Effect of oat decortication on chemical composition,in vitro digestibility and in situ degradability

The effect of decortication on chemical composition and degradability characteristics of four Danish oat varieties was investigated. Effective degradability (ED) and post-ruminal disappearance (PRD) were measured by in situ and mobile bag techniques respectively. Decorticated oat showed higher (p = .01) concentrations of crude protein (CP; 134 vs. 108 g/kg DM) and crude fat (71.6 vs. 53.1 g/kg DM) and a higher (p = .001) organic matter digestibility (OMD; 888 vs. 703 g/kg OM) than oat. The content of total fatty acids (FA) in DM was higher in decorticated oat. The proportion of linoleic acid (C18:2 n6) increased (p < .05) due to decortication, while the linolenic acid (C18:3 n3) proportion of total FA decreased in decorticated oat. Decortication increased (p = .01) the concentration of amino acids (AA), but the proportion of lysine in total AA decreased (p < .002). Effective degradability (ED) of both DM and CP was (p < .001) higher in decorticated oat. Decortication increased the total tract disappearance (TTD) and PRD of CP (p < .001). In conclusion, decortication can be used as a practical approach to increase the nutritional value of oat.     

Chemical composition and in sacco dry matter degradability of residue and by-products of palm fruit processing in the rumen of steers

The nutritive value of residue (palm calyx leaves (PCL)) and by-products (palm press fiber (PPF) and palm oil sludge (POS)) of palm fruit processing were studied through analysis of their chemical components and degradability of their dry matter (DM) in the rumen of steers. Chemical analysis showed that the materials have similar organic matter components (mean = 95.2%), while crude protein (CP, g/100 g) and metabolisable energy (ME, MJ/kg DM) were highest in POS (10.02 and 9.43), followed by PPF (7.02 and 8.61) and least in PCL (5.42 and 8.04). An opposite trend of CP and ME was noticed in NDF and ADF contents, being 61.53 and 49.11% in PCL, 44.84 and 32.08% in PPF and 25.35 and 20.29% in POS. Mineral contents showed that PPF and POS had the lowest and highest concentration, respectively, of Mg (0.07 vs. 0.11%), Cu (58.5 vs. 143.9 mg/kg) and Fe (1374.5 vs. 4086.0 mg/kg). Dry matter degradation characteristics and effective degradability varied significantly ( P  < 0.05) and were consistently highest in POS and least in PCL. Results have generally shown that the residue and by-products could be ranked for their potential feeding value as POS > PPF > PCL. It is concluded that POS and PPF can be harnessed directly as feed resources for ruminant animals, while PCL will require some treatments to enhance its nutritive value in ruminants.     

Effects of dietary supplementation of spices on forage degradability,ruminal fermentation,in vivo digestibility,growth performance and nitrogen balance in Black Bengal goat

The objective of the study was to evaluate the effects of spices on forage utilization and nitrogen (N) emission using in vitro and in vivo approach. A 6 × 5 factorial triplicate arrangement was used to assess the in vitro degradability of rice straw with control (without spices) and individual (40 mg/g rice straw) spices (cumin, coriander, clove, black cumin, turmeric) at five different incubation times. In vitro dry matter (DM) and organic matter (OM) degradability of rice straw were highest in presence of spices except for clove. Clove significantly reduced the total volatile fatty acids concentration, molar proportion of acetate and propionate ratio, but increased propionate production. Acetate and butyrate production were not affected by treatments. The ammonia‐nitrogen concentration was lowest for clove and turmeric compared to other spices. Rumen pH was unchanged but gradually decreased over the incubation period. For in vivo study, 12 bucks with average live weight 7.65 ± 0.19 kg were assigned to a completely randomized design with three treatments and four replicates for a 28‐day period. Bucks were fed a total mixed ration without (0 g/kg DM) or with (2.5, 7.5 g/kg DM) clove supplementation. DM intake, body weight and apparent total tract digestibility of crude protein (CP) and acid detergent fibre (ADF) were not affected by increasing dietary doses of clove but tended (p = .09) to increase DM and OM digestibility. The urinary N and urine urea N concentration of bucks decreased linearly with incremental doses of clove diet. In contrary, clove supplementation had positive effects on plasma urea N and retained N in bucks. We concluded that though some spices had positive effects on ruminal digestion and fermentation, the dosage level assessed in the current study (up to 7.5 g/kg DM clove) can be promoted as an effective dietary approach to mitigate N losses in bucks.     

