黄河小北干流河段"揭河底"冲刷对策

“揭河底”现象是河床冲刷的一种突变过程，大片沉积物从河床掀起，继而破碎被水流冲走，其破坏惊人，造成的经济损失巨大。黄河禹门口至潼关河段(俗称：小北干流)，全长132．5h，河床宽浅，为典型的游荡性河道，目前共观测到“揭河底”现象9次。研究表明，发生“揭河底”的具体条件：一是河床淤积到一定高度，二是含沙量大于400W的洪水持续时间至少为16h-48h，三是流量大于6000m^3／s洪水的持续时间不小于5h。防御“揭河底”冲刷的对策主要是建立健全水情预报系统、认真制定防洪预案、搞好防洪工程设计施工等。     

汾河水库流域水文特性分析

对汾河水库流域降水量、暴雨、径流、洪水、泥沙等特性进行分析,弄清了各个水文因子的特性,为流域的洪水调度、洪水管理以及河道整治提供了科学的决策依据。     

黄河宁蒙河段泥沙加入量分析及防治对策

利用1950—2005年黄河干流泥沙分布特征值资料与干流任意河段年平均泥沙加入公式对黄河干流宁蒙河段年平均泥沙加入进行了计算分析。结果表明,1950—2005年宁蒙河段每年都有大量泥沙加入,并且加入量随时间呈波动变化。通过数据分析与实地调查发现,造成该河段泥沙大量加入以及随时间呈波动变化的原因主要是宁蒙河段穿越腾格里沙漠、河东沙地、乌兰布和沙漠以及库布齐沙漠,沙漠与河流交互作用,使其具备风沙直接入黄以及支流泥沙入黄的条件;尤其以"十大孔兑"河道上游比降大,河道两岸地表沙物质易蚀性高,从而导致大量泥沙通过洪水过程进入黄河。黄河宁蒙河段的泥沙防治关键在于减少入黄泥沙量,特别是要加强"十大孔兑"地区的水土保持综合防治力度。     

辽宁省暴雨区域性特征分析

洪水灾害是辽宁省最大的自然灾害,暴雨是产生洪水灾害的主要原因。从暴雨时程分布、空间分布、最大24 h雨量分布等方面分析辽宁省暴雨区域性特征,分析成果对于辽宁省防汛抗旱、水资源优化配置、河道治理设计等提供了可靠的数据支撑。     

秃尾河流域暴雨洪水产沙特性的研究

用秃尾河流域实测降雨洪水泥沙资料 ,对流域的暴雨洪水泥沙特性做了较为全面系统的分析 ,阐明了秃尾河流域泥沙来源 ,揭示了冻融侵蚀、风蚀和水蚀的共同作用是导致高含沙水流发生的机理 ,以及次暴雨洪水泥沙输移比小于 1的特性 ,为多沙粗沙区流域治理提供了科学依据     

黄河粗泥沙集中来源区洪水泥沙阶段变化研究

黄河粗泥沙集中来源区为治理黄河泥沙的核心区域。根据建站至2016年黄河中游粗泥沙集中来源区皇甫川、窟野河、孤山川、秃尾河、佳芦河、大理河和延河等支流次暴雨洪水泥沙资料,以支流为分析单元,通过Pettitt检定法把各支流划分为早期、中期和近期三个时段,按照暴雨洪水和暴雨泥沙的关系分析了区内各支流的变化特征。结果表明:各支流中期和近期时段不完全一致,这主要是与支流下垫面治理有关;按照支流入选标准在研究区内各支流中共选取486场洪水参与计算,对建立的暴雨洪水和暴雨泥沙关系进行分析得出,与早期下垫面相比,中期和近期所表现出来的减洪减沙比例不尽相同,总体上次洪径流量中期减少1/3、近期减少3/4,次洪输沙量中期减少2/5、近期减少9成以上,减沙比例大于减洪比例。     

日本大井河流域高比降河道的泥沙动态

本文讨论了天然河道沟底宽度在泥沙输移非连续性方面的作用.研究结果概括如下:(1)在山洪河道,泥沙沉积或侵蚀主要决定于泥沙量,而不是洪水流量的大小.(2)河道宽阔处是来自溪流上游的泥沙沉积场所,可用幂函数来描述泥沙在侵蚀过程中沿溪流的输移过程.     

