water-gauge. Fish above 400 mm total length tended to move upstream during increasing water-gauge.     

New applications of hydroacoustic methods for monitoring shallow water aquatic ecosystems: the case of mussel culture grounds

The development of acoustics tools and methods for monitoring anthropized ecosystems represents a new field for the application of acoustics. Monitoring such an environment was not possible with single vertical echo sounders, due to the fact that the artificial structures and the natural targets were not distinguishable. Monitoring data were collected along the French Mediterranean coastline, during five short surveys of mussel culture longline areas. Both the Reson Seabat 6012 multibeam sonar (455 kHz) and the Simrad SR 240 omnidirectional sonar (23.75 kHz) were used for target detection. The former tools allow accurate allocation of the different types of echoes to artefacts, fish schools and scattered fish. The school characteristics collected included morphological, geographical (GPS, school location), and behavioural (connections with the longlines). An acoustic survey undertaken with the same hardware near the study area allowed the comparison of fish schools and the TS distribution of individual fish in the open sea and in the mussel area. These data permitted us to evaluate the ecological impact of a mussel culture on the ecosystem, in a context of predation behaviour of fish on these longlines. Finally, the acoustic data revealed the configuration of each concession and the level of charge of each line. We discuss the applicability of this technology for in situ real time monitoring for joint management of such ecosystems. The information can allow littoral cooperative management or incorporating it into an ecosystem approach.     

Typology and behaviour of tuna aggregations around fish aggregating devices from acoustic surveys in French Polynesia

Eighty-seven two-hour acoustic surveys (radius 0.8 nautical mile, vertical range 0–500 m) around 17 fish aggregating devices (FADs) were conducted in French Polynesia between December 1995 and February 1997. Associated tuna densities were calculated using two different techniques: echo counting when the fish had sufficient distances from each other and echo integration when the fish swam close together (in schools). No acoustic detection of tuna was observed during 27 of the 87 surveys, representing 81 % of all the nocturnal surveys and 15 % of the diurnal ones. The 60 other surveys showed three different classes of aggregations: (1) ‘deep scattered fish’, observed 45 times, (2) ‘intermediate scattered fish’, observed 16 times, and (3) ‘shallow schooling fish’, observed 16 times. Sometimes aggregations of different classes were observed beneath the same FAD. The size of the fish inside the aggregations (determined from target strength values), the distance between the individuals, and the depth of the fish all decreased from ‘deep scattered fish’ to ‘shallow schooling fish’ (100–300 m for ‘deep scattered fish’, 50–150 m for ‘intermediate scattered fish’, and above the depth of 50 m for ‘shallow schooling fish’). Fish densities also varied according to the class of aggregations: 7.3, 26, and 801 fish per km³ on average for ‘deep scattered fish’, ‘intermediate scattered fish’, and ‘shallow schooling fish’, respectively. The highest densities were observed during daytime, while night-time observations indicated a variety of situations, from the absence of individuals to large amounts of fish.     

Listening to the unseen: Passive acoustic monitoring reveals the presence of a cryptic fish species

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Interannual variation in summer habitat utilization by juvenile southern bluefin tuna (Thunnus maccoyii) in southern Western Australia

The spatial habitat utilization of juvenile southern bluefin tuna in southern Western Australia was investigated using automated acoustic receivers with acoustic transmitters implanted in tagged fish during three austral summers (2004/2005, N = 79 fish, 2005/2006, N = 81, 2006/2007, N = 84). Seventy acoustic receivers were deployed at three cross-shelf lines and three coastal topographic features (lumps) between December and May. We observed markedly different patterns of habitat utilization between the three seasons: (i) aggregation at lumps in 2004/2005 and 2006/2007, and (ii) wide distribution over the continental shelf (i.e., few occurring at lumps) in 2005/2006. Vertical profile by conductivity-temperature-depth casts showed these spatial shifts were caused by interannual changes in the presence of sub-Antarctic water. The sub-Antarctic water was present in the subsurface layer close to the continental slope only during 2005/2006, and the area had higher chlorophyll-a concentrations than the coastal areas, including at the lumps. These environmental characters, related to the nutrient rich sub-Antarctic water, appear to have a strong influence on fish distributions in 2005/2006, and may occur generally during La Niña events. Interannual fluctuations in habitat utilization will influence detection of fish in recruitment monitoring surveys and thus bias the resulting juvenile abundance indices.     

