美洲鲥(Alosa sapidissima)胚胎发育形态学及组织切片观察

黄鹂无齿鲹是一种兼具观赏与食用价值的名贵海水鱼类。本文通过人工催产方法,获取黄鹂无齿鲹受精卵并追踪观察,旨在对其胚胎及胚后发育特征进行观察记录。结果显示,受精卵孵化条件为盐度30.26±0.67、 温度 (24.72 ± 0.32) °C 、 pH值(7.46±0.12)、溶解氧(5.13±0.33) mg/L、光照强度约3 000 lx。黄鹂无齿鲹受精卵为透明浮性圆球形,平均卵径(764.29±14.74) μm;含单油球,油球平均直径(166.32±18.28) μm。胚胎发育历经受精卵期、胚盘期、卵裂期、囊胚期、原肠胚期、神经胚期、器官形成期与孵化出膜期８个阶段,再进一步细分成24个时期。受精后18 h 30 min孵化出膜,进入仔鱼阶段 (含前仔鱼期和后仔鱼期)。前仔鱼期为孵化后0~3 d,卵黄囊没有完全吸收;后仔鱼期为孵化后4~20 d,卵黄囊完全吸收。初孵仔鱼全长(1 520±19) μm,出膜后第6天油球储备耗尽并形成鳔。孵化后第20天,鱼体后脊索完全弯曲,各鳍和消化系统发育完善,体表大量色素沉淀且具有独立生活的能力,仔鱼进入稚鱼阶段。研究表明,黄鹂无齿鲹的发育模式符合典型硬骨鱼类的规律,发育周期较其他鲹科鱼类更短,其胚胎及胚后发育特征与卵形鲳鲹比较接近。本研究为黄鹂无齿鲹苗种培育提供了重要参考。

     

葛氏鲈塘鳢胚胎发育初步观察

2011年5月～6月对葛氏鲈塘鳢的胚胎发育进行了初步观察和研究,两条雌鱼共产卵3937粒,孵出仔鱼2890尾,孵化率为73.4%;从受精卵到仔鱼孵出经历时间平均为127h20min,观察葛氏鲈塘鳢胚胎发育可分为受精卵、胚盘形成、卵裂期、囊胚期、原肠期、神经胚期、尾芽期、出膜前期和出膜期九个阶段25个时期。     

棘头梅童鱼胚胎发育和仔鱼形态观察

对棘头梅童鱼(Collichthys lucidus)早期发育阶段的胚胎与仔鱼形态特征进行了观察和研究,分析了胚胎和仔鱼的生长发育特征。研究表明,棘头梅童鱼受精卵为圆球形,透明,油球1个,卵径(1. 182±0. 041)mm,油球直径(0. 458±0. 015) mm;在水温(25. 00±0. 50)℃、盐度23～24条件下,受精卵经20 h 20 min孵化出膜。棘头梅童鱼胚胎发育过程可划分为合子、卵裂、囊胚、原肠胚、神经胚、器官形成及出膜7个阶段,共24个发育时期。在水温(26. 00±0. 24)℃、盐度23～24条件下,初孵仔鱼平均全长(2. 536±0. 059) mm,出膜后9 d内为早期仔鱼阶段,以内源性营养耗尽为主要特征; 9～25 d为晚期仔鱼阶段,各鳍条发育齐全,鳞片出现。     

南海区养殖条石鲷的胚胎发育

在较高温度下对南海区养殖条石鲷(Oplegnathus fasciatus)的受精卵进行观察,详尽记录和描述了发育时序和各发育时期的形态特征.条石鲷受精卵的卵径为0.860±0.023 mm,油球径为0.191±0.009 mm.在孵化水温为25.64±0.77 ℃、盐度30～32的条件下,受精卵历时22 h 30 min孵化出膜.初孵仔鱼(孵化后10～15 min)体长为1.836±0.078 mm.根据受精卵的发育过程,将其分为卵裂期、囊胚期、原肠期、胚孔关闭期、克氏泡期、尾芽期、心跳期、孵化前期和孵化期等9个时相.其中卵裂期、囊胚期和原肠期分别历时3 h、3 h和4 h 45 min.对比不同温度下条石鲷的胚胎发育,认为原肠期、尾芽期至孵化期这2个时期的发育速率受温度的影响最大.     

