不同种植模式和土壤类型条件下土壤健康的定量评价

Soil health assessment is an important step toward understanding the potential effects of agricultural practices on crop yield, quality and human health. The objectives of this study were to select a minimum data set for soil health evaluation from the physical, chemical and biological properties and environmental pollution characteristics of agricultural soil and to develop a soil health diagnosis model for determining the soil health status under different planting patterns and soil types in Chongming Island of Shanghai, China. The results showed that the majority of the farmland soils in Chongming Island were in poor soil health condition, accounting for 48.9% of the survey samples, followed by the medium healthy soil, accounting for 32.2% of the survey samples and mainly distributed in the central and mid-eastern regions of the island. The indicators of pH, total organic carbon, microbial biomass carbon and Cd exerted less influence on soil health, while the soil salinization and nitrate accumulation under a greenhouse cropping pattern and phosphate fertilizer shortage in the paddy field had limited the development of soil health. Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethanes, hexachlorocyclohexanes and Hg contributed less to soil health index (SHI) and showed no significant difference among paddy field, greenhouse and open-air vegetable/watermelon fields. The difference of the SHI of the three soil types was significant at P = 0.05. The paddy soil had the highest SHI values, followed by the gray alluvial soil, and the coastal saline soil was in a poor soil health condition, indicating a need to plant some salt-tolerant crops to effectively improve soil quality.     

Surface charge characteristics of soil colloids of some different soil types

Most of the soil samples, on the basis of Δ pH measurements, were observed to carry net negative surface charges, except six samples, which carried net positive surface charges. In one case, the net surface charge was noticed to be zero. According to surface charge-pH curves, the colloid surfaces of soil samples of a Hapludalf and a Luvisol, were characterized as constant charge type. Their zero point of charge (zpc) was very low (near pH 3.0), and remained identical throughout the depth. The colloid surfaces of Tropudalf samples, especially those of B and C horizons, and net positively charged samples were characterized as constant potential type. In the former, the zpc increased from pH 3.45 (A horizon-D₃) to 6.35 (C horizon-D₁). Of all the samples studied, the highest zpc (pH 6.75) was recorded in one of the net positively charged samples (L₂₄). The electrochemical behaviour of constant potential type colloids was therefore similar to that exhibited by many metallic oxides. ΔG° values in Hapludalf and Luvisol colloids were near to H bonding (-5 to-10 kcal mol^?1), whereas in others the values were higher than that for H bonding, except for A horizons of Tropudalfs.     

延边烟区不同土壤的根际土壤微生物生态效应研究

为揭示烤烟根际微生物数量及酶活性的变化规律,阐明烤烟-土壤-微生物之间的协同作用机理,在延边烟区采集不同土壤类型的烤烟根际土壤,研究了烤烟根际土壤微生物生态效应.结果表明:不同土壤条件下烤烟各时期根际微生物区系和微生物生理菌群数量存在着较大的差异,其中暗棕壤黏土和暗棕壤黑砂土比白浆土更适合细菌和解钾菌的生长,白浆土真菌数的变化幅度较大可能是引起烟叶质量变差的原因之一,暗棕壤黏土和暗棕壤黑砂土在烤烟生育期内放线菌数量的变化较大,明显大于白浆土;自生固氮菌在移栽后 60 天前数量均较低,60 天后急剧升高,100 天时暗棕壤黏土和暗棕壤黑砂土自生固氮菌数量显著高于白浆土;氨化菌生长的最适宜期出现的早晚顺序为:暗棕壤黏土＞暗棕壤黑砂土＞白浆土;生育期内根际土壤解磷菌数变化较大,暗棕壤黏土烟株在旺盛生长时期的解磷菌数显著高于其他 2 种类型土壤.过氧化氢酶活性的变化规律很大程度上受土壤类型的影响,而转化酶和多酚氧化酶变化受土壤类型影响较小,但两者的大小受土壤类型的影响.     

