五指毛桃黄酮和香豆素类成分研究

对五指毛桃的化学成分进行了研究.分离得到11个化合物,根据理化性质和波谱数据,分别鉴定为补骨脂素(Ⅰ)、伞形花内酯(Ⅱ)、 5,3',4'-三羟基-3,7-二甲氧基黄酮(Ⅲ)、 5,7,2',4'-四羟基黄酮(Ⅳ)、 5-羟基-3,7,4'-三甲氧基黄酮(Ⅴ)、山柰酚(Ⅵ)、紫云英苷(Ⅶ)、金合欢素 7-O-β-D-吡喃葡萄糖苷(Ⅷ)、木犀草素7-O-β-D-吡喃葡萄糖苷(Ⅸ)、柚皮素(Ⅹ)及胡萝卜苷(Ⅺ).经检索,化合物Ⅱ～Ⅹ为首次从该植物中分离得到,化合物Ⅲ、Ⅳ、Ⅴ、Ⅷ、Ⅸ为首次从该属植物中分离得到.     

黄背栎的脂溶性化学成分研究

对黄背栎的化学成分进行了研究,利用凝胶(Sephadex LH-20)及硅胶等柱色谱技术分离得到了6个化合物,经理化及光谱方法分别鉴定为熊果酸28-O-β-D-吡喃木糖基(1→3)-β-D-吡喃葡萄糖苷(Ⅰ),吡喃木糖基(1→3)-β-D-吡喃葡萄糖基熊果酸28-O-甲酯(Ⅱ),木栓酮(Ⅲ),3-羟基-16-木栓酮(Ⅳ),5-羟甲基-2-呋喃甲醛(Ⅴ),β-谷甾醇(Ⅵ).这6个化合物均为首次从黄背栎中分离得到.     

独脚金的化学成分研究

为研究玄参科植物独脚金(Striga asiatica(L.)O.K.)全草的化学成分,采用硅胶柱色谱、凝胶色谱等方法进行化学成分的分离纯化,通过理化性质和波谱数据(如核磁共振、红外光谱、质谱等)进行结构鉴定。结果表明:分离鉴定了到19个化合物,分别为(-)-threo-guaiacyl-glycerol-8-O-4'-(coniferyl alcohol) ether(1),3β-hydroxyolean-12-en-11-one acetate(2),2α, 3α, 19α, 23-四羟基-乌索烷-12-烯-28-O-β-D-葡萄糖苷(3),olean-12-ene-3β,7β,15α,28-tetraol(4),黄芩素6,4'-二甲醚(5),金圣草黄素(6),金圣草黄素-7-O-葡萄糖苷(7),rhamnopyranosyl vanilloyl(8),5, 3', 4'-三羟基-3,7-二甲氧基黄酮(9),5,7,3',4',5'-五甲氧基黄酮(10),木犀草素-7, 3', 4'-三甲醚(11),芹菜素(12),芹菜素-7-O-β-D-葡萄糖醛酸甲酯(13),芹菜素-7-O-β-D-葡萄糖醛酸苷(14),3-O-(6'-O-palmitoy-β-D-glucosyl)-spinasta-7,22-diene(15),木犀草素-7-O-β-D-葡萄糖苷(16),槲皮素-3-O-β-D-吡喃葡萄糖苷(17),withagulatin A(18),(6S,9R)-roseoside(19),其中化合物1,2,3,4和19是首次从该属植物中分离得到。     

复方肝康化学成分研究

以75％乙醇提取中药复方制备总浸膏,硅胶柱色谱等分离其化学成分,波谱法鉴定其结构.分离得到13个已知化合物,分别为顺式白藜芦醇3-O-β-葡萄糖苷(1)、山萘酚3-O-β-D-吡喃葡萄糖苷(2)、山萘酚(3)、4′-二氢红花菜豆酸(4)、leptosphaepin(5)、熊果苷(6)、4-咖啡酰基奎宁酸(7)、3,4-二甲氧基苯乙醚(8)、2-叔丁基-4-羟基茴香醚(9)、α-生育醌(10)、异香草酸(11)、甘露醇(12)、β-胡萝卜苷(13).这些化合物均为首次从该中药复方中分离得到.     

