笼养白鹤越冬行为的初步研究

采用瞬时扫描法研究了白鹤越冬行为的活动节律和时间分配.结果表明:越冬期笼养白鹤行为时间分配依次为静栖33.65%,觅食20.61%,理羽12.67%,避风11.37%,瞭望9.36%,啄雪草5.30%,游走2.96%,趴卧1.86%,鸣叫1.49%,展翅0.74%.笼养白鹤在越冬期活动有一定的节律性.两性间越冬期其行为和时间分配有一定的差异.不同的温度、天气条件,对笼养白鹤越冬行为有影响.     

人工饲养白枕鹤繁殖期行为观察

本研究对笼养白枕鹤行为进行观察记录和分析，结果表明笼养白枕鹤繁殖期行为日活动节律依次为休息（32.15％）、取食（30.02％）、理羽（12.92％）、警戒（12.14％）、游走（8.86％）、繁殖（3.90％），另外，繁殖期的不同时期、不同性别其行为时间分配都存在一定差异。人为干扰，邻近笼舍内东方白鹤的干扰，以及外界噪音的干扰对笼养白枕鹤繁殖期行为影响十分显著。同时气候条件以及温度变化对笼养白枕鹤总体行为亦存在一定影响。     

东方白鹳繁殖期能量收支对策

在笼养东方白鹤繁殖研究的基础上,对其能量分配进行了进一步研究,结果表明：笼养东方白鹳繁殖期,雌鹳和雄鹳的可代谢能摄入率无显著差异;采食量在繁殖期与非繁殖期差异很大（P〈0.05）,多数在繁殖期采食量高且随气温降低而增加。成体与亚成体可代谢能摄入量有显著差异（P〈0.05）,且成体的可代谢能摄入高于亚成体,致使两者在行为上表现出很大差异（P〈0.05）。雌雄之间冬季可代谢能量摄入差异不显著,雌雄间越冬行为的时间分配差异不大且在温度〉-10℃时,要比温度≦-10℃时更活跃。     

洞庭湖笼养鸿雁行为节律研究

2013年冬季采用目标动物取样法对东洞庭湖国家级自然保护区人工饲养的12只鸿雁越冬期行为的行为节律进行了研究。研究发现越冬期鸿雁6类23种行为中,取食、静止、运动、清理是越冬期丰要行为,且行为活动频率存在波动。取食主要发生在上午,静止是人工饲养鸿雁发生最多的行为。由于处于笼养状态,社会行为和警戒行为很少发生,且警戒多伴随取食、运动、打斗等行为发生。研究还比较了鸿雁和灰雁在行为谱和行为节律上的差异。越冬期鸿雁行为节律的研究为鸿雁笼养和野生种群救助和保护提供了指导,具有重要意义。     

鸳鸯越冬期日活动行为时间分配的研究

越冬期鸳鸯（Ａｉｘｇａｌｅｒｉｃｕｌａｔａ）日活动行为的时间分配有明显规律性。休息（４０％－８０％）是越冬期鸳鸯的主要行为．早晨和傍晚是鸳鸯的取食高峰时间。在下午的取食强度高于上午的取食强度。越冬中期（１２－１月）鸳鸯的游泳时间相对减少，休息时间相对延长。在雌雄个体日活动行为的差别上，雄性个体理羽行为的时间比雌性个体多；警戒活动大部分是由雄性个体担任；雌性个体的休息时间比雄性个体多。季节变化，气候条件，以及温度、时间对鸳鸯的日活动行为都有一定的影响。     

我国东方白鹳的人工养殖现状

<正>东方白鹳属鹳形目(Cieoniiformes)鹳科(Ciconiidae)鹳属(Ciconia)的大型涉禽[1]。我国是东方白鹳繁殖和迁徙的主要活动地点,因此我国是世界上东方白鹳人工圈养最多的国家,在这方面做的研究也最多。截至2013年底,我国学者发表的关于东方白鹳的论文共有100余篇,发表的研究报告大多集中在种群数量及分布、种群恢复、生理生化、繁殖生态、圈养行为方面。有人对笼养东方白鹳的春季行为和时间     