Composition of phototrophs in different soil types of Astrakhan oblast

The composition of phototrophic organisms has been studied in light chestnut soils (Cambisols), alluvial meadow soils (Fluvisols), brown semidesert soils (Calcisols), sandy soils (Arenosols), and solonchaks (Solonchaks) of Astrakhan oblast. Representatives of the Cyanobacteria phylum constitute 71.3% of the total number of studied soil phototrophs. Overall, 64 species of cyanobacteria have been identified; they belong to 3 classes (Chroococceae, Chamaeciphoneae, and Hormogoneae), 4 orders (Chroococcales, Pleurocapsales, Nostocales, and Oscillatoriales), 9 families, and 19 genera. Most common species include Phormidium faveolarum, Phormidium tenue, Phormidium retzii, Phormidium ambigum, Phormidium inundatum, Phormidium bohneri, Oscillatoria woronchnii, Oscillatoria mucicola, Gloeocapsa magma, Gloeocapsa minuta, Anabaena variabilis, and Plectonema nostocorum. The assessment of similarity of the species composition of cyanobacteria and green algae in the studied soil types using the Jaccard and Sorensen similarity coefficients demonstrates that the maximum similarity coefficient reaches 0.37–0.54 for cyanobacteria and 0.67–0.80 for green algae. The high diversity of cyanobacteria and green algae denotes an important role of phototrophs in the processes of soil formation in the studied soils.     

Seasonal variations in soil erodibility under different land-use types in Luxembourg

Soil erodibility measurements for detachment by raindrop impact were made on samples collected at monthly intervals from forest, pasture and farmland sites. All sites exhibited strong seasonal variations in erodibility with maximum values occurring during the winter and minimum values in the summer. The relative erodibility of the different soils is described and the field and laboratory methods used are compared. The best time for sampling the soil for soil erodibility determinations is indicated. Erodibility is estimated from laboratory simulation experiments on undisturbed samples, from aggregate stability determinations and from field measurements with splash boards.     

不同植被类型对不同土层黑土土壤微生物群落功能多样性的影响

土壤微生物群落功能多样性对评估土壤生态系统稳定性具有重要作用。本文采用Biolog方法,对比研究长期不同植被类型：自然恢复(GL)、农作物(AL)、人工林(FL)及无植被覆盖(BL)对表层(0～15 cm)和亚表层(15～35 cm)土壤微生物群落功能多样性的影响。结果表明：不同土层土壤微生物的平均颜色变化率(AWCD)变化均表现为GL>AL>FL>BL,且0～15 cm土层的AWCD值均高于对应植被15～35 cm土层。GL、AL和FL处理的土壤微生物Shannon指数和McIntosh指数、总的碳源利用能力均显著高于BL处理的,GL处理0～15 cm土层的Shannon指数和McIntosh指数最高,分别为3.38和6.89。在0～15 cm土层AL和FL处理土壤微生物对羧酸类利用相对较高,而GL处理对氨基酸类利用较高;在15～35 cm土层AL和FL处理土壤微生物对氨基酸类利用最高,而GL被对羧酸类利用的最高。通过主成分分析,GL、AL和FL处理在0～15 cm土层土壤微生物的碳源利用方式及代谢功能相似;15～35 cm土层下AL和FL处理的土壤微生物的碳源代谢...     

Use of organic carbon and loss-on-ignition to estimate soil organic matter in different soil types and horizons

Summary Loss-on-ignition (LOI) and the organic C content have been used to estimate soil organic matter. Organic matter is often estimated from organic C by applying a factor of 1.724. Several authors have examined the relationship between LOI, used as an estimate of organic matter, and C by simple linear regressions. In the present study, this approach was examined in relation to two sets of data. LOI overestimates organic matter in soils with significant proportions of clay minerals because of bound water, and correcting for bound water gives some LOI: C ratios of less than 1. It is concluded that differences in the nature of the organic matter in different soils and horizons make the simple regression approach unsuitable. More attention needs to be paid to studies of the nature of the organic matter.     

Distribution of yeast complexes in the profiles of different soil types

The number and taxonomic structure of the yeast complexes were investigated in the full profiles of the soddy-podzolic soil (Central Forest State Nature Biosphere Reserve), dark gray forest soil (Kaluzhskie Zaseki Reserve), and chernozem (Privolzhskaya Forest-Steppe Reserve). In all these soils, the number of yeasts was maximal (10⁴ CFU/g) directly under the litter; it drastically decreased with the depth. However, at the depth of 120–160 cm, the number of yeasts significantly increased in all the soils; their maximum was found in the illuvial horizon of the soddy-podzolic soil. Such a statistically significant increase in the number of yeasts at a considerable depth was found for the first time. Different groups of yeasts were present in the yeast communities of different soils. The species structure of yeast communities changed little in each soil: the same species were isolated both from the soil surface and from the depth of more than 2 m. The results showed that yeasts could be used for soil bioindication on the basis of specific yeast complexes in the profiles of different soil types rather than individual indicative species.     