新疆圆柏黄酮类成分的研究

采用硅胶、Sephadex LH-20柱等色谱手段,对新疆圆柏叶的黄酮类成分进行了研究,从中分离鉴定了9个黄酮类化合物:柏木双黄酮(Ⅰ)、柏木双黄酮4',4'-二甲醚(Ⅱ)、穗花杉双黄酮(Ⅲ)、罗汉松双黄酮A(Ⅳ)、儿茶素(Ⅴ)、槲皮素(Ⅵ)、异高黄芩素7-O-β-D-木糖苷(Ⅶ)、杨梅素3-O-β-D-葡萄糖苷(Ⅷ)和芦丁(Ⅸ).其中化合物Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅴ、Ⅶ、Ⅷ和Ⅸ为首次从该植物中分离得到,化合物Ⅷ和Ⅸ为首次从该属植物中分离得到.二苯代苦味肼基自由基(DPPH·)清除活性测试结果表明,化合物Ⅴ和Ⅵ的抗氧化活性较高,与阳性对照品抗坏血酸的接近;黄酮苷类化合物Ⅷ、Ⅷ和Ⅸ次之,而双黄酮类化合物Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ和Ⅳ活性较差.     

三棱中一个新的蔗糖酯类化合物

采用硅胶柱色谱、SephadexLH-20和制备HPLC等手段从中药三棱中分离得到一个无定形粉末状样品,根据波谱技术鉴定其结构为β-D-(1-O-乙酰基-3-O-顺-阿魏酰基)呋喃果糖基α-D-2',4',6'-O-三乙酰基吡喃葡萄糖苷(1)和β-D-(1-O-乙酰基-3-O-反-阿魏酰基)呋喃果糖基α-D-2',4',6'-O-三乙酰基吡喃葡萄糖苷(2)两个同分异构体组分1∶4的混合物,此外,还分离鉴定了1个甘油酯类化合物即1-O-阿魏酰基-3-O-p-香豆酰基甘油(3),其中化合物1为未见文献报道的新化合物。     

饭甑青冈叶的化学成分研究

采用Sephadex LH-20、MCI gel CHP 20P、Toyopearl HW-40F和Chromatorex C18等多种柱层析和半制备高效液相色谱分离技术,对饭甑青冈叶的乙醇提取物进行分离纯化,共得到10个化合物。通过波谱数据分析并结合文献对照鉴定化合物结构分别为:没食子酸(1),没食子酸乙酯(2),脱氢双没食子酸(3),龙胆酸-5-O-β-D-葡萄糖苷(4),克列鞣质(cretanin,5),芹菜素(6),山奈酚-7-O-β-D-葡萄糖苷(7),落新妇苷(8),香橙素-7-O-β-吡喃葡萄糖苷(9),苦竹素A(10)。所有化合物均为首次从饭甑青冈植物中分离得到。     

毛花柱忍冬花蕾化学成分研究

对毛花柱忍冬花蕾进行化学成分研究,从中分离鉴定了10个化合物:绿原酸(Ⅰ)、5-O-咖啡酰基-奎宁酸丁酯(Ⅱ)、5-O-咖啡酰基-奎宁酸甲酯(Ⅲ)、槲皮素(Ⅳ)、木犀草苷(Ⅴ)、芦丁(Ⅵ)、山奈酚-3-O-芸香糖苷(Ⅶ)、秦皮乙素(Ⅷ)、β-谷甾醇(Ⅸ)和胡萝卜苷(Ⅹ)。其中化合物Ⅶ为首次从该属植物中分离,化合物Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅴ、Ⅵ、Ⅷ、Ⅸ、Ⅹ均为首次从该植物中分离。     

庐山荚蒾茎的化学成分研究

从庐山荚蒾茎分离得到11个化合物,分别鉴定为:3,4,5-三甲氧基-1-O-β-D-苯酚葡萄糖苷(1),槲皮素-3-O-α-L-鼠李糖苷(2),芦丁(3),绿原酸(4),蒲公英赛醇(5),豆甾醇(6),熊果酸(7),棕榈酸(8),二十四烷酸(9),β-谷甾醇(10),胡萝卜苷(11)。化合物1~11均为首次从该植物中分离得到。     

红花忍冬的黄酮类成分研究

对红花忍冬(Lonicera syringanthaM axim.)干燥地上部分进行化学成分研究。分离鉴定了5个黄酮类化合物:木犀草素(Ⅰ)、木犀草素-7-O-β-D-葡萄糖苷(Ⅱ)、香叶木素(Ⅲ)、香叶木素-7-O-β-D-葡萄糖苷(Ⅳ)和柏黄酮(Ⅴ)。经文献检索,这5个化合物均为首次从该种植物中分离得到,其中化合物Ⅲ、Ⅳ、Ⅴ系首次从该属植物中分得。     