笼养丹顶鹤行为研究

本研究于2005年3月～2006年2月在哈尔滨北方森林动物园内进行,选2对成年丹顶鹤进行了行为观测,结果表明：笼养丹顶鹤繁殖期主要行为活动的时间分配比为采食28.31%、游走22.15%、身体护理21.17%、瞭望13.01%、繁殖行为11.00%、静栖4.36%,且两性间各种行为的时间分配没有明显差异（P＞5%,df=81）;非繁殖期的行为时间分配为采食行为46.65%、瞭望18.92%、身体护理14.72%、游走12.30%、静栖7.40%。笼养丹顶鹤的繁殖行为包括对鸣（6.09%）、炫耀（5.15%）、交尾（4.84%）、营巢（4.65%）、警戒（10.44%）、卧巢（68.83%）等。其中雌鹤用于营巢的时间明显多于雄鹤（P=0.02＜5%）;雄鹤用于警戒的时间明显多于雌鹤（P= 0.006＜1%）。繁殖初期,对鸣、炫耀、营巢、交尾行为的月间差异显著（P＜5%）,是繁殖初期主要的繁殖行为表现,而警戒的月间差异均不显著（P＞5%）。笼养丹顶鹤行为呈现一定的日活动节律。     

笼养东方白鹳自然孵化与人工孵化及育雏的比较研究

2002年天津动物园东方白鹳人工孵化与育雏及自然孵化与育雏均同时获得成功。通过对笼养东方白鹳自然育雏与人工育雏过程中的孵化、育雏等行为的观察和比较分析,得出以下结论：从1日龄到70日龄,人工育雏与自然育雏在东方白鹳雏鸟生长发育方面的差异较小;自然育雏与人工育雏日饲喂量都增多,但日饲喂次数及饲喂间隔正好相反＇行为表现方面自然育雏的东方白鹳比人工育雏的东方白鹳更早学会啄食、扇动翅膀、站立和行走。     

笼养灰鹤繁殖期行为时间分配的研究

2006年5月1日～7月18日,对哈尔滨北方森林动物园1对笼养灰鹤繁殖期行为进行观察,研究表明：笼养条件下,灰鹤静立（雄31．08％,雌35．81％）、理羽（雄19．81％,雌12．45％）、采食（雄13．23％,雌15．09％）行为比例较高,而繁殖行为占总行为时间比例雄鹤为2．49％、雌鹤为10．30％。灰鹤各行为日节律不明显;静立、理羽、休息和繁殖行为的发生受天气状况影响显著,尤其是静立和理羽差异极显著。灰鹤雌雄行为差异性在中期较显著,就整个繁殖期看,受天气状况的影响行为差异不显著。     

笼养大鸨在夏秋季节行为活动的时间分配和活动节律

采用瞬时扫描法观察记录笼养大鸨在夏秋两季的行为日节律，利用t检验、单因素方差分析和双因素方差分析法探讨季节对大鸨行为的影响，并分析不同年龄组间大鸨行为的差异性。研究结果表明：大鸨行为分配以休息为主(夏70．02％，秋69．52％)，其次为游走和理羽。夏秋大鸨行为日节律在静站(F=44．44)和趴卧(F=64．62)两行为存在明显差异，不同年龄组间休息行为(F=315)差异极显著。     

Phase I evaluation of CCNU (lomustine) in tumor-bearing cats

1-(2-Chloroethyl)3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) is an alkylating agent in the nitrosourea subclass. A prospective evaluation of CCNU was done to determine the maximally tolerated dosage of CCNU in tumor-bearing cats. Response data were obtained when available. Twenty-five cats were treated with CCNU at a dosage of 50-60 mg/m3 body surface area. Complete hematologic data were available for 13 cats. Neutropenia was the acute dose-limiting toxicity. The median neutrophil count at the nadir was 1,000 cells/microL (mean, 2,433 cells/microL; range, 0-9,694 cells/microL). The time of neutrophil nadir was variable, occurring 7-28 days after treatment, and counts sometimes did not return to normal for up to 14 days after the nadir. Based on these findings, a 6-week dosing interval and weekly hematologic monitoring after the 1st treatment with CCNU are recommended. The nadir of the platelet count may occur 14-21 days after treatment. The median platelet count at the nadir was 43,500 cells/microL. No gastrointestinal, renal, or hepatic toxicities were observed after a single CCNU treatment, and additional studies to evaluate the potential for cumulative toxicity should be performed. Five cats with lymphoma and 1 cat with mast cell tumor had measurable responses to CCNU. Phase II studies to evaluate antitumor activity should be completed with a dosing regimen of 50-60 mg/m3 every 6 weeks.     

