小径木白桦锯材不同加热方式下含水率的变化

讨论小径木白桦锯材在连续加热和间歇加热方式下含水率的变化规律.结果表明:小径木白桦锯材的干燥速率在含水率15%以后明显降低,前期干燥过程锯材的干燥速率比后期的高2～3倍;间歇加热方式有利于内部水分向外扩散,间歇时间对干燥速率的影响很小;干燥过程中锯材厚度方向上的含水率梯度呈不对称分布,这与小径木的心材占较大比例有一定关系;间歇加热减少了锯材内含水率梯度的变化值,同时减少了应力的产生,从而提高了干燥质量.     

小径木大青杨锯材间歇加热干燥工艺的研究

采用常规干燥基准,对小径木大青杨锯材(1000mm×45mm×30mm)分别进行了间歇2h和间歇6h加热干燥试验。分析了干燥过程中锯材含水率的变化规律,讨论了锯材干燥后的质量及小径木大青杨的皱缩特性,并与连续加热干燥试验进行了对比。结果表明,小径木大青杨锯材采用间歇加热干燥工艺是可行的;间歇加热方式有利于提高锯材的干燥质量,减少锯材的皱缩程度,间歇时间越长,效果越明显。     

小径级柞木锯材干燥应力试验

在周期式强制循环顶风型蒸汽干燥窑条件下,采用连续升温干燥基准,对小径级柞木锯材干燥过程中的应力应变进行试验研究,得出应力变化曲线;分析了小径级柞木锯材在干燥过程中应时机处理和处理应注意的问题。     

杉木锯材周期式热压干燥及表层密实化

为确定较优的热压干燥工艺参数和实现速生材的增值利用,以热压板温度和压缩率为因素对杉木锯材(弦切板)进行周期式热压干燥处理,干燥结束后测试其含水率及残余应力,分析热压干燥对锯材干燥速率和干燥质量的影响,测定锯材的剖面密度分布并通过扫描电镜观察其微观构造变化。研究结果表明：干燥材的终含水率达到了干燥质量等级的一级,厚度上含水率偏差达到了二级,但干燥材存在较大的残余应力。干燥材出现了明显的表层密实化现象,压缩层平均密度在0.54 g/cm³以上,较气干材的平均密度增大50%以上;压缩层厚度和峰值密度随压缩率的增加而增大,而热压板温度对锯材密度分布的影响较小。干燥材的微观构造变化表明,强度较低的早材较晚材更易被压缩,压缩层厚度和细胞壁变形程度随压缩率的增加而增大,热压板温度的升高使细胞壁软化更充分,防止在较大压缩率条件下出现细胞壁受压破裂的缺陷。研究证明,热压板温度和压缩率对锯材的干燥速率均有显著影响。综合考虑杉木锯材的干燥速率、干燥质量和剖面密度,确定30 mm厚杉木锯材的较优热压干燥工艺为热压板温度150℃、压缩率30%。     

柳杉锯材高温干燥初步研究

为高效利用柳杉木材,采用高温干燥方法对25mm厚柳杉心材、边材及心边混合锯材进行干燥,并检测干燥速率及干燥质量。结果表明,边材干燥速率最快,心材最慢;心材-弦切板、心边混合材-弦切板的干燥质量,可以达到GB/T 6491-2012《锯材干燥质量》中的二级要求。     

高温高湿处理对落叶松锯材树脂脱除及分布影响分析

对落叶松锯材进行高温高湿处理是其木材干燥中一个重要过程。通过高温高湿处理,可使落叶松锯材中所含的树脂固体成分受热软化,粘度降低,流动性增强,在热力作用下向表面移动进而从木材中溢出。本研究通过对落叶松锯材进行不同时间高温高湿处理和不同后期处理条件的干燥试验,分析被处理的落叶松锯材树脂脱除和分布规律,为探讨合理落叶松脱脂工艺提供基础依据。通过试验分析,得出对落叶松锯材进行高温高湿处理的时间在8h以内时,木材中树脂从芯部向表层移动和从表面溢出明显。处理时间达到8h后,树脂分布变化和溢出变化不明显。     