Competitiveness of native Bradyrhizobium japonicum strains in two different soil types

Interstrain competitiveness is a key factor affecting the performance of rhizobium inoculant. In the present study five native strains of Bradyrhizobium japonicum, namely SSF 4, SSF 5, SSF 6, SSF 7 and SSF 8, were assessed for their competitiveness in nodulating soybean using serological methods. The strains were inoculated individually or with the type strain USDA 110 at a 1:1 ratio. Nodule occupancy determined by immunofluorescence and dot immunoblot assay revealed that under in vitro conditions SSF 8 is more competitive than USDA 110 whereas the others were less competitive. The competitive ability of these strains was also estimated in pot culture in the field. In red soil both SSF 8 and USDA 110 were equally competitive whereas in black soil SSF 8 competed better than USDA 110 and produced more nodules. In a black soil field trial using a randomized block design, USDA 110 or SSF 8, when inoculated alone, occupied the majority of the nodules and enhanced nodule dry weight and shoot biomass. SSF 8 was more competitive when the strains were co-inoculated. Received: 1 November 1996     

外源新碳在不同类型土壤团聚体中的分配规律

通过室内模拟实验,利用δ13C方法研究外源新碳(13C标记的水稻秸秆)在不同类型土壤(红壤、黄红壤和草甸土)团聚体中的分配规律。培养温度为25°C,培养时间为360 d。结果表明:在三种类型土壤中,外源新碳进入到土壤团聚体中的数量由大到小顺序依次为250～2 000μm、50～250μm和<50μm。而进入到土壤中的外源新碳,56.8%～59.6%残留在250～2 000μm团聚体中,25.9%～28.7%残留在50～250μm团聚体中,11.7%～17.3%残留在<50μm团聚体中,表明新进入的外源碳主要分配在大团聚体中。     

Vertical distribution of soil nematodes under different land use types in an aquic brown soil

A field investigation was conducted at the Shenyang Experimental Station of Ecology to study the vertical distribution of nematode communities down to a depth of 150 cm under four land use types (paddy field, maize field, fallow field and woodland) in an aquic brown soil of Northeast China. The results showed that the numbers of total nematodes and trophic groups exhibited a gradual decrease trend with depth under different land use types. The numbers of total nematodes, bacterivores, fungivores, and plant parasites were positively correlated with the contents of TOC, total N, and alkali N in the four land use types. The majority of nematodes were present in the 0–30 cm soil layers. No significant effects were found on the number of total nematodes at all depths among the maize field, fallow field and woodland. Bacterivores were found to be the most abundant group in the paddy field, while plant parasites were observed to be the most abundant group in the maize field, fallow field and woodland. The number of fungivores at the depths of 0–5 and 5–10 cm was higher in the maize field than in the other land use types. Omnivores-predators were found in relatively low numbers under each land use type, with a higher presence in the fallow field and woodland at the depths of 0–5, 5–10, 10–20 cm compared with the paddy and maize fields. 54 genera were observed throughout the four land use types in our study. The woodland treatment supporting greater basal resource inputs tended to result in a higher diversity of nematodes. The number of genera reached a maximum at the depth of 5–10 cm under each land use type. The faunal profiles showed that soil food webs in the fallow field and woodland were structured, and those in the paddy and maize fields were stressed. The faunal analysis provided a useful tool for diagnostic interpretation of the condition of upper soil layers.     