似刺鳊鱼句胚胎发育的形态观察

通过对似刺鳊鱼句胚胎发育的连续观察,研究了似刺鳊鱼句胚胎发育的时序和特点。结果显示,似刺鳊鱼句的受精卵呈浅黄绿色且透明,直径为(3.42±0.06)mm,相对密度大于水,属沉性卵。根据胚胎的主要特征,胚胎发育分为胚盘形成、卵裂、囊胚、原肠胚、神经胚、器官形成和出膜等7个阶段及27个发育时期。在水温(18.4±3.7)℃条件下,受精后2 h 18 min胚盘形成,3 h 32 min进入卵裂期,11 h 12 min进入囊胚期,23 h 57 min进入原肠期,35 h 16 min开始形成神经胚,42 h 12 min开始形成器官,90 h 41 min仔鱼孵出。刚孵出的仔鱼全长为(6.95±0.05)mm,从受精到孵化出膜总积温为1817.8℃·h。     

云纹石斑鱼胚胎发育及仔、稚、幼鱼形态观察

对云纹石斑鱼Epinephelus moara胚胎发育及仔、稚、幼鱼形态进行了观察与研究,详细描述了各发育期的形态特征和发育时间。结果表明:1)在水温22±0.2℃、盐度30、溶氧7.8mg/L、pH8.25的条件下,云纹石斑鱼的受精卵历时38h 17min开始孵化出膜。胚胎发育可分为受精卵、卵裂、原肠、神经胚和器官形成及出膜6个阶段,受精、胚盘形成、2细胞等28个时期。2)在水温23±1℃,盐度30±3,DO≥5mg/L,pH8.0±0.5的海水中,培育至5d,卵黄囊完全消失,成为后期仔鱼;培育至27d,发育最快的云纹石斑鱼结束仔鱼期,进入稚鱼期;培育至65d,发育最快的稚鱼完成变态,成为幼鱼。胚后发育过程主要是根据卵黄囊、鳍膜、鳞片、体色及第1腹鳍棘与第2背鳍棘相对长度的变化分为仔鱼、稚鱼和幼鱼3个时期。其中仔鱼期又根据其卵黄囊的有无划分为前期仔鱼和后期仔鱼。     

多鳞白甲鱼早期发育特征观察

为了探究多鳞白甲鱼(Varicorhinus macrolepis)早期发育特征规律,对2019年3月采集于大宁河的多鳞白甲鱼亲鱼进行人工催产和授精,并观察和描述多鳞白甲鱼胚胎和仔鱼发育的形态特征和时序。结果显示：多鳞白甲鱼受精卵为卵圆形沉性卵,具粘性;一般呈金黄色或白色,相对透明;卵径为(2.46±0.12)mm。在水温为(17.2±0.5)℃的条件下,多鳞白甲鱼胚胎耗时147 h 30 min出膜,有效积温达到2 582.56℃·h。整个胚胎发育过程大致可分分为7个阶段：受精卵形成期(0～1 h 48 min)、卵裂期(3 h 38 min～7 h 38 min)、囊胚期(9 h 32 min～22 h 2 min)、原肠胚期(33 h 15 min～45 h 19 min)、神经胚形成期(50 h 24 min～53 h 55 min)、器官形成期(56 h～95 h 55 min)、出膜期(103 h 31 min～147 h 30 min)共7个阶段。初孵仔鱼全长(8.86±0.52)mm,心率114～128次/min。眼色素于2日龄开始出现并逐渐加深;6日龄时卵黄囊耗竭,进...     