Spatial and temporal variation in the distribution of juvenile southern bluefin tuna Thunnus maccoyii: implication for precise estimation of recruitment abundance indices

Acoustic tags were used to examine the spatial and temporal distribution of southern bluefin tuna (SBT) in southern Western Australia, which is in a region where fishery-independent acoustic surveys of the recruitment abundance index of SBT have been historically undertaken. We investigated patterns of SBT distribution within and inshore of the acoustic survey area during three summer seasons. Annual differences in distribution patterns were characterized by two distinctive migration pathways. An inshore-migrating pathway was observed in two seasons (2004/2005 and 2006/2007), with a relatively high proportion of tagged SBT (84.5, 65.0%) migrating inshore of the acoustic survey area. The other pathway was concentrated along the shelf (2005/2006 season), with an estimated 63.3% of tagged SBT moving within the survey area. These variable migration patterns may bias the interannual fluctuations in abundance indices. Current survey methods can be modified to include both inshore and continental shelf areas. This contribution shows that the accuracy of acoustic surveys can be improved by including ecological patterns.     

Acoustical-optical assessment of Pacific herring and their predator assemblage in Prince William Sound,Alaska

The Pacific herring Clupea pallasi population in Prince William Sound (PWS), Alaska, is both a valuable commercial resource and an important forage species for marine fish and wildlife. Historically, the herring were managed by a combination of age-structured models and egg deposition estimates. When these methods predicted a large return for spring 1993 that failed to materialize, we began surveying with echointegration–purse seine methods. After a decade of acoustic surveys, we show the new approach yields highly precise biomass estimates, which are consistent with historical measures of the miles of beach spawning. When compared, we show the traditional methods overestimated stock biomass, which resulted in harvest rates approaching 40%. In contrast, the acoustic methods are most likely to underestimate biomass. Since the acoustic estimates can be quickly obtained, we recommend their use to set harvest quotas for the fishery in the spring just prior to harvest. The shift from the traditional preseason to inseason management practices for herring in PWS is consistent with the Precautionary Principle by the fact that protection of the spawning population does not rely on the ability of science to predict how the population is changing. Furthermore, synoptic infrared measurements on our night-time acoustic surveys revealed herring to be the most important winter forage to marine birds and wildlife in PWS, including the endangered Steller sea lion Eumetopias jubatus. Given the importance of forage to marine birds and wildlife in the North Pacific during the extended winter conditions (October–March), the implementation of inseason management for herring using echointegration–purse seine techniques may be the most effective method to restore depressed populations of marine birds and mammals in the North Pacific.     

Using single-beam side-lobe observations of fish echoes for fish target strength and abundance estimation in shallow water

Acoustic surveys for determining fish abundance in shallow water present many challenges. One constraint to down-looking (or vertical) surveys is that the sampling volume is limited due to the short range and typically narrow beams of acoustic transducers. By utilizing more of the acoustic beam, into the side-lobes for example, the sampling volume may be increased. Although the echo energy contribution from the side-lobes is usually small, these echoes may influence target strength estimation and echo counting, and by extension affect abundance estimation either directly or indirectly. With the advent of wide dynamic range echosounders, it is possible to assess both small and large acoustic-size targets. In this case, it is possible to collect signals from large targets in the beam side-lobes, and therefore an algorithm to use side-lobe data is proposed. The smoothed Expectation Maximization method (EMS) is used to estimate densities and target strength of fish from only main-lobe and main-lobe with side-lobe observations in simulation, and suggestions are made for real data from surveys.     

Spatial distribution and temporal changes in the fish populations of Lake Victoria