Effects of calcium oxide treatment at varying moisture concentrations on the chemical composition,in situ degradability,in vitro digestibility and gas production kinetics of anaerobically stored corn stover

The objective of this study was to determine the optimum conditions for calcium oxide (CaO) treatment of anaerobically stored corn stover by in situ and in vitro methods. Four ruminally cannulated, non‐lactating, non‐pregnant Holstein cows were used to determine the in situ effective degradabilities of dry matter (ISDMD), organic matter (ISOMD), neutral detergent fibre (ISNDFD), in vitro organic matter disappearance (IVOMD) and gas production in 72 h (GP_72h) of corn stover. A completely randomized design involving a 3 × 3 factorial arrangement was adopted. Ground corn stover was treated with different levels of CaO (3%, 5% and 7% of dry stover) at varying moisture contents (40%, 50% and 60%) and stored under anaerobic conditions for 15 days before analysis. Compared with untreated corn stover, the CaO‐treated stover had increased ash and calcium (Ca) contents but decreased aNDF and OM contents. The moisture content, CaO level and their interaction affected (p < 0.01) the content of aNDF, ash and OM, and the ratio of aNDF/OM. The greatest ISDMD, ISOMD and ISNDFD were observed when stover was treated with 7% CaO and 60% moisture, while no differences (p > 0.01) in these in situ degradability parameters were observed between the stover treated with 5% CaO at 60% moisture content and those treated with 7% CaO at 60% moisture content. Corn stover treated with 5% CaO at 50% moisture had the maximum IVOMD and GP_72 h among the treatments, and there was no difference (p > 0.01) between 50% and 60% moisture. Results from this study suggested that 5% CaO applied at 60% moisture could be an effective and economical treatment combination.     

The effect of pelleting on in situ rumen degradability of compound feed containing brown rice for dairy cows

This study was conducted to determine the effect of pelleting on in situ dry matter degradability of pelleted compound feed containing brown rice for dairy cows. Mash feed of the same composition was used as a control and the in situ study was conducted using three non‐lactating Holstein steers fitted with a rumen cannula. The feeds contained 32.3% brown rice, 19.4% rapeseed meal, 11.4% wheat bran and 10.6% soybean meal (fresh weight basis). Except for moisture content, the chemical composition of the feed was not affected by pelleting. In situ dry matter disappearance of the feed increased from 0 to 2 h and after 72 h of incubation with pellet processing. Integration of the dry matter disappearance values over time revealed that degradability parameter a (soluble fraction) increased with pellet processing, whereas parameter b (potentially degradable fraction) decreased. Parameter c (fractional rate of degradation) and effective degradability (5% passage rate) were not affected by pellet processing. We concluded that pellet processing promotes rumen degradability at early incubation hours when the pelleted feed contains brown rice.     

Thermal decomposition,chemical composition,in vitro digestibility and gas production and in situ degradability of oilseed residues from the biofuel industry

Thermal analysis could rapidly and easily predict nutritional value of ruminant feeds. The hypothesis is that crambe meal (CM) has a quality similar to that of soybean meal (SM), and the objective of this study was to determine the nutritional characteristics of CM and compare them to those of SM. CM had greater concentrations of phytic acid (26.3 vs. 16.0 g/kg) and phenol compounds (615 vs. 393 mg gallic acid (GAE)/kg) than SM. In vitro dry matter (DM) digestibility was lower for CM than SM (752 vs. 975 g/kg DM). Cumulative in vitro gas production at 48 h of incubation (14.1 vs. 19.4 mL/100 mg substrate DM), and energy release (4.5 vs. 5.7 kJ/g substrate DM) were lower for CM than SM. CM had a higher concentration of low digestible fiber, hence degradability of DM was lower and the proportion of indigestible fraction was greater for CM than SM. High concentrations of indigestible compounds were likely responsible for lower gas production of CM compared to SM. These results suggest CM quality is lower than that of SM and that thermal analysis is a useful tool to precisely determine the nutritive value of oilseed residues.     