雅砻江硬刺松潘裸鲤的胚胎及仔鱼发育研究

研究硬刺松潘裸鲤(Gymnocypris potanini firmispinatus)早期生活史阶段的发育规律,为松潘裸鲤的亚种分化研究、规模化人工繁殖和苗种培育提供理论依据。松潘裸鲤亲鱼采自雅砻江支流安宁河流域。雌鱼6~13龄,全长12.1~24.2cm,体重16.1~115.8g;雄鱼3~9龄,全长8.2~14.5cm,体重5.2~23.8g。结果显示,硬刺松潘裸鲤受精卵呈圆形,黄色,卵径(2.82±0.10)mm;水温(16±1)℃下,硬刺松潘裸鲤的胚胎发育历时183h45min,胚胎发育过程分为受精卵、胚盘形成、卵裂、囊胚、原肠、神经胚、器官分化和出膜共8个阶段、31个时期;出膜仔鱼全长(7.82±0.19)mm;出膜10d后,仔鱼的鳃、口、胸鳍、尾鳍、鳔、肠道等功能器官先后形成;出膜13d后卵黄囊消失,全长(14.33±0.51)mm;出膜40d后各鳍基本长成,体型和体色接近成鱼,进入幼鱼阶段。硬刺松潘裸鲤为地区重要的小型经济鱼类,主要分布在雅砻江中游各大干支流中,在形态和生态上形成一系列的适应性,早期发育过程与其栖息的环境同样具有一定的适应性。     

银鲈胚胎和仔、稚鱼发育观察

实验对银鲈受精卵的胚胎及仔、稚鱼发育进行连续跟踪观察,结果表明:银鲈受精卵具有在淡水鱼类中比较少见的油球,水温25.4～27.8℃条件下,24小时胚胎破膜而出.出膜仔鱼3日龄开始平游,消化道形成,已能开口摄食;35日龄全长2.3～3.0cm,全身已布满鳞片,形态已具备成鱼特征.     

中国鱼类远缘杂交研究及其在水产养殖上的应用

该研究利用干法授精对短须裂腹鱼(Schizothorax wangchiachii)与鲈鲤(Percocypris pingipingi)进行远缘杂交,对杂交子一代(F₁)胚胎及仔稚鱼发育进行观察,旨在为以后的杂交育种和品种选育提供基础资料。结果显示,水温(14.5±1.0) ℃、pH 8.10~8.81,短须裂腹鱼(♀) ×鲈鲤(♂)杂交F₁代胚胎发育良好,受精率为95.33%,孵化率为71.12%,完成胚胎发育所需时间为144.33 h,有效积温为2 092.79 h·℃。在相似条件下,胚胎发育速度快于两亲本,各器官的形成顺序与亲本存在差异,仔稚鱼生长良好,发育速度与生长速度均慢于父本鲈鲤。在同等实验条件下,鲈鲤(♀) ×短须裂腹鱼(♂) F₁代胚胎不能正常发育,发育至原肠期所需时间为51.25 h,所需积温为743.13 h·℃,原肠期末的死亡率高达85.83%,最后仅12尾出膜,且出膜后均畸形,出膜3 d后全部死亡。研究表明短须裂腹鱼(♀) ×鲈鲤(♂)杂交是可行的。     

Rare serotype occurrence and PFGE genotypic diversity of Streptococcus agalactiae isolated from tilapia in China

Previously, we reported 10 PEGE types of 85 tilapia Streptococcus agalactiae(GBS), which shifted from Streptococcus iniae in China, by using PEGE method. Presently, larger and more representative tilapia GBS were isolated, for the ?rst time in China, to characterize their serotypes and genetic diversities more precisely than had done before. 168 GBS strains were distributed in ?ve provinces of China, in which Guangdong, Guangxi and Hainan were the major ones, holding36.9%(62/168), 37.5%(63/168) and 19.6%(33/168), respectively. Serotypes, Ia, Ib and III, were observed in these strains and the most predominant one was Ia(95.2%), which mainly distributed in Guangdong, Guangxi and Hainan. Ia initially occurred in 2009, it shoot up to 32.1% in 2010,but decreased to 16.1% in 2011 before went up to 45.2% in 2012. Ib sporadically occurred during2007–2011, III onlyoccurred in 2012. 14 different PFGE types, including 4 new types(N, O,P and Q), were observed, in which B, D, F and G were the predominant types, holding 83.9%(141/168) of the total GBS strains. Ia corresponded to 11 PFGE types(A–H, N–P), in which type D predominated(51%). Ib represented 3 genotypes(I, J and Q) and III harbored only 2genotypes(N and F). Type N and Fsynchronously presented in Ia and III. In summary, the genetic diversity of tilapia GBS varied by serotypes and changed with geographical locations and years.Although Iastillpredominated, new rareserotypeIII alreadyoccurred in China.     