The fisheries of Lake Victoria in East Africa must be managed effectively to ensure sustainable food supplies. This has been impossible in the past due to inadequate knowledge of commercially important fish stocks. Here we present the first acoustic abundance estimates of fish in Lake Victoria. Five lakewide acoustic surveys were conducted between 1999 and 2001, using the Simrad EY500 echo-integrator with a 120 kHz split-beam transducer. There are many species of fish in Lake Victoria, however, only limited identification of targets can be achieved by present methods. Broad categories were distinguished by visual examination of echo-traces. The echo-integrals were partitioned between four target groups: (1) the Nile perch (Lates niloticus), a top predator, (2) small pelagics comprising mainly the dagaa Rastrineobola argentea together with mixed species of haplochromines, (3) the crustacean Caridina nilotica and (4) other species. Spatial and temporal differences in the Standing Crop were observed between north and south, and between shallow and deep water. Most fish were found inshore but the spatial distribution varied between seasons. Mid-lake fish densities were higher in August compared to February. In August, the water column is well mixed while in February it is stratified with a low-oxygen layer inhospitable to fish near the bottom. There are consequent changes in the characteristics of observed echo-traces. Over the survey series, Nile perch biomass showed a consistent decline, while the stocks of small pelagic species increased. We emphasize the need for simple rules to identify species, and hydrographic monitoring to assist echo-trace classification. In the absence of any other source of comprehensive biomass estimates, the value of acoustic surveying in Lake Victoria is demonstrated.     

A conditional simulation of acoustic survey data: advantages and potential pitfalls

Standard geostatistical techniques provide effective methods for estimating the global abundance and precision of a variable of interest, for mapping its spatial distribution and for describing its spatial structure. In the case of acoustic survey data, however, obtaining a measure of precision of the global abundance estimate is confounded by the combination of variances from the interpolation of both the acoustic data and the concomitant fish length data. Even if the global estimation variance could be calculated, the distribution of the estimation error is not known and so confidence intervals cannot be determined. Furthermore, kriged distribution maps, in minimising the estimation variance, tend to smooth out local details of the attribute’s spatial variation: small values can be overestimated and larger ones underestimated, such that the kriged map is smoother than reality. This can lead to serious shortcomings when trying to detect patterns of extreme attribute values, such as the high densities encountered in some fish schools. Stochastic geostatistical simulations, conditional on sampled locations, provide a solution to many of these problems. They can deliver a measure of uncertainty for local (density) estimates, a confidence interval estimation for the global mean density, and finally, reproduce global statistics, such as the sample histogram and variogram. In so doing, they also provide maps of the attribute, which are spatially realistic because the variogram is reproduced; these are generated as a number of equiprobable realisations. In the present paper, we apply these techniques to acoustic data from an acoustic survey of North Sea herring. Sequential gaussian simulations are used to generate realisations for fish length and values of the nautical area scattering coefficient. These are then combined to produce realisations of herring density. The combined set of multiple realisations is then used to provide confidence intervals for the global abundance estimate: 95% of the herring abundance estimates are between 5677 and 6271 millions of individuals. Although the method presented in this paper contributes to the assessment of total uncertainty for acoustic surveys, the approach may have suffered from bias due to the use of off-the-shelf data transformation algorithms on fisheries acoustic data, which are often very positively skewed. We discuss this limitation and propose corrections for future work.     

南海中南部中层鱼资源声学积分值及时空分布初探

本研究利用Simrad EK60科学探鱼仪(38 k Hz)于2013年春季和2014年春季采集的南沙和中沙、西沙海域渔业声学数据,结合中层拖网取样,采用回声积分法研究了南海中南部中层鱼的资源量及其时空分布特征。结果显示,2014年春季中、西沙海域9次中层拖网作业共捕获和鉴定鱼类和头足类79种,隶属于3纲16目37科60属,其中硬骨鱼纲的种类最多(65种),鞘亚纲次之(13种),软骨鱼纲1种,硬骨鱼纲中巨口鱼科、灯笼鱼科和钻光鱼科的种类最多,分别有20种、13种和6种;南沙海域中层鱼声学积分值(nautical area scattering coefficient,m~2/nmi~2)显著低于中沙、西沙及邻近海域,前者夜间向上迁移的强度高于后者;2013年春季南沙海域夜间10~200 m和白天200~1000 m声学积分值构成没有显著差异(P0.05),而2014年春季中沙、西沙海域夜间10~200 m和白天200~1000 m声学积分值构成有极显著差异(P0.01);南沙海域白天200~1000 m不同纬度组间中层鱼声学积分值构成有极显著差异(P0.01),中沙、西沙海域声学积分值构成亦有极显著差异(P0.01);南海中南部中层鱼声学积分值是(2387±601)m~2/nmi~2,基于现存公开发表的中层鱼的声学目标强度数据并取其均值,推算南海中南部中层鱼资源量是(8200±2100)万t。研究表明,南海中南部中层鱼声学积分值比全球平均值高约29.2%,可能是我国未来具有开发价值的大宗生物资源。     