反刍动物常用粗饲料消化率预测模型的验证研究

研究通过对江西反刍动物常用粗饲料体外消化率(IVDMD)的实际测定,证明邓卫东等(2002)建立的以范氏纤维含量为预测因子的粗饲料IVDMD预测模型在江西区域有较高的准确性,能够应用于江西反刍动物粗饲料消化率的预测。该模型与张吉鹍等(2004b;2010)建立的粗饲料干物质采食量预测模型构成了完整的反刍动物粗饲料分级指数(GI)参数模型,这将大力推进江西反刍动物粗饲料品质的综合评定。     

干旱胁迫对‘青燕1号’燕麦产量及干物质积累与分配的影响

为探究‘青燕1号’燕麦对不同干旱胁迫方式的响应变化,在盆栽试验条件下,采用不同干旱胁迫程度和胁迫次数处理,研究燕麦各器官干物质积累与分配及产量和产量因子的变化规律。结果显示：燕麦穗长、小穗粒数、单序籽粒重、百粒重和产量下降明显,小穗数、穗粒数有增有减,而空铃数无明显变化;干旱胁迫抑制了器官干物质积累,其中分配比例以茎和根部转移相对较多,穗部较少。从整体水平来看,不同胁迫程度和胁迫次数影响大小表现为：3次、中度和重度胁迫影响较大;不同胁迫时期变化下以苗期-拔节期、孕穗-抽穗期、开花-乳熟期干旱（SM）时期和苗期-拔节期、孕穗-抽穗期干旱（SH）影响最大。不同干旱胁迫下各指标相关性分析及通径分析得出,燕麦小穗数、穗粒数、小穗粒数、单序籽粒重、百粒重、穗长、穗干重、茎干重、根干重、叶干重、穗分配指数与产量呈显著正相关关系,相关系数在0.368~0.922,而茎分配指数、根分配指数、叶分配指数与产量呈负相关关系,相关系数在-0.673~-0.299,空铃数与产量为负相关关系,但未达到显著水平,为-0.021;通径分析发现,单序籽粒重、百粒重、穗粒数对燕麦产量增产具有重要作用。     

Chemical composition and in vitro ruminal digestibility of Ludwigia grandiflora

Ludwigia grandiflora is an amphibious plant that has been designated as a specific alien plant in Japan. Due to the risk of regeneration on land, plants are burned after eradication. Since L. grandiflora is fertile and rich in biomass, this study investigated the use of L. grandiflora as a feed for ruminants. We measured general components, detergent fiber components, and in vitro dry matter digestibility (IVDMD) using rumen microbes for three forms (terrestrial form, emergent form, and floating-leaved form) of L. grandiflora. In addition, concentrations of hazardous metallic elements were also measured from the viewpoint of feed safety. Crude protein, neutral detergent fiber, acid detergent fiber, and acid detergent lignin were contained 10.31–14.62, 27.83–42.28, 20.54–36.05, and 6.94–18.90 (%DM), respectively. IVDMD was 50.75%–68.24%. Toxic elements such as Pb, Cd, and Hg were not detected in all forms. These results suggest that L. grandiflora could be partially used as alternative roughage for ruminants.     