Furosemide continuous rate infusion in the horse: evaluation of enhanced efficacy and reduced side effects

Continuous rate infusion (CRI) of furosemide in humans is considered superior to intermittent administration (IA). This study examined whether furosemide CRI, compared with IA, would increase diuretic efficacy with decreased fluid and electrolyte fluctuations and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in the horse. Five mares were used in a crossover-design study. During a 24-hour period, each horse received a total of 3 mg/kg furosemide by either CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h preceded by a loading dose of 0.12 mg/kg IV) or IA (1 mg/kg IV q8h). There was not a statistically significant difference in urine volume over 24 hours between methods; however, urine volume was significantly greater after CRI compared with IA during the first 8 hours ([median 25th percentile, 75th percentile]: 9.6 L [8.9, 14.4] for CRI versus 5.9 L [5.3, 6.0] for IA). CRI produced a more uniform urine flow, decreased fluctuations in plasma volume, and suppressed renal concentrating ability throughout the infusion period. Potassium, Ca, and Cl excretion was greater during CRI than IA (1,133 mmol [1.110, 1,229] versus 764 mmol [709, 904], 102.7 mmol [96.0, 117.2] versus 73.3 mmol [65.0, 73.5], and 1,776 mmol [1,657, 2.378] versus 1,596 mmol [1,457, 1,767], respectively). Elimination half-lives of furosemide were 1.35 and 0.47 hours for CRI and IA, respectively. The area under the excretion rate curve was 1,285.7 and 184.2 mL x mg/mL for CRI and IA, respectively. Furosemide CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h) for 8 hours, preceded by a loading dose (0.12 mg/kg), is recommended when profound diuresis is needed acutely in horses.     

The Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Nematodes of Dairy Cattle in Central Kenya

The epidemiology of H. placei and of other gastrointestinal nematodes in yearling dairy cattle was examined on two farms in Kiambu District, central Kenya during each of 13 one-month periods from April 1993 to April 1994. On each farm, 32 newly weaned dairy calves were given a single dose of albendazole and then placed on experimental pastures. Twelve of the animals were designated for bi-monthly slaughter (n = 2) and analysis of worm population characteristics and 20 were designated for blood and faecal collection and for weighing. Two parasite-free tracer calves were grazed alongside the weaner calves each month throughout the study period and were also slaughtered for analysis of worm populations. Faecal egg counts, haematological and serum pepsinogen determinations, herbage larval counts, and animal live weight changes were recorded monthly. The study revealed that Haemonchus placei, Trichostrongylus axei, Cooperia spp. and Oesophagostomum radiatum were responsible for parasitic gastroenteritis and that H. placei was the predominant nematode present in the young cattle on both farms. Faecal egg counts from resident cattle and necropsy worm counts revealed that pasture larval levels were directly related to the amount of rainfall. The total worm burdens in the animals were highest during the rainy season (March–June and October–December) and lowest during the dry seasons (July–September and January–February). The very low recovery of immature larvae of H. placei from the tracer calves indicated that arrested development is not a feature of the life cycle of this parasite in central Kenya. The maintenance of the parasite population depended on continuous cycling of infection between the host and the pasture. The agroclimatic conditions of the study area were such that, in general, favourable weather conditions for the development and survival of the free-living stages of gastrointestinal nematodes existed all year round.     

Diversity of Ectoparasites in Sheep Flocks in Sa~o Paulo,Brazil

The occurrence of ectoparasites in sheep flocks is frequently reported but seldom quantified. Sheep production used to be a predominantly family activity in the state of Sa~o Paulo (Brazil), but it began to become a commercial activity in the past decade. Thus, information about the ectoparasites existing in sheep flocks has become necessary. The present data were obtained by means of questionnaires sent to all sheep breeders belonging to the `Associaça~o Paulista de Criadores de Ovinos' (ASPACO; Sa~o Paulo State Association of Sheep Breeders). Response reliability was tested by means of random visits paid to 10.6% of the respondents. Most of the properties (89.5%) reported the presence of one or more ectoparasites. Screw-worm (Cochliomyia hominivorax) was the most frequent ectoparasite (72.5%), followed by bot fly larvae (Dermatobia hominis, 45.0%), ticks (Amblyomma cajennense) and Boophilus microplus, 31.3%) and finally lice (Damalinia ovis, 13.8%). Combined infestations also occurred, the most common one being screw-worm with bot fly larvae (36.0%) followed by bot fly larvae with ticks (13.9%), screw-worm with ticks (9.3%), bot fly larvae with lice (6.9%), and ticks with lice (5.0%). The most common triple combination was screw-worm, bot fly larvae and ticks (12.8%). Breeds raised for meat or wool were attacked by bot fly larvae and ticks more often than other breeds. Lice were only absent from animals of indigenous breeds. The relationships among these ectoparasites are discussed in terms of sheep breeds, flock size, seasonality and the ectoparasitic combinations on the host.     