不同土壤类型下AM 真菌分布多样性及与土壤因子的关系

以禾本科植物群落为研究对象, 研究了宁夏六盘山林地、银川农耕地、暖泉农耕地、固原农耕地、盐池沙地、灵武沙地6 个采样地点5 种土壤类型(黑垆土、灌淤土、黄绵土、灰钙土、风沙土)下AM 真菌物种多样性及其与土壤因子的关系。结果表明: 5 种土壤类型采样点的植被根际土壤中共鉴定出5 属48 种AM真菌, 其中, 无梗囊霉属(Acaulospora)1 种, 巨孢囊霉属(Gigaspora)3 种, 球囊霉属(Glomus)37 种, 类球囊霉属(Paraglomus)1 种, 盾巨孢囊霉属(Scutellospora)6 种, 各采样点土壤均以球囊霉属为优势属。地球囊霉(G.geosporum)和木薯球囊霉(G. manihotis)是6 个采样地点中的优势种。不同土壤类型各采样点AM 真菌各属的频度存在明显差异, 球囊霉属在各点均有出现, 频度值最高。具有较高植被多样性的暖泉样点, AM 真菌的种属数量较多。土壤环境因子对AM 真菌孢子密度的影响因所处土壤、植被类型不同而异。pH、全盐、速效钾、速效磷等土壤肥力因子, 在PCA 轴上能最大程度地解释AM 真菌孢子密度与土壤环境因子之间相互关系的大部分信息。宁夏不同土壤类型区域中AM 真菌种类及分布一定程度上与该采样点的植被类型、植物多样性和土壤肥力特征相对应。     

不同氮肥施用后土壤各氮库的动态研究

盆栽试验研究不同N肥施用后土壤各N库的动态结果表明 ,等N量均匀混施下尿素、碳酸氢铵、硫酸铵和硝酸钙 4种N肥处理小麦生物量和吸N量均无显著差异。NH4 N肥和酰胺态氮肥的硝化作用在 14d内完成。尿素、碳酸氢铵和硫酸铵处理土壤微生物N含量均随作物生长呈下降趋势 ,这可能是作物对微生物N库的消耗所致。作物对“老固定态”铵的利用能力很弱。施入NH4 N肥或酰胺态氮肥前期显著增加土壤固定态铵含量 ,并被作物生长后期吸收利用。 4种N肥表观回收率、表现损失和固定率均无显著差异。     

紫色土小流域土壤流失对不同土地利用类型的响应

 小流域土壤流失特征不仅反映了流域的土地利用和管理状况,而且对其下游水体环境和水利设施安全具有深刻的影响。1999—2000年间以紫色土区3个具有不同集水面积、物理特征和土地利用类型的典型小流域为研究对象,探讨不同雨型下土壤流失对不同土地利用类型的响应特征。中大型降雨和间歇型降雨侵蚀下,以林地为主要土地利用类型的流域输沙模数最小,平均为866kg·hm-2,谷地农田利用类型最高,平均为5 550kg·hm-2。次降雨侵蚀力和次降雨峰值径流流量,分别是紫色土区非林地和林地利用为主小流域输沙模数变异的主要影响因子。     

Specific surface area and wetting heat of different soil types in European Russia

The surface properties (specific surface area and wetting heat) of the solid phase were estimated for the main soil types of European Russia: soddy-podzolic, alluvial, and gray forest soils; typical, leached, ordinary, and vertic chernozems; and soils of the solonetzic complex. It was found that the values of the specific surface area and wetting heat are indicative of particular features of the genetic horizon of each soil type. Changes in these soil properties under the effect of different anthropogenic impacts were studied. The bonding strength between the adsorbed water and the soil solid phase was characterized. It was shown that the water content at the potential of the first wetting film layer is close to the content of strongly bound water calculated from the wetting heat of the soils.     

Biological soil crust and surface soil properties in different vegetation types of Horqin Sand Land,China

Physical and chemical properties (including coverage, thickness, hardness, moisture, particle size distribution, organic matter and nutrient contents etc.) of biological soil crust and 0–5.0 cm surface soil under the crust in three types of vegetation (semi-shrub Artemisia frigida, shrub Salix gordejevii and tree Populus simonii) were surveyed in 2005 and 2006 in Horqin Sand Land to understand the effects of different vegetation types on development of soil crust and surface soil properties under crust. The results showed that 1) no physical soil crust or biological soil crust (BSC) formed on mobile dunes without vegetation, though most ground surface in originally mobile dunes had been covered by BSC fifteen years after planted vegetation was established; 2) BSC development was best in shrub S. gordejevii sites, second in semi-shrub A. frigida sites, and weakest in tree P. simonii sites; 3) development of BSC was better in moss crust distributed mainly beneath or near plant canopies than in lichen crust distributed mainly between plant canopies in all three vegetation types; 4) surface soil properties 0–5.0 cm under BSC were improved significantly in all three vegetation types compared to those in mobile sand land. The magnitude of improvement was greater in S. gordejevii sites than in A. frigida and P. simonii sites, and greater in moss crust sites than lichen crust sites, but the magnitude of improvement decreased significantly with increasing surface soil depth; 5) based on the above-mentioned results, we suggest that S. gordejevii should be favored in future planting in Horqin Sand Land.     