稻草与不同饲料混合在体外消化率上的组合效应研究

以体外干物质消化率(IVDMD)对鲁梅克斯K-1(Rumex patientia,RP)、紫云英(Astragalus sinicus,AS)、高丹草(Sorghum hybrid Sudangrass,SHS)、苏丹草(Sorghumsudanense,SS)、矮象草(Pennisetumpurputeumcv.mott,PPM)、苜蓿(Medicagosativa,MS)、木薯干草(CH)、稻草(RS)、氨化稻草(ARS)与木薯渣(CR)的品质进行了评定。IVDMD(%)自高到低的排序为:CR(77.63)、RP(61.32)、MS(55.26)、AS(54.91)、CH(52.97)、SHS(40.24)、PPM(38.70)、ARS(36.88)、SS(34.15)、RS(26.63)。除AS与MS外,各种饲料间的IVDMD差异显著(P0.05)。本研究将组合效应值(AE)定义为混合饲料实测IVDMD与各单个饲料IVDMD加权和值之差。分别以RS、ARS作为低、中等品质基础秸秆饲料,再分别添补RP、AS、SHS、SS、PPM、MS与CH(RS还补饲ARS),共6个组合。结果表明,任一组合均观察到正组合效应,以添补MS的最大;CH作为添补料其效果要好于禾本科牧草,与豆科牧草相似;对低质秸秆基础饲料的补饲较对中等品质的组合效应明显。     

Effects of field pea (Pisum sativum L.) hay feeding on dry matter intake and milk production of Murrah buffaloes (Bubalus bubalis) fed rice straw ad libitum

To identify the effects of field pea hay (FPH) as a supplement of rice straw (RS) on feed intake and milk production of mid‐late lactation buffaloes in Tarai, Nepal, nine multiparous Murrah were fed a concentrate at 0.6% of their bodyweight (BW) on a concentrate dry matter (DM) basis daily while having ad libitum access to RS. The buffaloes were divided into three groups, and the experiment with three levels of FPH feeding was conducted at the following rate of BW: 0% (T1), 0.5% (T2) and 1.0% (T3) on an FPH DM basis. The DM intake (DMI) was higher in T2 and T3 than in T1. As the amount of FPH was raised, the BW change, crude protein intake (CPI) and total digestible nutrient intake (TDNI) was increased. Although the yield of milk and milk composition did not differ among the treatments, the 7% fat corrected milk yield (FCMY) tended to increase as FPH feeding amount was raised. Although there were no significant differences in FCMY/DMI and FCMY/TDNI among the treatments, FCMY/CPI decreased with FPH feeding. Supplementary FPH increased DMI, CPI and TDNI that might have raised BW, and tended to improve FCMY in mid‐late lactating buffaloes as a result of an increase in TDNI.     

Variety diversity effect on the chemical composition and dry matter degradation characteristics of residue and by-products of oil palm fruits

The materials palm press fibre (PPF), palm calyx (PCL) and palm oil sludge (POS) obtained from three varieties of oil palm: dura, oleifera and tenera were investigated for the effect of variety on their nutritive value. Analysis of proximate composition, cell wall fractions, some mineral concentration as well as in‐situ dry matter degradation in the rumen of steers were carried out. Significant effects of materials (i.e. PPF, PCL and POS) as well as variety (i.e. dura, oleifera and tenera) were noticed in all the parameters studied except sodium (Na) and organic matter (OM) components. Crude protein (CP) values in all the varieties were lowest in PCL (3.15–5.48%) and highest in POS (9.02–10.02%), while crude fibre (CF) values were highest in PCL (33.00–46.19%) and lowest in POS (3.15–5.48%). The upper and lower values respectively for CP and CF in the materials were in most cases for the tenera variety. The cell wall fractions (NDF, ADF, Lignin, cellulose and hemicellulose) were all higher in PCL and lowest in POS. In the three varieties, POS had highest concentration of Mg (0.117–0.231 g/100 g), K (1.21–2.33 g/100 g) and Cu (75.07–87.34 mg/kg) but lowest content of Ca (0.016–0.089 g/100 g) while PPF had lowest concentration of Mg (0.031–0.039 g/100 g) and Cu (20.96–22.28 mg/kg). Iron (Fe, mg/kg) values were generally high, but highest in PCL (2015.41–4042.16). Dry matter degradability and effective degradability values were best in POS irrespective of the variety and least in PCL. Among the three varieties, dry matter degradation characteristics of tenera were the best and oleifera the least. Generally the residue and by‐products irrespective of the variety of oil palm they are obtained from can be ranked for their nutritive value as POS > PPF > PCL, while nutritive ranking based on variety is tenera > dura > oleifera. Conclusively, POS and PPF from any variety of oil palm could be adopted directly as feed resources for ruminant livestock, while PCL will require hydrolytic nutritive value enhancement treatment. Ruminant livestock will however be at an advantage if materials from tenera variety are fed.     

