禾本卡克防治甜菜褐斑病效果的研究

甜菜生育期褐斑病罹病率达5%～10%时,喷洒1次含三苯基醋酸锡20%的禾本卡克15kg/hm2兑水600kg/hm2,比对照(喷洒清水)提高块根产量25.0%,提高含糖率1.5度,增加产糖量39.8%;经济效益显著,投入产出比达1:28.     

甜菜纸筒育苗专用肥肥效试验

调查研究结果表明,中甜1号甜菜育苗苗床专用肥,具有促控协调综合效应,加速甜菜纸筒育苗生长及根系发育,抑制伸长生长、培育壮苗;提高抗逆性和移栽苗成活率1成左右,降低甜菜立枯病、褐斑病、根腐病的罹病率;提高块根产量、含糖率和产糖量分别为11.6%、0.44个百分点和14.3%;经济效益比较显著,深受甜农和制糖企业欢迎.     

甜菜牡苗剂的壮苗增产效应

甜菜牡苗剂的壮苗增产效应田文勋，赵景阳，白宝璋（吉林农业大学农学系）甜菜育苗移栽是一项高产栽培措施，通常比直播甜菜增产３０％～５０％以上。但由于纸筒有苗技术性强，管理稍不完善，苗床极易出现病苗、弱苗、徒长苗，移栽后缀苗慢，成苗率低，严重影响块根的产、...     

甜菜地膜覆盖栽培补栽纸筒苗试验

在甜菜地膜覆盖栽培田,补栽苗龄30d左右的甜菜纸筒苗,幼苗不受原地苗抑制,不缓苗,生长速度快。补栽纸筒苗12%～15%,可提高甜菜产量13.72%～19.75%;提高含糖率0.4度左右;提高产糖量13.98%～23.08%;纯利润可增加48元～110元/hm2。这项补栽保全苗技术,可普遍推广。     

"大西北"牌多元微肥在甜菜上应用试验简报

甜菜喷施“大西北”牌多元微肥、丰甜液体肥和高效腐殖酸的大区对比试验结果表明,3种肥料对甜菜增产增糖均有促进作用,比对照提高根产量、含糖率和产糖量分别为4.7%～19.7%、0.13～1.05度和7.1%～27.4%,其中“大西北”牌多元微肥以200g加水30kg处理的效果最佳,平均比对照提高根产量、含糖率和产糖量分别为19.7%、1.05度和27.4%。3种肥料对降低甜菜有害氮含量也有一定作用。     

叶丛期喷施烯效唑和亚精胺对甜菜生长及产量的影响

探究叶片喷施烯效唑(Uniconazole, UN)和亚精胺(Spermidine, SP)对叶丛期甜菜生长、根产量及产糖量的影响,旨在为进一步利用化控技术提高该地区的甜菜产糖量提供理论依据。以甜菜品种‘Beta796’为试验材料,设置CK(清水对照)、UN1(15 mg/L烯效唑)、UN2(30 mg/L烯效唑)、UN3(45mg/L烯效唑)、SP(100 mg/L亚精胺)、UN+SP(30 mg/L烯效唑,100mg/L亚精胺)共6个处理,研究在叶丛期喷施不同浓度的烯效唑和亚精胺对甜菜的叶绿素含量、株高、干物质积累、叶面积指数、含糖率和产量的影响。结果表明,喷施30 mg/L烯效唑可增加甜菜叶片叶绿素含量,较CK增加了0.58 mg/g;较CK降低了叶丛高度4.28%;较CK增加了干物质积累和根冠比,分别增加了200.9 g/株和0.36;根产量和产糖量较CK分别增加了19.86%和19.17%。烯效唑与亚精胺组合与单一物质相比,并没有显著促进甜菜的生长和增加甜菜的产糖量。     