森林植被和小流域生态修复对水沙变化的影响研究

为探讨植被建设对水沙变化的影响,分析了北洛河流域森林植被和小流域生态修复的减水减沙作用.结果表明,森林植被对径流、泥沙有明显的削减作用,可削减径流62.4%,泥沙94.9%,同时还调蓄了径流的年内分配,可将20%～30%左右的汛期径流调节到非汛期释放.但也应当看到,森林一旦遭受破坏,在暴雨洪水的作用下,林区洪水泥沙也会剧增.另外,从小流域生态修复对水沙变化的影响来看,生态修复具有一定的减水减沙作用.     

窟野河水沙变化发展趋势预测

窟野河是黄河河龙区间水土流失严重的一条多沙粗沙支流,流域内人类活动频繁,神府东胜煤田正在开发,其水沙变化发展趋势令人关注。经分析预测,神府东胜矿区一、二期工程排弃的土石数量为6.3亿t,1987～2000年平均每年增沙1130～1350万t;2000年前规划治理减沙效益为37.1％,减水效益为37.8％;一次洪水垮坝冲失的泥沙,将增加该次洪水泥沙量的13.3％～36.5％;河道淤积会加重防洪困难,其泥沙还可能集中排入黄河;丰水年份洪水泥沙有可能剧增,枯水年份水量进一步减少,甚至会出现水资源危机。     

HEC-RAS在河道生态治理中的应用——以滦平县兴洲河路南营段河道治理工程为例

在河道生态治理中,充分认识河道治理前后河床断面及河道植被等对水流、水位的影响,有利于更合理地进行河道生态治理综合措施的配置。以滦平县兴洲河路南营段河道治理为例,参照水面线计算公式,采用HEC-RAS软件对该段河道治理前后的水面线进行了分析计算,然后根据治理前后河底糙率系数的差异及不同断面的水位变化分析了河道治理效果。采用HEC-RAS软件进行水面线计算的结果显示:治理前随着河底纵坡的变化,水面线变化不平稳,水流流速在不同断面间发生变化;与治理前相比较,治理后的水面线(设计值)变化平缓,水深变化平稳。在河道治理中,采用河道清淤、设置护堤坝和生态护岸等措施,同时进行湿地恢复、河岸绿化等工程的建设可以达到生态治理目的,即使在遇到10年一遇洪水时也能够防治或者消除洪水对两岸的威胁。参考不同河段通过HEC-RAS推求的河道水面线成果,提出了在河道治理过程中滨水植物的选择和配置方案。     

基于混合产流模式的黄土高原流域水沙过程耦合模拟

为深入理解黄土高原干旱半干旱地区复杂地貌条件下流域水沙运移规律。基于垂向混合产流机理和运动波方程，构建分布式流域水文模型，耦合流域土壤侵蚀和泥沙输移过程模拟模块，并考虑梯田对水沙过程的影响，建立适用于黄土高原的分布式流域水沙过程模型。选取黄土高原延河支流西川河流域多年实测场次洪水过程的径流泥沙资料，对模型进行率定和验证。径流模拟的纳什效率系数在0.56以上，平均值超过0.70,模拟次洪过程的峰形、峰值、峰现时间与实测过程具有较好的一致性；侵蚀产输沙模拟精度较低，其纳什效率系数均值率定期为0.79,但验证期仅为0.45,模拟结果整体趋势与实测值较一致，但输沙量模拟峰值比实测值偏低。模型可以较精确地模拟黄土高原流域洪水产汇流过程，但输沙量模拟值偏低，一方面由于产汇流模块的误差传递；另一方面，对重力侵蚀考虑不足。因此，未来模型将考虑滑坡、崩塌等重力侵蚀过程，提升模拟精度和效率，为流域水沙过程模拟与流域综合治理提供有效工具。     