40 mm厚黑木相思锯材干燥工艺研究

对我国40 mm厚黑木相思锯材干燥工艺进行研究,为其实际干燥生产提供参考。结果表明:黑木相思锯材由初含水率105.9%干燥至终含水率9.8%,干燥用时453 h(18.9 d)。干燥锯材的平均最终含水率满足GB/T 6491—2012《锯材干燥质量》中二级锯材干燥质量指标要求,干燥均匀度、厚度上含水率偏差、残余应力以及可见干燥缺陷满足一级质量指标的要求。     

过热蒸汽预处理对50 mm厚杨木锯材常规干燥的影响

【目的】采用过热蒸汽预处理杨木锯材后进行常规干燥,探究过热蒸汽预处理对杨木锯材干燥速率、干燥质量和干燥时间的影响,以期提高杨木锯材干燥速率、缩短干燥周期、降低干燥能耗,为杨木锯材的高附加值利用提供技术依据。【方法】采用温度为110、120和125℃的过热蒸汽对初含水率100%~150%、规格900 mm×120 mm×50 mm(轴向×弦向×径向)的杨木锯材预处理5 h,之后进行常规干燥,分析过热蒸汽预处理对锯材含水率、应力、外观质量以及后期常规干燥速率的影响,依据国家标准对过热蒸汽预处理及未处理材常规干燥后的干燥质量进行评价。【结果】1)过热蒸汽预处理结果表明:预处理温度从110℃增加到125℃时,锯材含水率下降比例从59.26%增加到77.11%,含水率在较短时间内大幅度降低并接近木材纤维饱和点;预处理后锯材的残余应力较大,在2.71%~7.75%之间;锯材顺弯、横弯、翘曲和扭曲指标的干燥质量等级均为一级;锯材皱缩比例在25.00%~36.96%之间。2)常规干燥结果表明:经110、120和125℃过热蒸汽预处理后,锯材常规干燥速率较未处理材分别增大7.97%、16.23%和78.42%;从含水率和应力方面分析,过热蒸汽预处理材常规干燥后的干燥均匀度和厚度上的含水率偏差指标质量等级均达到一级,终含水率指标的质量等级为二级;锯材预处理过程中产生的残余应力在常规干燥过程中被释放,常规干燥后残余应力指标质量等级为二级;从外观干燥质量分析,预处理材常规干燥后的顺弯、横弯、翘曲和扭曲指标质量等级均达到一级;锯材在过热蒸汽预处理过程中产生的皱缩在常规干燥过程中部分得到恢复,常规干燥后锯材皱缩比例分别降低至28.60%、9.09%和15.00%。3)总干燥时间分析结果表明:与未处理材的常规干燥相比,110、120和125℃过热蒸汽预处理材的总干燥时间分别缩短了24.96%、44.22%和67.24%。【结论】过热蒸汽预处理可以显著降低杨木锯材的含水率,并提高杨木锯材常规干燥的干燥速率,缩短干燥时间。综合考虑杨木锯材干燥质量和干燥效率,50 mm厚杨木锯材过热蒸汽预处理温度以120℃较好。     

锯材的微波干燥

采用微波干燥锯材有许多优点,它可缩短干燥时间、减少干燥危险、降低投资成本。瑞典微波研究所已对微波干燥进行了小规模的试验.结果证明,生产中使用这种新技术是十分有利的。近年来,大多采用干燥窑对木材进行干燥,干燥前根据最优干燥效果对木材予以分类和存放,干燥后对木材端部进行锯切.干燥是一个洗浴过程,它需要连续进行数天,而锯切、分     

高频真空干燥落叶松和水曲柳锯材的研究

利用ＪＩＣＡ提供的ＨＥＤ－０６０２型高频加热连续真空干燥机对落叶松和水曲柳锯材（２５ｍｍ和５０ｍｍ）进行干燥工艺试验。试验结果表明，干燥水曲柳锯材的速度快于干燥落叶松锯材，干燥水曲柳铖材的质量优于干燥落叶松锯材。本文提出了高频真空干燥２５ｍｍ和５０ｍｍ落叶松，水曲柳铖材的干燥基准，具有理论意义和实用参考价值。     