甜菜增产增糖几项措施

黑龙江省九三农管局是我省甜菜生产基地之一,近几年来,为促进甜菜生产,提高甜菜产质量,大面积施用稀土、钛肥、增产菌、进行甜菜养分平衡调节等措施,增产增糖效益显著。稀土能促进作物生长发育,加强光合作用,增强农作物的抗旱、抗病的能力。黑龙江省九三农管局1985～1992年甜菜应用稀土累计面积达2.34万hm~2,比对照亩增产172kg,含糖率增加0.7％。稀土的施用方法:一是拌种,播前将每hm~20.6kg稀土溶于2.5～3kg水中,拌匀阴干后待用,二是叶面喷洒,在甜菜10～14片叶期,采用人工喷施、机喷、航喷均可。每hm~2用稀土0.9kg,用水量依喷洒工具而异,如机喷     

中甜一号甜菜纸筒育苗专用肥的改进研究

根据黑龙江省甜菜纸筒育苗主产区的生产和管理特点,对原“中甜一号甜菜纸筒育苗苗床专用肥”进行了较为系统的配方改进试验。经对甜菜苗床期生长势、根系长、叶柄长、叶片宽、叶片/叶柄的比值等主要性状指标的调查及移栽到田间后对甜菜块根产质量的效应研究表明:在应用原“中甜一号甜菜纸筒育苗苗床专用肥”的基础上,于子叶期喷施“甜菜壮苗剂”有利于培育壮苗;通过对原“中甜一号甜菜纸筒育苗苗床专用肥”进行适当的配方调整,可达到与喷施“甜菜壮苗剂”同样的壮苗效果。     

活力素对甜菜的增产增糖效果试验初报

活力素是一种新型综合体的活性态营养剂。甜菜施用活力素试验结果表明： 出苗率平均比对照提高７．６ 个百分点;褐斑病罹病率平均比对照低１ ．５ 个百分点;根产量平均较对照提高１３ ．８ ％ ;含糖率与产糖量平均较对照分别提高０．２４ 度、１５ ．５％ 。活力素浸种、生育期两次叶喷可显著增加甜菜植株抗逆性,提高产质量     

荷兰甜菜多粒品种ADV0420引种鉴定

甜菜二倍体新品种ADV0420是荷兰安地公司选育的雄不育二倍体多粒种,由包头华资实业股份有限公司引进试种。在2005年内蒙古自治区甜菜品种生产试验中,根产量66.95t/hm2,比对照增产24.7%,含糖率16.162%,比对照低0.362度,产糖量10.815t/hm2,比对照增加22.2%。达到了内蒙古自治区丰产型甜菜品种标准。     

Comparative Assessment of the Efficacy of Various Nitrogen Fertilizers

Summary

The efficiency of N fertilizers is usually poor; often less than 50% of the applied N is taken up by the crop. This review focuses on various N fertilizers with respect to the significance of different N loss pathways, namely (i) ammonia volatilization, (ii) dinitrogen and nitrogen oxide emissions, and (iii) nitrate leaching. Further, the significance of biological N immobilization, ammonium fixation and, finally, the impact of nitrate vs. ammonium uptake on crop yield are also discussed. The reviewed literature shows that N fertilizers may differ markedly in their susceptibility to losses. There is, however, considerable scope to improve N efficiency of each N source by proper N management practices.     

Novel food and non-food uses for sorghum and millets

Sorghum and millets have considerable potential in foods and beverages. As they are gluten-free they are suitable for coeliacs. Sorghum is also a potentially important source of nutraceuticals such antioxidant phenolics and cholesterol-lowering waxes. Cakes, cookies, pasta, a parboiled rice-like product and snack foods have been successfully produced from sorghum and, in some cases, millets. Wheat-free sorghum or millet bread remains the main challenge. Additives such as native and pre-gelatinised starches, hydrocolloids, fat, egg and rye pentosans improve bread quality. However, specific volumes are lower than those for wheat bread or gluten-free breads based on pure starches, and in many cases, breads tend to stale faster. Lager and stout beers with sorghum are brewed commercially. Sorghum's high-starch gelatinisation temperature and low beta-amylase activity remain problems with regard to complete substitution of barley malt with sorghum malt . The role of the sorghum endosperm matrix protein and cell wall components in limiting extract is a research focus. Brewing with millets is still at an experimental stage. Sorghum could be important for bioethanol and other bio-industrial products. Bioethanol research has focused on improving the economics of the process through cultivar selection, method development for low-quality grain and pre-processing to recover valuable by-products. Potential by-products such as the kafirin prolamin proteins and the pericarp wax have potential as bioplastic films and coatings for foods, primarily due to their hydrophobicity.     