The impact of environmental changes on the sediment loads of Norwegian rivers

The impact of unusual events on the sediment dynamics in rivers is discussed in this paper. The increase in the number of extreme precipitation events and other unusual weather events in Norway strongly suggests that weather conditions are changing. It is difficult to monitor sediment transport during large magnitude floods. It is however well known that they may deliver substantial amounts of sediment. The suspended sediment load in the upper Atna river during the springflood in 1995 was 44 times the mean load measured during the preceding years. The recurrence interval of this flood was estimated to be 100–200 years. The conditions during the occurrence of a particular flood event may also be of considerable importance and measurements during rainfall on frozen ground have indicated unusually high runoff and erosion rates.The seasonal distribution of runoff in several parts of Norway has changed in recent years and higher winter temperatures have produced an increase in the frequency of flood events. A very long lasting flood caused by a prolonged period of rain occurred in the Vikka stream during September to December 2000. The availability of sediment increased with the increasing soil moisture content in the area. As the ground became saturated, more active slope processes caused erosion rates to increase markedly. The combined effects of climate change and human impact on sediment transport in rivers appear to enhance downstream sediment delivery. Flood protection works along river channels prevent sediment from being deposited on the floodplain. River channels that have been lowered in order to reduce groundwater levels in agricultural floodplain areas will experience the same effect. During the last decade extensive ecological changes have taken place in the coastal areas of southern Norway as 90% of the sugar kelp forest has been lost. This change has been attributed to an apparent increase in sediment delivery to the sea along with a rise in sea temperatures.     

The impact of environmental changes on the sediment loads of Norwegian rivers

The impact of unusual events on the sediment dynamics in rivers is discussed in this paper. The increase in the number of extreme precipitation events and other unusual weather events in Norway strongly suggests that weather conditions are changing. It is difficult to monitor sediment transport during large magnitude floods. It is however well known that they may deliver substantial amounts of sediment. The suspended sediment load in the upper Atna river during the springflood in 1995 was 44 times the mean load measured during the preceding years. The recurrence interval of this flood was estimated to be 100–200 years. The conditions during the occurrence of a particular flood event may also be of considerable importance and measurements during rainfall on frozen ground have indicated unusually high runoff and erosion rates.The seasonal distribution of runoff in several parts of Norway has changed in recent years and higher winter temperatures have produced an increase in the frequency of flood events. A very long lasting flood caused by a prolonged period of rain occurred in the Vikka stream during September to December 2000. The availability of sediment increased with the increasing soil moisture content in the area. As the ground became saturated, more active slope processes caused erosion rates to increase markedly. The combined effects of climate change and human impact on sediment transport in rivers appear to enhance downstream sediment delivery. Flood protection works along river channels prevent sediment from being deposited on the floodplain. River channels that have been lowered in order to reduce groundwater levels in agricultural floodplain areas will experience the same effect. During the last decade extensive ecological changes have taken place in the coastal areas of southern Norway as 90% of the sugar kelp forest has been lost. This change has been attributed to an apparent increase in sediment delivery to the sea along with a rise in sea temperatures.     

Suspended sediment load during floods in a small stream of the Dolomites (northeastern Italy)

Suspended sediment load was analyzed in a small, high-gradient stream of the Eastern Italian Alps which was instrumented to measure discharge and sediment transport. The ratio of suspended to total sediment yield and the relations between sediment concentration and water discharge were analyzed for seven floods which occurred from 1991 to 1996 in summer and autumn (from June to October). Different patterns of hysteresis in the relation between suspended sediment and discharge were related to types and locations of active sediment sources. The within-storm variation of particle size of suspended sediment during a major flood indicates a coarsening of transported material for increasing discharge. An analysis of grain size has shown that erosion areas on hillslopes were the main sources of suspended load.     