竹材热压干燥过程中的水分迁移特性研究

研究了竹材热压干燥过程中的水分迁移特性.结果表明:在整个干燥过程中,前期含水率降低较快,后期含水率降低较慢.竹材平均干燥速度与次表层竹材的干燥速度相近;在含水率较高的干燥初期,水分迁移的阻力在竹材表面,水分迁移主要靠毛细管张力作用;在含水率较低的干燥后期,水分迁移的阻力在竹材内部,水分迁移主要以扩散方式进行,干燥速度取决于木材内部水分移动的速度.竹材热压干燥过程中的水分移动,主要受温度梯度和含水率梯度的共同作用.     

55mm厚红桉板材气干特性的研究

对55mm厚红桉板材气干特性与规律的研究结果表明,当红桉板材的含水率在30%以上时,在广州的2、3、4月份进行气干比较合适,在其它月份则应采取适当保护措施,以防止产生干燥缺陷;板材气干到含水率25%时即进行窑干,具有较好的经济效益;板材窑干前应进行调湿处理,以降低含水率梯度,从而有效避免表裂的发生.     

Effect of cross-sectional dimensions on bow and surface checking of sugi (Cryptomeria japonica) boxed-heart square timber dried by conventional kiln drying

The effect of cross-sectional dimensions on bow and surface checking were investigated, using the boxed-heart square timber of two sugi cultivars with dimensions 80, 120, and 140 mm and length 1.9 m taken at two different heights above the ground. The smaller cross-sectional timber tended to have larger bow, less surface checking, and larger dimensional shrinkage. However, the drying defects were different between the cultivars and sampling heights, depending on the shrinkage properties of the juvenile wood and the heartwood proportion in the core part of the stem. The bow was larger in the smaller cross-sectional timber in which the longitudinal shrinkage was large in the juvenile wood. Surface checking was more prominent in larger cross-sectional timber containing sapwood in its outer part, which suggested the surface checking was induced by drying stress, owing to large moisture gradients between the heartwood and sapwood. The cross-dimensional shrinkage of the timber was larger in timber with larger tangential shrinkage.     

Finite element study of growth stress formation in wood and related distortion of sawn timber

Lack of straightness in timber is the most frequent complaint regarding solid (and laminated) timber products worldwide. Nowadays, customers demand higher quality in the shape stability of wood products than they did earlier. The final distortion of timber boards is mostly caused by moisture-related stresses in wood (drying distortions) and growth-related stresses (distortions appearing when logs are split up to timber boards by sawing). To get more knowledge on how these distortions can be reduced in wooden products, there is a need for improved understanding of this material behaviour through good numerical tools developed from empirical data. A three-dimensional finite element board distortion model developed by Ormarsson (Doctoral thesis, Publ. 99:7, 1999) has been extended to include the influence of growth stresses by incorporating a one-dimensional finite element growth stress model developed here. The growth stress model is formulated as an axisymmetric general plane strain model where material for all new annual rings is progressively added to the tree during the analysis. The simulation results presented include how stresses are progressively generated during the tree growth, distortions related to the redistribution of growth stresses during log sawing, and distortions and stresses in drying reflecting the effects of growth stresses. The results show that growth stresses clearly vary during tree growth and also form a large stress gradient from pith to bark. This in itself can result in significant bow and crook deformations when logs are sawn into timber boards. The distortion results from the simulations match well with the results observed in reality. The parametric study also showed that the radial growth stress distribution is highly influenced by parameters such as modulus of elasticity, micro fibril angle and maturation strain.     