Evolutionary aspects of the trade-off between seed size and number in crops

Whereas the concept that availability of resources drives seed production is sound in principle, it is incomplete as there are many solutions to the allocation of resources that derive from the trade-off between number and size. This paper examines evolutionary aspects of this trade-off in annual grain crops. The analysis is centred on the working hypotheses that, for a given species and environment, allocation of resources to reproduction involves (H1) high plasticity in seed number, which allows for variable resource availability, and (H2) a relatively narrow range of seed size that results from evolutionary and agronomic selection. Comparisons between crops and fish are used to highlight common evolutionary elements in taxa where parents provide little or no care to their offspring, with the consequence that both number and early survival of offspring, hence fitness of parents, are partially related to embryo size and reserves.

The plasticity of seed number in relation to availability of resources is analysed against the established relationship between offspring number and parent growth rate during critical stages. The notion that seed size is under stabilising selection is analysed against three conditions: (1) mean seed size is conservative for a given species and environment, (2) seed size affects fitness, and (3) seed size is heritable. Databases from published papers were compiled to analyse the relative variability of seed size and number, and the heritability of seed size. Evidence for and against the link between seed size and parental fitness is revised using the Smith–Fretwell model as framework (Am. Nat., 108, 499–506).

The proposal of high plasticity of seed number and narrow variability of seed size resulting from stabilising natural selection is generally consistent with evolutionary and genetic considerations. Agronomic selection may have reinforced natural selection leading to relatively narrow seed size in species such as wheat and soybean, where cultivated types retained high plasticity for seed number. In contrast, selection for one or few inflorescences in crops like sunflower and maize may have morphologically reduced seed number plasticity and increased variability of seed size and its responsiveness to resource availability in relation to their wild ancestors.     

Citrus Flavonoids in Fruit and Traditional Chinese Medicinal Food Ingredients in China

Flavonoids-enriched tissues of citrus such as peel, immature fruit and flower are consumed as culinary seasonings, tea ingredients in China for centuries. This HPLC quantitative study on the five citrus flavonoids, naringin, hesperidin, neohesperidin, sinensetin and nobiletin on a wide range of Chinese citrus fruits and several Traditional Chinese Medicinal food ingredients in East China, revealed a great diversity in flavonoid composition. Huyou peel (C. paradisi cv. Changshanhuyou) was found to be the best naringin (3.25%) and neohesperidin (2.76%) source; C. aurantium, a major ingredient of several citrus-related TCM, is also a suitable source of naringin and neohesperidin, and a good juice source for flavanone glycosides; the peel of Wenzhoumiju (C. unshiu) is one of the richest local species in hesperidin (up to 6.25%); Zaoju (C. subcompressa) has the highest content of nobiletin (0.59%), a polymethoxylated flavone. LC-ES-MS analysis of Zanthoxylum genus for flavonoids revealed for the first time the presence of significant amounts (0.74%) of hesperidin in the root of Liangmianzhen (Z. nitidum (Roxb.) DC), a relative of Sichuan pepper, which is a spice widely used in China.     

Effect of a continuous hot water treatment of potato tubers on seed-borne fungal pathogens

Summary The viability of five pathogens was decreased by treatment with hot water when tested in vitro.Polyscytalum pustulans was most sensitive andRhizoctonia solani least sensitive. Potato tubers were exposed to 55°C for 5 min in a commercial continuous hot water treatment plant using naturally contaminated seed tubers and tubers which had been inoculated by dipping in comminuted cultures. The frequency of eyes colonised byP. pustulans, Helminthosporium solani, andR. solani was reduced to virtually zero and the effect persisted on tubers subsequently stored at 4°C and at 15°C for up to 16 wk. Results withColletotrichum coccodes were inconclusive. Treatment suppressedPenicillium spp. which, however, rapidly recolonised the eyes during storage, leading to higher contamination levels in the treated than in the untreated tubers. With tubers inoculated withPhoma foveata, good control was achieved when the incubation period before treatment was 10 d but not when the period was 42 d.     