Evaluation of biohydrogenation rate of canola vs. soya bean seeds as unsaturated fatty acids sources for ruminants in situ

An experiment was conducted to study disappearance of C14 to C18 fatty acids, lag times and biohydrogenation (BH) rates of C18 fatty acids of ground soya bean and canola seeds in situ. Three ruminally fistulated Dallagh sheep were used to determine ruminal BH of unsaturated fatty acids (UFAs). Differences in the disappearance of fatty acids through the bags and lag times were observed between the oilseeds. We saw that the longer the incubation time of the oilseeds in the rumen, the lower the content of C18:2 and C18:3. Significantly higher lag times for both C18:2 and C18:3 were observed in ground canola compared to ground soya bean. BH rates of C18:2 and C18:3 fatty acids in soya bean were three times higher than those of canola. These results suggest that the fatty acid profile of fat source can affect the BH of UFAs by rumen micro‐organisms. So that UFAs of canola had higher ability to escape from ruminal BH. It seems that fatty acid profile of ruminant products is more affected by canola seed compared to soya bean seed.     

Serum biochemical values and mineral element contents of tissues in yaks

Serum biochemical values and the wet weight to dry weight ratios of tissues were determined in yaks in Shandan county of Gansu province. The liver, kidney, heart and muscle contents of seven elements in yaks were also analysed. Most serum biochemical values were similar to those of cattle, camels and sheep, but the calcium concentration was considerably above the normal range for other ruminants. The liver contained the highest concentrations of copper, manganese and cobalt and the kidney of selenium, iron and calcium.Abbreviations Alb albumin - ALT alanine aminotransferase - AST aspartate aminotransferase - BUN blood urea nitrogen - Chol cholesterol - Glob globulin - -GT -glutamyl transpeptidase - IP inorganic phosphorus - TP total protein     

Evaluation of the Microbiological Status of Milk and Various Structures in Mammary Glands from Naturally Infected Dairy Cows

A knowledge of the microbiological status of milk and of the different structures in the mammary glands has great importance in elucidating the pathogenesis of mammary gland infections. The objective of this study was to evaluate the microbiological status of various structures in the mammary glands from naturally infected dairy cows following slaughter. A total of 94 samples of milk, 184 samples of mammary parenchyma, 168 samples of gland cisterns, and 168 samples of teat cisterns were collected for microbiological examination. Microorganisms were detected in 59.9% of all samples, 67.0% of the milk samples, 70.1% of the mammary parenchymas, 55.9% of the gland cisterns and 48.8% of the teat cistern samples. When all samples were considered, coagulase-negative Staphylococcus were the most prevalent (35.7%) followed by coagulase-positive Staphylococcus (12.2%), Corynebacterium bovis (2.4%), Prototheca sp. (1.9%), and Streptococcus dysgalactiae (1.5%). There was a significantly higher occurrence of microorganisms in the milk and mammary parenchyma compared to the gland cisterns and teat cisterns. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Development and survival of free-living stages of gastrointestinal nematodes of sheep and goats on pasture in the Nigerian derived savanna

Four grass plots were sequentially contaminated with goat faeces containing known numbers of unembryonated eggs of predominantly Haemonchus contortus and Trichostrongylus spp. between October 1982 and April 1983. Four other plots were similarly contaminated with sheep faeces between February and May 1987. An additional plot was repeatedly contaminated with sheep faeces from February to April 1987. Populations of free-living stages in faeces and of infective larvae (L₃) in the herbage were subsequently monitored until the end of April and June of 1983 and 1987 respectively. During February and May 1987 two control cultures of sheep faeces were incubated in the laboratory at 25°C–30°C and at a constant temperature of 50°C and the free-living development was also monitored. L₃ developed very readily in the faeces cultured at 25°C–30°C and in those spread on a grass plot in October, at the end of the wet season, but developed less on the plot contaminated in May at the start of the wet season. Worm eggs in faeces deposited on plots during the hot dry season (December to April) or incubated at 50°C died and disintegrated after 24–48 h exposure to the high environmental temperatures. The results indicate that it is unlikely that gastrointestinal nematodes of sheep and goats can develop or survive on open pasture during the dry season in the Nigerian derived savanna zone.