Browsing Damage on Pine (Pinus sylvestris and P. contorta) by a migrating moose (Alces alces) Population in Winter: Relation to Habitat Composition and Road Barriers

In Scandinavia, moose (Alces alces L.) sometimes cause severe browsing damage to economically-important pine. Moose-vehicle accidents have spurred construction of fences along roads, and these may interfere with moose migration between summer and winter ranges, or the road alone may be a barrier. If this happens and moose build up along roads, landowners may suffer economically. Therefore, this study investigated whether roads, fences or other factors influence the use of young pine stands by moose. Eighty stands along roads in northern Sweden were evaluated in which individually-browsed branches were counted on 9972 pines. Moose browsing was not significantly related to birch (Betula pendula Roth, B. pubescens Ehrh.) density, nor did it differ between pines (Pinus contorta Douglas or P. sylvestris L.). However, increased pine density, site productivity and proximity to a highway were associated with increased browsing. Further large-scale studies are needed to understand moose habitat selection and the effects of roads.     

Effects of Root Freezing on the Physiology and Growth of Picea glauca,Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana Seedlings Under Different Soil Moisture Regimes

The root systems of 2-yr-old Picea glauca, Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana seedlings were submitted to various frost temperatures during an artificial frost to induce different levels of root damage. Frost-damaged and control seedlings were placed in a greenhouse under high and low soil moisture regimes. Seedling growth and physiology were evaluated periodically. Seedling survival was reduced when root damage reached levels of 60-80%. Root systems of all three species showed partial to total recovery by the end of the experiment. In general, root freezing damage caused reductions in seedling growth, with these reductions becoming less significant over time. Root damage had little to no effect on black spruce and jack pine seedling physiology, while white spruce CO 2 uptake decreased with increasing root damage. Shoot nitrogen content of all three species decreased slightly with increasing root damage.     

Stand Structure in Pine,Spruce and Deciduous Forests: A Comparison Between Finnish and Russian Karelia

This study investigated the stand structure in pine, spruce and deciduous forests in the border district of Finland and Russia. A total of 46 mature forest stands was selected as pairs, the members of each pair being as similar as possible with respect to their forest site type, age, moisture and topography. The stands were then compared between the two countries by means of basal areas and number of stems. The proportions of dominating tree species were 2-12% lower, and correspondingly the proportions of secondary tree species higher, in Russian forests. The density of the forest stock was also higher in each forest type in Russia. The forests in the two countries differed most radically in terms of the abundance of dead trees. The amount was two to four times higher in Russian deciduous and spruce forests, and in pine forests the difference was 10-fold. The stand structures indicated that Russian coniferous stands, in particular, were more heterogeneous than intensively managed pine and spruce stands in Finland.     

Growth and Terminal Bud Formation in Picea abies Seedlings Grown with Alternating Diurnal Temperature and Different Light Qualities

The root collar diameter and the height:diameter ratio are of particular importance in container-grown seedlings where a high density in the containers may produce spindly seedlings. Temperature regimes and light quality are known to affect plant growth. The aim of this study was to identify responses in Picea abies (L.) Karst. seedlings grown with light providing different red:far-red ratios and under temperature regimes with alternating day (DT) and night temperature (NT) from negative (DT < NT) to positive (DT > NT) difference (DIF) between DT and NT. Experiments were conducted in controlled environment chambers and in a daylight phytotron. Only limited thermoperiodic responses appeared in P . abies seedlings with respect to seedling height and dry weight accumulation. The formation of terminal buds, however, was clearly delayed in seedlings grown at negative DIF. The results indicate a requirement for day extension light that is high in far-red, to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions. An extended study should be conducted to clarify the minimum level of light intensity and the optimal light quality needed to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions.     

CAD与建筑设计的关系

本文分析了CAD在设计中引起的正面和负面影响,并进行了系统的阐述,从而使设计者在应用中能够保持客观的态度。     

Natural Regeneration in Clear-cuts: Effects of Scarification,Slash Removal and Clear-cut Age

The effects of soil scarification (mounding), slash removal and clear-cut age on the natural regeneration in clear-cuts was evaluated using data from four sites in southern Sweden. The treatments were carried out during a good seed and establishment year for birch ( Betula pubescens Ehrh. and B. pendula Roth). Scarification had the strongest positive effect on the density of naturally regenerated seedlings, especially in birch, but also in pine ( Pinus sylvestris L.) and spruce [ Picea abies (L.) Karst]. Slash removal had a positive effect on birch density. No statistically significant effect of clear-cut age was found. In addition, no statistically significant interactions between clear-cut age and scarification or slash removal were found. The ingrowth of field vegetation was the fastest in areas that were not scarified, less rapid in areas scarified on old clear-cuts, and the slowest after scarification in fresh clear-cuts. In conclusion, it may be possible to control the density of birch during a good establishment year for birch. If birch is desired, the best combination of treatments is to remove the slash and scarify; otherwise, these treatments should be avoided.     