Role of Benzoxazinones in Cereals

Summary

Heterocyclic 1,4-benzoxazin-3-ones and related benzox-azolinones are important natural products of the cereal crops maize, wheat and rye. Much research has focused on the role of these compounds as defensive agents against plant diseases and pests. Studies of a wide variety of biological effects on herbivores and nematodes, plant pathogenic fungi and bacteria are reviewed in this article. Phytotoxic activity of the compounds is also considered with respect to allelopathic interaction with higher plants. Recent investigations of molecular aspects of interactions of cyclic hydroxamic acids and related benzoxazo-linones with acceptor organisms have demonstrated different effective detoxification strategies and tolerance mechanisms. This research has greatly advanced our knowledge about the multiple roles that these allelochemicals play in ecological systems.     

Potential of dry fractionation of wheat bran for the development of food ingredients,part I: Influence of ultra-fine grinding

Wheat bran is an undervalued by-product of white flour and has great nutritional potential due to its high content in fibres and bioactive compounds. Micronized bran could be used as a food ingredient to improve the nutritional potential of cereal products, or be used as a starting material for other processes (bioactive compound extraction or bran fractionation). The aim of this work was to find a way to efficiently decrease the particle size of bran. The influence of the grinding temperature (ambient or cryogenic grinding) on the granulometric distribution of particles, their composition, and their microstructure was studied, at lab-scale and pilot-scale. It showed that the intrinsic characteristics of bran (glass transition within intermediate layers at −46 °C) had more influence on its grinding behaviour than the type of grinding device used: the particles size distributions obtained after grinding at lab-scale and pilot-scale were very similar. At both scales, the granulometric curves were narrow for cryogenic grinding, while for ambient grinding they were spread over the whole particle size range. Ultrafine particles were obtained in both ambient and cryogenic conditions. Negative temperatures, by increasing the material’s brittleness, favoured a fast fragmentation of bran: one step of cryogenic grinding allowed a median particle size of nearly 50 μm to be reached, whereas three successive steps of ambient grinding were needed for the same result. On the other hand, ambient temperature favoured the dissociation of the different constituent layers of wheat bran, and produced less composite particles than cryogenic grinding.     

Multiple use of plants: Studies on selenium incorporation in some agricultural species for the production of organic selenium compounds

The technique of spraying plants with inorganic forms of selenium can be employed for phytochemical production of organic selenium compounds. Fractionation of the plant material makes it possible to produce a highly concentrated and well defined selenium supplement with potential use in animal and human nutrition. The fractionation also gives opportunities to combine production of organic selenium compounds with other products, for example plant fibres. Multiple use of plants can contribute to a more efficient utilization of land area (in comparison to monocultures solely adapted to food production). It also gives the opportunity to develop systems suitable for long term fixation of carbon, as long as the plant material is not reoxidised to carbon dioxide. Plant fibres could provide raw material for the production of paper or building materials in combination with the production of organic selenium compounds preferentially accumulated in another fraction of the processed plant.     

Biological factors influencing the transmission of potato leafroll virus by different aphid species

Summary Macrosiphum euphorbiae, collected in the field from potato plants infected with potato leafroll virus (PLRV), transmitted the virus to fewer potato plants in a field trial than did laboratory-rearedMyzus persicae. In the laboratory,M. persicae was the only efficient vector of PLRV fromPhysalis floridana seedlings, potato sprouts or excised leaves toP. floridana. Two clones ofM. euphorbiae and one clone ofAulacorthum solani transmitted PLRV from infected potato plants toNicotiana clevelandii as effeciently asM. persicae but a clone ofAphis gossypii was an inefficient PLRV vector. An isolate of PLRV, whichM. persicae transmitted inefficiently from potato toN. clevelandii, was also transmitted inefficiently byM. euphorbiae andA. solani.