Spatial structure of co-occurring anchovy and sardine populations from acoustic data: implications for survey design

A geostatistical analysis has been undertaken on the spatial structure of co-occurring adult and recruit populations of anchovy, Engraulis capensis , and sardine, Sardinops sagax , in the southern Benguela upwelling region, using information from two acoustic surveys. The study was prompted by the need for a more efficient design for surveying sardine abundance, which is increasing in relation to that of anchovy; the current acoustic survey design is based on the distribution of anchovy. Variograms of fish density and density indicator variables were computed, as well as cross-variograms between the indicator variables. The sardine variograms were less structured than the anchovy variograms, with slightly greater nugget effects, indicating greater randomness in space at small scales. The indicator variograms showed progressive loss of structure with increasing density. Anchovy formed high-density schools during the day, breaking into larger, low-density aggregations at night. Sardine, on the other hand, remained in relatively high-density schools throughout the day. The cross-variograms revealed some spatial continuity between low- and high-density areas for anchovy, but no such transitional structures were evident for sardine. It was concluded that sardine are more patchily distributed than anchovy and, unlike anchovy, they may not have a single common way of occupying space at the population level, perhaps partly because of the broader age structure of the population. It is concluded that, while the current acoustic survey design is well suited to the spatial distribution of anchovy, it is not as well suited to that of sardine. Future survey designs should be more tailored to the spatial distribution of sardine, possibly by using sampling methods to cope with the highly patchy distributions expected.     

底拖网资源调查的昼夜误差分析

利用１９８５和１９８６年秋季底拖网资源调查数据，分析了昼夜平均渔获量的差异，采用Ｂｒａｙ－Ｃｕｒｔｉｓ系数测量其不相似性。结果表明，除底层鱼类外，总平均和中上层鱼类平均渔获得昼液差显著，白天平均渔获量远高于晚上，特别是中上层鱼类相差１０余倍，主要种类的差异亦较大。     

Fine‐scale acoustic telemetry reveals unexpected lake trout,Salvelinus namaycush,spawning habitats in northern Lake Huron,North America

Previous studies of lake trout, Salvelinus namaycush, spawning habitat in the Laurentian Great Lakes have used time‐ and labour‐intensive survey methods and have focused on areas with historic observations of spawning aggregations and on habitats prejudged by researchers to be suitable for spawning. As an alternative, we used fine‐scale acoustic telemetry to locate, describe and compare lake trout spawning habitats. Adult lake trout were implanted with acoustic transmitters and tracked during five consecutive spawning seasons in a 19–27 km² region of the Drummond Island Refuge, Lake Huron, using the VEMCO Positioning System. Acoustic telemetry revealed discrete areas of aggregation on at least five reefs in the study area, subsequently confirmed by divers to contain deposited eggs. Notably, several identified spawning sites would likely not have been discovered using traditional methods because either they were too small and obscure to stand out on a bathymetric map or because they did not conform to the conceptual model of spawning habitat held by many biologists. Our most unique observation was egg deposition in gravel and rubble substrates located at the base of and beneath overhanging edges of large boulders. Spawning sites typically comprised <10% of the reef area and were used consistently over the 5‐year study. Evaluation of habitat selection from the perspective of fish behaviour through use of acoustic transmitters offers potential to expand current conceptual models of critical spawning habitat.     

1999年2月黄海声学调查鳀鱼种群群体结构评估

IntroductionEstimation of the size structure of a fish population is often one of the primary objectives of an acoustic/trawl survey (Gunderson 1993;Honkalehto and Williamson 1996 ) .The size structure contains much informa-tion enabling a quick estimate of the fishable size of a stock in a regulated fishery or the recruitment status ofa stock.It is also a common practice to use the number at length of a population together with the age/lengthkey to produce the age structure of the fish popul…     

环境DNA技术在象山港水域鱼类多样性调查中的应用与评估

通过对象山港水域环境DNA(eDNA)样品的采集和高通量测序分析,并结合渔业资源调查数据,阐述象山港主要鱼类群落的种类组成和多样性特征,探讨了环境DNA技术在典型海域鱼类多样性研究中的应用前景.结果显示,共从象山港水域环境DNA样品中检测到26个常见鱼类物种,隶属于辐鳍鱼纲(Actinopterygii)的7个目中的2...