A comparative study on the rumen microbial populations,hydrolytic enzyme activities and dry matter degradability between different species of ruminant

A comparative study among Korean native cow (Hanwoo), Holstein dairy cow, Korean native goat and crossbred sheep on the population and marker concentration of ruminal microbes, the activities of carboxymethylcellulase (CMCase), xylanase and amylase, and in situ dry matter (DM) degradability were conducted. Twelve ruminally cannulated animals, three of each species, were used. Animals were fed the same diet containing 40% formula feed and 60% rice straw at the level of 2.5% of body weight. Total viable microbial populations in the rumen fluid were significantly (P < 0.01) greater for bacteria and fungi in goat than those of Holstein. The protozoan population among ruminant species was the reverse from that of bacteria. The concentrations of 2,6‐diaminopimelic acid and chitin as markers for bacteria and fungi in the rumen fluid, respectively, were highest in goat, which is in accordance with the above population data. The concentration of aminoethylphosphonic acid as marker of protozoa was highest in Hanwoo and lowest in sheep (P < 0.01). Goat had the highest (P < 0.01) activities of all the enzymes investigated among ruminants. In situ effective degradation of the DM of rice straw was approximately 19% higher in the rumen of goat compared with other animals.     

Analyses of factors affecting dry matter intake of lactating dairy cows

An experiment was conducted to analyze feed, climate and animal factors affecting dry matter intake (DMI) in lactating dairy cows. Sixteen lactating Holstein cows, with parity from 1 to 6, were assigned to a feeding trial for 2 years, comprising 31 lactations. The animals were fed Italian ryegrass silage, oat hay, alfalfa hay, beet pulp and three types of concentrate. The data, pooled and classified by stage of lactation, season of lactation and parity were analyzed by stepwise multiple regression to determine the nature and extent of factors affecting DMI. A total of 45 prediction equations for DMI were derived. Energy‐corrected milk yield or milk yield was selected as the primary factor of DMI in all the equations in which the ratio of contribution (R²) varied from 0.26 to 0.67. The dietary concentration of organic cell wall, crude fiber, crude protein, organic b fraction, forage to concentrate ratio, average ambient temperature and temperature–humidity index were selected as the secondary factors affecting DMI for pooled data, late lactation (251–350 days of lactation), summer (June–August), spring (March–May), ≥4th lactation, autumn (September–November) and 3rd lactation, respectively, and improved R² up to 0.77. Except for an impact of bodyweight in several equations, feed and climatic factors significantly improved prediction equations effectively for data classified in different ways. To estimate DMI accurately in lactating dairy cows, feed and climatic factors should be considered for specific conditions.     

Chemical composition, in vitro digestibility and gas production of straws from different varieties and accessions of chickpea

Chemical composition, in vitro digestibility and gas production of straw from four different varieties of Kabuli chickpea (Cicer arietinum) were studied. Kinetics of fermentation of straws from 19 different accessions of chickpea was also evaluated using gas production technique. Significant difference (p < 0.05) was observed in the yield of straw [from 1041 to 1174 kg dry matter (DM)/ha] from different varieties. The proportion of seed/straw from different varieties varied from 0.61 to 0.93. Crude protein, neutral detergent fibre and acid detergent fibre content of straw ranged from 28.1 to 35.8, 598.6 to 645.4 and 459.2 to 473.4 g/kg DM respectively. Organic matter digestibility was different (p < 0.05) among varieties and varied from 471.4 to 535.5 g/kg DM. Potential gas production (A), the rate constants (c and d) and lag times of straws from different chickpea varieties were not different (p > 0.05). However, the rate constants (c and d) and lag times were different (p < 0.05) among accessions. Potential gas production (A) differed (p < 0.05) approximately twofold among different accessions. The results emphasized that in any evaluation of chickpea varieties or accessions, where straw of this legume seed is used as an animal feed, not only seed yield but also yield and quality of straw should be taken into consideration.     