Growth hormone (GH) and reproduction: a review

Interaction between growth and reproduction occurs in many vertebrates and is particularly obvious at certain stages of the life cycle in fish. Endocrine interactions between the gonadotropic axis and the somatotropic axis are described, the potential role of GH being emphasised. A comparative analysis of these phenomena in mammals, amphibians and fish, suggests a specific role of GH in the physiology of puberty, gametogenesis and fertility. It also shows the original contribution made by studies on the fish model in this field of investigations.     

Purification and partial characterization of GtHs (cfLH and cfFSH) from Indian walking catfish (Clarias batrachus) (L.) and development of a homologous ELISA for cfLH

Two gonadotropins (GtH; Qa and Qb) were purified by gel filtration and ion exchange chromatography from the pituitaries of Indian walking catfish (Clarias batrachus). The presence of GtH during purification was assessed by in vitro oocyte maturation and in vivo steroidogenic activity, and their identities were determined by elution profiles, molecular weight, biological activities and yield. The molecular weights of Qa and Qb were 37 and 42 kDa, respectively, and composed of distinct subunits (Qa: 20 and 14 kDa and Qb: 26 and 18 kDa). Polyclonal antibodies raised against Qa immunostained Qa, Qb and pituitary GtH cells. A competitive Qa‐ELISA was developed whose sensitivity was 6.25 ng mL^?1 (1.25 ng well^?1) with intra‐ (3.5%) and inter‐ (12.4%) assay coefficients of variation. Displacement curves parallel to the standard were obtained with plasma and pituitary extracts of catfish, Qb and carp GtHII. The assay was validated by measuring the plasma Qa levels after LHRH treatment and in relation to ovarian growth in the female catfish during different reproductive phases. Based on the results, Qa and Qb corresponded to fish LH and FSH respectively. The findings will increase the knowledge of the mechanisms controlling fish reproduction and identification of sensitive phases in fish in captivity for hormonal manipulation.     

Controlled infection of Poecilia reticulata Peters (guppy) with Tetrahymena by immersion and intraperitoneal injection

Tetrahymena is a protozoan parasite, which infects guppy, Poecilia reticulata Peters, and causes substantial economical losses in commercial farms worldwide. Studies of guppy infected by Tetrahymena require standardized infection protocols. The LD50 for Tetrahymena infection of guppies by intraperitoneal (IP) injection was calibrated, and the level obtained was 946 parasites per fish. Guppy infection with Tetrahymena by immersion, imitating the natural route of infection via the integument, was studied under normal or stress conditions. Exposure to cold and netting (CNI) and to cold only (CI) followed by immersion exposure to 10 000 Tetrahymena per mL resulted in 22.5% and 19.2% mortality, respectively, as compared to 14.2% and 10% in groups that were netted only (NI) or non‐stressed (I). Histopathology revealed that immersion infection resulted in a systemic infection. Lysozyme levels, measured 3 weeks after infection, were significantly higher in the CNI group (288 μg per mg protein) compared with CI‐, NI‐ and I‐treated groups (94.5, 64 and 62.3 μg mg^?1, respectively). There was no evident parasite immobilization activity in body homogenates, suggesting no development of acquired immunity. Re‐infection by IP injection revealed no increase in protection in any of the treatment groups, mortality range of 56.3–75%, higher than in the non‐exposed control (40.6% mortality).     

Evaluation of a Fast Method Based on the Presence of Two Restriction Sites in the Mitochondrial ND5 (mt ND5) Gene for the Identification of Scomber Species

The purpose of this work was to evaluate the suitability of a method based on the presence of two restriction sites (for Hae III and Hindf I) in the mitochondrial NADH dehydrogenase subunit 5 (mt ND5) gene to identify Scomber species. The evaluation was performed on 144 reference and market samples by sequencing of the entire 505-bp fragment of the mt ND5 gene and of a 464-bp fragment of the Kocher fragment of the cytochrome b gene (mt Cytb). Sequence analysis of any of the two fragments allows the identification of each of the four Scomber species, but S. japonicus and S. colias had the same restriction sites at the ND5 amplicon and would not have been differentiated by this analysis. Similarly, loss of the Hae III site in some S. scombrus individuals would have misidentified them as not being Scomber. All the market products were correctly labeled except one acquired in Spain labeled as originating in the Atlantic and containing S. japonicus.     