Effects of nanofertilizer and nano-plant hormone on soil chemical properties and microbial community in two different soil types

Application of nanotechnology in agriculture has been expanded to improve crop production. The impact of nanomaterials (NMs) on factors that influence the survival and function of beneficial microorganisms is a less studied aspect that needs to be better understood. Only a few studies have assessed the effects of NMs on beneficial soil microorganisms. This study was conducted to assess the effects of nanofertilizer FertiGroe^?N (FG-N) and nano-plant hormone HormoGroe^?auxin (...     

松嫩平原不同类型土壤剖面形态描述及其性状分析

土壤剖面观察及描述是土壤分类的基础工作,而各层次性状分析是土壤健康评估的重要参考指标。以松嫩平原为主要研究区域,选取4 种不同类型土壤:黑钙土(HGT)、厚层黑土(HHT)、薄层黑土(BHT)、风沙土(FST),在垂直和水平两种空间尺度上开展剖面对比调查工作。调查结果指出,4 种土壤中HHT 和BHT 质地最为黏重,而FST 质地最轻。另外,除FST 外,其他3 种土壤随土层深度增加砂粒含量逐渐升高,HGT、HHT、BHT 分别升高了21%、125%、122%,质地逐渐变轻。土壤剖面颜色随土层深度增加而逐渐加深,HHT 剖面整体颜色较其他土壤相比较深。土壤pH 随土层深度加深呈逐渐升高的趋势,HGT、HHT、BHT、FST 分别提高了58%、44%、22%、37%,HHT 土体pH 显著高于其他土壤类型(P<0.05)。土壤有机碳(SOC)随剖面深度增加呈下降的趋势,HGT、HHT、BHT、FST 中SOC 含量分别降低了21%、41%、26%、23%,其中HHT 在0 ～ 60 cm土层中SOC 含量显著高于其他类型土壤。土壤养分含量随剖面深度加深同样呈逐渐降低的趋势,4 种类型土壤中碱解氮、速效钾和有效磷含量随土层加深分别降低了38.1% ～ 68.2%、46.3% ～ 98.3% 和100%。综合分析,在垂直空间尺度上,土壤随深度增加发育程度减弱,有机质及养分含量降低,表层土壤酸化现象显著。在水平空间尺度上,厚层黑土的发育程度高于其他类型土壤。     

白龙江干旱河谷不同植被土壤碳氮磷化学计量特征

探讨不同植被类型土壤碳(C)氮(N)磷(P)含量及生态化学计量特征,了解不同植被类型土壤养分状况及对土壤的改良效果,为干旱河谷植被恢复重建中的植被空间分布格局及造林技术提供理论依据和技术指导。采用野外调查与室内分析相结合的方法,测定了干旱河谷刺槐(Robinia pseudoacacia)、狼牙刺(Sophora davidii)、河朔荛花(Wikstroemia chamaedaphne)、华西小石积(Osteomeles schwerinae)、酸枣(Ziziphus jujuba)和荆条(Vitex negundo)等主要人工林土壤的碳、氮和磷含量,运用模糊数学隶属函数法综合评价了不同林型对土壤营养和化学计量特征的影响。白龙江干旱河谷6种植被类型土壤C、N、P含量均处于中下水平;刺槐、狼牙刺、华西小石积、酸枣和荆条土壤C∶N值随土层的加深而升高;6种植被类型土壤C∶P、N∶P平均值均远远低于全球平均水平和我国平均水平。6种植被类型对土壤营养元素、化学计量和土壤物理性质改良效果最好的为河朔荛花,其次为荆条,再次为刺槐,因此推荐选择上述3树种作为白龙江干旱河谷造林先锋树种。