燕麦与苜蓿不同比例组合对驴盲肠体外发酵的影响

研究燕麦干草与苜蓿不同比例组合对驴盲肠液体外发酵的影响,旨在为肉驴养殖中粗饲料的科学利用提供理论依据。将燕麦干草和苜蓿按干物质比为80∶20、60∶40、40∶60和20∶80分为Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ组,通过体外产气法与人工瘤胃持续发酵法培养2、4、8、12和24 h,各时间点3个重复,发酵终止后测定发酵参数和饲草养分降解率,通过24 h时发酵参数的加权估算值计算饲草组合效应值。结果表明:1)燕麦与苜蓿不同比例组合影响了其养分降解率,随着苜蓿比例的增加,干物质(DM)和酸性洗涤纤维(ADF)降解率增大,Ⅳ组显著高于Ⅰ组(P<0.05),各组中性洗涤纤维(NDF)降解率差异不显著(P>0.05)。2)随着苜蓿含量的增加,pH逐渐升高,Ⅳ组显著高于Ⅰ组(P<0.05);各时间点产气量(GP)均为Ⅱ组显著高于其余3组(P<0.05),且24 h时Ⅳ组显著高于Ⅰ和Ⅲ组(P<0.05);从发酵12 h开始Ⅲ、Ⅳ组氨态氮(NH_3-N)浓度显著高于Ⅰ、Ⅱ组(P<0.05);24 h时Ⅱ组微生物蛋白(MCP)浓度显著高于Ⅲ组(P<0.05),与Ⅰ、Ⅳ组无显著差异(P>0.05);燕麦与苜蓿不同比例组合对挥发性脂肪酸(VFA)有显著影响,24 h时Ⅰ和Ⅳ组丙酸浓度显著高于Ⅱ和Ⅲ组(P<0.05),而Ⅰ、Ⅱ组总VFA(TVFA)含量显著高于Ⅲ、Ⅳ组(P<0.05)。3)发酵24 h后Ⅰ、Ⅱ和Ⅳ组均产生正组合效应,且Ⅳ组效应值最大,而Ⅲ组产生负组合效应。综上所述:燕麦与苜蓿按20∶80组合时能提高DM、NDF和ADF降解率,且多项组合效应值更高;燕麦与苜蓿饲喂驴以20∶80组合效果较好。     

打捆密度和堆垛方式对天然草地青干草化学成分和真菌毒素的影响

为研究打捆密度和堆垛方式对干草化学成分和真菌毒素的影响,采用2×3因子裂区设计,打捆密度作为主处理因子(A),A1为160kg·m^-3和A2为120kg·m^-3,堆垛方式作为副处理因子(B),B1交叉堆垛、B2纵向堆垛和B3横向堆垛,进行天然草地青干草贮藏试验。结果表明,打捆密度对粗灰分(Ash)、干物质(DM)、中性洗涤纤维(NDF)、黄曲霉毒素B1(AFB1)、T-2毒素(T-2)和赭曲霉毒素A(OTA)含量均没有显著影响(P>0.05),对酸性洗涤纤维(ADF)、粗蛋白质(CP)、脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇(DON)和玉米赤霉烯酮(ZEN)含量影响显著(P<0.05),高密度草捆中ADF、DON和ZEN含量显著低于(P<0.05)低密度草捆,CP含量显著高于(P<0.05)低密度草捆。堆垛方式对Ash、DM、ADF、NDF、CP、DON、AFB1、T-2和OTA含量均无显著影响(P>0.05),对ZEN含量影响显著(P<0.05),高密度草捆中ZEN含量显著低于(P<0.05)低密度草捆。且打捆密度和堆垛方式交互作用对干草化学成分和真菌毒素存在正效应。打捆密度可以显著改善天然青干草的化学成分和真菌毒素含量;堆垛方式对干草的化学成分和真菌毒素有一定的改善;打捆密度和堆垛方式交互作用对干草品质和真菌毒素均有显著影响。综合比较干草化学成分和真菌毒素含量,在内蒙古锡林浩特地区,天然草地青干草打捆密度160kg·m^-3,采用交叉堆垛贮藏干草效果最佳。     