Imported ornamental fish are colonized with antibiotic‐resistant bacteria

There has been growing concern about the overuse of antibiotics in the ornamental fish industry and its possible effect on the increasing drug resistance in both commensal and pathogenic organisms in these fish. The aim of this study was to carry out an assessment of the diversity of bacteria, including pathogens, in ornamental fish species imported into North America and to assess their antibiotic resistance. Kidney samples were collected from 32 freshwater ornamental fish of various species, which arrived to an importing facility in Portland, Oregon from Colombia, Singapore and Florida. Sixty‐four unique bacterial colonies were isolated and identified by PCR using bacterial 16S primers and DNA sequencing. Multiple isolates were identified as bacteria with potential to cause disease in both fish and humans. The antibiotic resistance profile of each isolate was performed for nine different antibiotics. Among them, cefotaxime (16% resistance among isolates) was the antibiotic associated with more activity, while the least active was tetracycline (77% resistant). Knowing information about the diversity of bacteria in imported ornamental fish, as well as the resistance profiles for the bacteria will be useful in more effectively treating clinical infected fish, and also potential zoonoses in the future.     

Effect of iodophor disinfection of non‐hardened Salmo trutta eggs on their bacterial and fungus load

This study investigated the efficiency of iodophor disinfection (135 ppm active iodine for 15–30 min) of non‐hardened Salmo trutta eggs against different groups of bacteria and against fungus. Egg samples were taken from non‐disinfected and from disinfected eggs, microorganisms were cultured on specific nutrient media and their mass was measured by turbidimetric methods. Bacteria and fungus mass of non‐hardened eggs could be reduced but not eliminated by iodophor disinfection with 135 ppm active iodine for 15 min. The extent of reduction was 47–65% (Experiment 1). The efficiency of disinfection increased with disinfection time as the reduction in bacteria and fungus mass was 40–55% after 15 min and 58–74% after 30 min (Experiment 2). Disinfection efficiency of iodophor solution diluted in water (reduction 49–57%) and of iodophor solution diluted in sodium chloride solution iso‐osmolar to the oocytes (reduction 52–61%) was similar (Experiment 3). The reduction in bacteria and fungus mass was persistent as it was 39–72% lower in embryos deriving from disinfected eggs than in embryos deriving from non‐disinfected ones (Experiment 4). In conclusion, the tested disinfection method is inadequate to eliminate pathogens completely but it could positively influence immune defence of eggs and embryos.     

Nitrogenous waste excretion and accumulation of urea and ammonia inChalcalburnus tarichi (Cyprinidae), endemic to the extremely alkaline Lake Van (Eastern Turkey)

The endemic, anadromous cyprinidChalcalburnus tarichi is the only fish species known to occur in alkaline Lake Van (Eastern Anatolia, Turkey). EightC. tarichi were maintained individually in Lake Van water (17 – 19°C; pH 9.8; 153 mEq·I^–1 total alkalinity; 22 total salinity) and tank water samples analyzed for 24 h in 2 to 4 h intervals. At zero time, < 1µM ammonia was present and urea was undetectable in the tank water; at 24 h, total ammonia and urea made up 114±32 and 35±25µM, respectively. Over the experimental period, ammonia-N and urea-N excretion averaged 1041±494 and 607±169moles·kg^–1 fish·h^–1, respectively. The extent of urea excretion was highly variable between specimens. Uric acid excretion was not detectable.Urea was present at high concentrations in all tissues and plasma (25 – 35moles·g^–1·ml^–1) of freshly caughtC. tarichi; total ammonia content of the tissues was by a factor of 1.9 (liver) to 3.0 (brain) lower. High arginase activity (2.4±0.2 U·min^–1·g^–1) was detected in the liver ofC. tarichi but ornithine carbamoylphosphate transferase, a key enzyme of the ornithine-urea-cycle, was absent. Ureagenesis is likely through degradation of arginine and/or uricolysis. High glutamine synthetase activity (11±0.6 U·min^–1·g^–1) and low ammonia content in brain suggest that, like other teleosts,C. tarichi has an efficient ammonia detoxification in the brain, but in no other tissue.Nitrogenous waste excretion at alkaline pH is discussed. The ability ofC. tarichi to excrete high levels of ammonia at extremely alkaline pH is unique among teleosts studied so far. The mechanism of ammonia excretion under Lake Van conditions remains to be elucidated.