Risk Perception Among Non-industrial Private Forest Owners

Based on an enquiry, risk perception among non-industrial private forest owners is described in relation to climate change and forestry hazards. Of the respondents, 11% took action to remedy the effects of climate change. Out of a given set, hazards were ranked according to each respondent's experience of recent substantial financial loss to the estate and in relation to his or her willingness to make investments aimed at risk reduction. For each hazard, the respondent assessed the risk in four classes ranging from very high to negligible risk. Six hazards were considered most problematic in all three aspects: browsing damage, falling timber prices, damage by wind, spruce bark beetle, root rot and pine weevil. A majority of the respondents claimed to take action to reduce the risk associated with at least one hazard, while 35% did not know whether they did. Excluding climate change, the need for decision support was the largest in relation to damage by wind owing to a combination of perceived high risk and a high level of ignorance in relation to whether risk-reducing measures were taken.     

Interactions in decomposition and N mineralization between tropical legume residue components

In situ produced plant residues contain a mixture of different plant components of varying quality. To assess synergistic or antagonistic interactions occurring during the decomposition and mineralization of such mixtures, individual plant parts (stems, leaves, leaf litter and roots) or the mixture of stems, leaves and leaf litter of the agroforestry species pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan) or of crop residues of peanut (Arachis hypogaea) or of the weed hairy indigo (Indigofera hirsuta) were incubated in pots for 19 weeks. Periodically, remaining plant residues were sieved out (>2 mm), weighed and N content as well as soil mineral N determined. Above- and below-ground residues of peanut decomposed fastest and showed the largest N release in agreement with their high N concentration and low-acid detergent fibre (ADF) : N ratio. Hairy indigo was hypothesized to be of lower quality than pigeonpea because of its high-polyphenol content. However, it decomposed faster than pigeonpea, largely because of the higher N and lower lignin concentration of its components. Ranking of individual plant components for N mineralization resulted in the following pattern, leaves > leaf litter > roots > stems. In mixtures of the different plant components a similar species order in decomposition was obtained, e.g. peanut > hairy indigo > pigeonpea. The amount of N released from the mixture was dominated by stem material that comprised 46–61% of the mixture. The interactions in mixtures were relatively small for peanut (generally high-quality components) as well as for pigeonpea (low proportion of high-quality components, i.e. N rich leaf material). However, a positive interaction occurred during later stages of N mineralization in the mixture of hairy indigo as it had a significant proportion of N rich components and absence of highly reactive polyphenols. Thus, for plants with low to intermediate chemical quality attributes, manipulating plant composition (e.g. by varying harvest age, affecting stem and leaf proportions) will be important to obtain significant interactions during decomposition when its components are mixed.     

Pasture production and tree growth in a young pine plantation fertilized with inorganic fertilizers and milk sewage in northwestern Spain

The use of organic waste materials such as milk sewage as an organic fertilizer could have the dual advantages of organic-waste disposal and reduced dependence on inorganic fertilizers. The effects of fertilization with (1) conventional mineral fertilization, (2) milk sewage sludge at 40 kg N ha⁻¹ target rate and (3) no fertilization on pasture production and tree growth were examined in an experiment consisting of two pasture mixtures under a one-year-old Pinus radiata plantation with a density of 2500 trees ha⁻¹. The two pasture mixtures were: (1) Dactylis glomerata L. var. saborto (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹); (2) Lolium perenne L. var. Tove (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹). The experiment began in the spring of 1995 using a randomized block design with three replicates in Castro Riberas de Lea (Lugo, Galicia, north-western Spain). Plot size was 12 × 8 m², with a 1 m buffer strip between plots. Two-year data showed that fertilization with either material had a positive effect on pasture production, with no significant difference between the two fertilization treatments. Tree growth in the milk sewage sludge plot was significantly higher than in the control plots. Inorganic fertilization increased pasture production, but affected tree growth negatively. The results show that milk sewage sludge could be used as a fertilizer in silvo-pastoral systems. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.