Nondestructive evaluation of drying stress level on wood surface using near-infrared spectroscopy

A nondestructive technique for swiftly measuring the stress level of the surface of wood is proposed, which is important for process control in timber drying. Partial least squares (PLS) regression models for predicting surface-released strain (ε) were developed using NIR spectra obtained from Sugi (Cryptomeria japonica D. Don) samples during drying. The predictive ability of the models was evaluated by PLS analysis and by comparing NIR-predicted ε with laboratory-measured values. The PLS regression model using the NIR spectra pre-processed by MSC and second derivatives with a wavelength range of 2,000–2,220 nm showed good agreement with the measurement (R ² = 0.72). PLS analysis identified the wavelengths around 2,035 nm as making significant contributions to the prediction of ε. Orthogonal signal correction (OSC) was an effective pre-processing technique to reduce the number of factors required for the model using the wavelength range 1,300–2,500 nm. However, the predictive ability of the OSC-corrected model was not improved. Elapsed times to reach the maximum tensile stress (T _max) and the stress reversal point (T _rev) at the wood surface during drying were detected correctly for 75 % of the samples. The results show that NIR spectroscopy has potential to predict the drying stress level of the timber surface and to detect critical periods in drying, such as T _max and T _rev.     

竹材干燥技术研究现状

介绍了国内外竹材干燥技术的研究现状。研究的重点主要集中于干燥方式的选用及干燥参数的确定, 对竹材干燥过程中的水分移动特性、竹材干燥过程中的应力应变、塑性变定机理的研究基本上是空白。     

小径级柞木干燥工艺的试验研究

小径级柞木干燥试验结果表明:在干燥初期干球温度为35℃、干燥末期干球温度为70℃、干燥周期中进行两次中间处理和末期终了处理、干燥周期为15 d的工艺条件下,板材干燥前总平均含水率41.6%,干燥结束后总平均含水率11.7%,板材厚度上含水率偏差<3%;干燥结束后伸长应力和压缩应力甚微,板材表面的颜色轻微变暗,除髓心材和水纹材有少数裂纹和轻微变形外,其余木材并没有发生翘曲、变形、开裂等干燥缺陷,干燥质量满足了GB6491—86《国家锯材干燥质量标准》二级以上的指标要求。本次试验确定的干燥工艺满足了小径级柞木板材的干燥工艺要求。     

In-log determination of seasonability

A new method for determining the seasonability of timber in the log has been developed. This will allow batch processing of wood with similar seasonability characteristics to minimise drying time and drying induced degrade. The method involves cutting a 12 mm diameter core longitudinally from the end of the log, drying it under fixed conditions for 24 h, and then oven drying it. The only measurements made are three weighings of the core, and a visual inspection of the core surface. Comparison with a non-linear stress and drying model of the 24 h core drying process yields sufficient information to calculate a seasonability grade for the log. Received 29 September 1998     

Effect of pretreatment with high temperature and low humidity on drying time and prevention of checking during radio-frequency/vacuum drying of Japanese cedar pillar

This study investigated the effect of pretreatment with high temperature and low humidity (HT-LH) on characteristics of radio-frequency/vacuum (RF/V) drying of boxed heart timber of Japanese cedar (150 × 150 mm in cross section, 3600 mm long). From green to approximately 15% moisture content, the drying times including HT-LH treatment were 170 h for the nonkerfed control, 190 h for the kerfed control, and 150 h for both the kerfed and nonkerfed HT-LH specimens. Surface checks were effectively prevented by the HT-LH treatment while the kerfed HT-LH specimens were free from surface checks. In order to prevent the formation of internal checking during RF/V drying, it is suggested that HT-LH treatment should finish around the fiber saturation point.     

Drying of timber in progressive kilns: Simulation,quality, energy consumption and drying cost considerations

Abstract

Progressive (semi-continuous) kilns for softwood drying are very common in Finland and Sweden and are used in some other countries too. A simulation program has been developed that covers all three types of this kiln. The program calculates the climate in the length direction of the kiln and moisture content, moisture profile, wood temperature, slicing test gap and stress development. Energy consumption and drying costs may also be determined. The temperature level is the most important parameter regarding kiln efficiency. Two-zone progressive kilns are found to be more efficient than single-zone kilns. Progressive kilns have lower energy consumption and drying costs than batch kilns. Experimental full-scale tests show that the timber quality from a progressive kiln is comparable to, or in some cases even better than, timber dried in batch kilns.