洪水资源化的实现途径及手段探讨

洪水具有水害与兴利双重属性。随着经济社会的发展和人口的不断增长,为充分利用水资源,需要树立科学的防汛理念,改过去的视洪水为猛兽向人与洪水和谐共处转变,从过去单一的控制洪水向全面管理洪水转变,实行控制洪水与利用洪水相结合,实现洪水资源化管理。增加水库调蓄能力拦蓄洪水、丰水枯用,利用汛期洪水进行流域水量的配置,跨流域配置洪水资源,利用洪水输送泥沙和进行生态应急补水,用洪水资源补充地下水资源和农业灌溉用水,是实现洪水资源化的重要途径。介绍了洪水资源化实现的手段。     

内蒙古十大孔兑水土流失危害及治理对策

内蒙古伊克昭盟境内自南向北汇入黄河干流的 10条山洪沟 (蒙语称孔兑 ) ,流域形态相似 ,沟道比降大 ,上游有大面积砒砂岩出露 ,中游是库布齐沙漠 ,水土流失严重 ,泥沙颗粒粗 ,流量大于 15 0m3 /s时含沙量均在 10 0 0kg/m3 以上 ,暴雨洪水常造成泥流淤堵黄河 ,曾使黄河干流断流 ,危害严重。主要治理对策是 :上游丘陵沟壑区 ,开展以小流域为单元的综合治理 ,加强沟道坝系建设 ,拦蓄洪水泥沙 ;中游沙漠区 ,引洪入沙 ,既治沙又减少泥沙下泄 ;滩山结合区 ,大力开展引洪漫地 ,减少入黄泥沙。     

1953-2010年黄土洼天然淤地坝内洪水沉积物粒度旋回特征

利用¹³⁷Cs断代技术进行沉积物的测年,结合1953年以来的降雨资料,对黄土洼天然聚湫坝淤地的水成沉积物粒度旋回特征进行了分析。结果表明,坝淤地4 m沉积物是在近百年内形成的,物源比较单一,主要为洪水沉积物;降雨是影响沉积物粒度的主要因素;淤地坝内洪水沉积物粒度以粗粉砂为主,中砂含量很少,没有粗砂;沉积物剖面具有良好的沉积层理,剖面粒度旋回至少记录了42次较大的洪水事件,不同期次洪水沉积物之间粒度变化明显,反映了该区近百年内年流域侵蚀和降水量的变化。     

Sediment dynamics and the role of flash floods in sediment export from medium-sized catchments: a case study from the semi-arid tropical highlands in northern Ethiopia

Purpose  

The Ethiopian highlands are a fragile environment characterized by steep slopes, intense rainfall, a sparse vegetation cover, and the occurrence of flash floods. Although important efforts have been made to mitigate the ongoing soil erosion and land degradation problems, the sediment dynamics at medium-sized catchment scale (100–10,000 km²) are not fully understood. Therefore, this study aims to provide a better understanding of sediment export processes and the importance of flash flood events in semi-arid tropical catchments.     

变化环境下黄河中下游洪涝灾害发展新趋势

在自然与人类活动共同影响下,黄河中下游流域水循环多过程发生变化,影响了洪涝灾害的成灾模式和发展趋势。采用Morlet小波分析和趋势分析方法,对黄河中下游流域洪涝灾害现状、降水丰枯周期变化、降水强度和频率等进行了分析。结合社会经济发展、水沙关系和凌汛形成机制,剖析了黄河流域洪涝灾害的孕灾环境、致灾因子强度和承灾体脆弱性变化特征。结果发现,黄河流域洪涝灾害发展有如下新形势:黄河流域洪涝灾害整体呈现加重态势;支流和小流域洪涝灾害态势严峻;"小水大灾"频繁发生,损失惨重;凌汛灾情趋于缓和。