高寒牧区不同燕麦品种生长特性比较研究

在东祁连山高寒牧区,对11种燕麦品种的物候期、株高、分蘖数、产量及茎叶比等进行比较研究。结果表明,在高寒牧区,丹麦444和青永久1号燕麦品种种子能成熟,适于种子和营养体生产;引进燕麦品种株高为130.6～155.7 cm,株丛分蘖数为2.77个/株,干草产量为13.32～21.77 t/hm²,分别是CK的1.1～1.4倍、1.2倍和1.9～3.2倍;其中,青永久479、青永久52、察北、青永久489和加拿大燕麦具有较高叶片含量,约占总产草量的15%;青永久52、青永久440、察北、青永久479、青永久101、丹麦444和青永久489具较高的产量,约为18.10～21.77 t/hm²。燕麦产量可用其与株高间线形模型Y=2849.445+32.523H (R=0.886,P<0.01)估测,式中,Y为干草产量(g/m²),H为植株高度(cm)。综合分析得知,青永久52、察北和青永久479燕麦品种具较高产量和叶片比,适于高寒牧区推广种植。     

Comparative study on yield and chemical composition of maize (Zea mays L.) and sorghum (Sorghum bicolor Moench) using different levels of manure application

The effects of three levels of manure application (0, 4 and 8 ton/10 a) with basic fertilizer (N : P : K = 10:10:10 kg/10 a) on the yield and chemical composition of maize (Pioneer 32K61) and sorghum (FS501) forages were examined in 2 successive years, 2001–2002. Maize was harvested at yellow ripe stage, while sorghum at dough stage. Dry matter yield (DMY) of sorghum was significantly higher than that of maize in both 2001 and 2002. Although, DMY of both sorghum and maize were not significantly affected by manure levels in 2001, they increased with the level of manure in 2002. Maize had higher levels of crude protein (CP) and lower crude fiber concentration than those of sorghum in both 2001 and 2002. Manure application had no effect on chemical compositions of both maize and sorghum except for CP in both years and organic a fraction (Oa) concentration in 2002. The higher manure application might have greater effects on sorghum and maize production because of higher DMY in the second year without any increase in fiber fraction.     

14份燕麦种质在肃南皇城镇的生产性能比较

对14份燕麦(Avena sativa)种质株高、产草量、营养、种子产量、千粒重、发芽率等方面进行评比研究,以期筛选出适宜在甘肃省肃南县皇城地区种植的燕麦种质。结果表明,青永久479号植株高度最高,达到151.3 cm;青永久474号最矮,为128.4 cm。青永久12号分蘖最多,为2.0;其余燕麦种质的分蘖都低于2.0。叶茎比变化在1.79~2.46,青永久195号叶茎比最高(2.46),陇燕2号最低(1.79)。陇燕2号干草产量最高,为11.11 t·hm~(-2);巴燕3号最少,为7.71t·hm~(-2)。青永久416号干草粗蛋白含量最高,为8.2%;青永久195号的最低,为6.3%。青永久97号干草酸性洗涤纤维含量最高,为47.4%;加燕2号的最低,为37.4%。中性洗涤纤维含量最低的是青永久233号,为59.5%;陇燕2号最高,为66.7%。巴燕3号、青海444、青永久93、青永久474和甘南燕麦种质能够成熟,适宜籽实农业生产,其中种质甘南的千粒重、发芽率以及种子产量表现最好。综合结果表明,青永久479、青永久167和青永久233适宜在肃南皇城进行营养体农业生产。