Precipitation trends and variability from 1950 to 2000 in arid lands of Central Asia

Climate warming will cause differences in precipitation distribution and changes in hydrological cycle both at regional and global scales. Arid lands of Central Asia(ALCA), one of the largest arid regions at the middle latitudes in the world, is likely to be strongly influenced by climate warming. Understanding the precipitation variations in the past is an important prerequisite for predicting future precipitation trends and thus managing regional water resources in such an arid region. In this study, we used run theory, displacement, extreme deviation theory, precipitation concentration index(PCI), Mann-Kendall rank correlation and climatic trend coefficient methods to analyze the precipitation in wet and dry years, changes in precipitation over multiple-time scales, variability of precipitation and its rate of change based on the monthly precipitation data during 1950–2000 from 344 meteorological stations in the ALCA. The occurrence probability of a single year with abundant precipitation was higher than that of a single year with less precipitation. The average duration of extreme drought in the entire area was 5 years, with an average annual water deficit of 34.6 mm(accounting for 11.2% of the average annual precipitation over the duration). The occurrence probability of a single wet year was slightly higher than that of a single dry year. The occurrence probability of more than 5 consecutive wet years was 5.8%, while the occurrence probability of more than 5 consecutive dry years was 6.2%. In the center of the study area, the distribution of precipitation was stable at an intra-annual timescale, with small changes at an inter-annual timescale. In the western part of the study area, the monthly variation of precipitation was high at an inter-annual timescale. There were clear seasonal changes in precipitation(PCI=12–36) in the ALCA. Precipitation in spring and winter accounted for 37.7% and 24.4% of the annual precipitation, respectively. There was a significant inter-annual change in precipitation in the arid Northwest China(PCI=24–34). Annual precipitation increased significantly(P=0.05) in 17.4% of all the meteorological stations over the study period. The probability of an increase in annual precipitation was 75.6%, with this increase being significant(P=0.05) at 34.0% of all the meteorological stations. The average increasing rate in annual precipitation was 3.9 mm/10a(P=0.01) in the ALCA. There were significant increasing trends(P=0.01) in precipitation in Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan, with rates of 2.6, 3.1 and 3.7 mm/10 a, respectively.     

Spatio-temporal variations of soil water content and salinity around individual Tamarix ramosissima in a semi-arid saline region of the upper Yellow River,Northwest China

Ecological restoration by Tamarix plants on semi-arid saline lands affects the accumulation, distribution patterns and related mechanisms of soil water content and salinity. In this study, spatio-temporal variations of soil water content and salinity around natural individual Tamarix ramosissima Ledeb. were invetigated in a semi-arid saline region of the upper Yellow River, Northwest China. Specifically, soil water content, electrical conductivity(EC_e), sodium adsorption ratio(SAR_e), and salt ions(including Na~+, K~+, Ca~(2+), Mg~(2+) and SO_4~(2–)) were measured at different soil depths and at different distances from the trunk of T. ramosissima in May, July, and September 2016. The soil water content at the 20–80 cm depth was significantly lower in July and September than in May, indicating that T. ramosissima plants absorb a large amount of water through the roots during the growing period, leading to the decreasing of soil water content in the deep soil layer. At the 0–20 cm depth, there was a salt island effect around individual T. ramosissima, and the EC_e differed significantly inside and outside the canopy of T. ramosissima in May and July. Salt bioaccumulation and stemflow were two major contributing factors to this difference. The SAR_e at the 0–20 cm depth was significantly different inside and outside the canopy of T. ramosissima in the three sampling months. The values of SAR_e at the 60–80 cm depth in May and July were significantly higher than those at the 0–60 cm depth and higher than that at the corresponding depth in September. The distribution of Na~+ in the soil was similar to that of the SAR_e, while the concentrations of K~+, Ca~(2+), and Mg~(2+) showed significant differences among the sampling months and soil depths. Both season and soil depth had highly significant effects on soil water content, EC_e and SAR_e, whereas distance from the trunk of T. ramosissima only significantly affected EC_e. Based on these results, we recommend co-planting of shallow-rooted salt-tolerant species near the Tamarix plants and avoiding planting herbaceous plants inside the canopy of T. ramosissima for afforestation in this semi-arid saline region. The results of this study may provide a reference for appropriate restoration in the semi-arid saline regions of the upper Yellow River.     

模糊c均值聚类方法在黑河下游土壤属性制图中的初步应用研究

运用模糊c均值聚类方法初步研究了我国典型干旱区黑河下游的土壤属性空间分布规律。通过分析该地区的地形参数(坡度,沿剖面曲率和沿等高线曲率),植被指数(NDVI)及地质数据,设计了16个野外典型样本采集点及9个独立样本用于结果验证。应用室内试验,测定土样的3个属性特征(饱和导水率、土壤容重及土壤含水量)。以模糊隶属度作为权重,运用加权平均法计算得到三组土壤属性的空间分布,结果与9个独立采样点进行对比,无显著性差别。表明该方法在极端干旱区黑河下游地形较平缓地区适用性较强,结果能够满足应用需求,为该区域的地表过程研究提供宝贵的数据支持。     

黑河流域中部土壤微量元素有效态含量的空间变异及丰缺评价

基于G IS技术,通过地统计学方法对张掖临泽、山丹、民乐县和甘州区农田表层土壤有效Fe、Cu、Zn、Mn、N i和Co含量的空间变异、丰缺状况及影响因素进行了研究。结果表明:有效Fe含量的最适模型为球状模型,Cu、Zn和N i为指数模型,Mn和Co为高斯模型;有效N i和Mn具有强烈空间相关性,有效Fe、Cu、Zn和Co具有中等空间相关性;各微量元素有效态含量均具有各向异性。研究区域有效Fe、Cu、Zn和N i含量在甘州区最高,有效Mn和Co含量由东南到西北逐渐减小;有效Cu和N i含量大部分面积处于中等及丰富水平,而有效Fe、Zn和Mn含量为中等及偏低水平。土壤有机质与六种微量元素有效态含量均呈显著或极显著正相关;pH与有效Fe、Cu、Zn和N i含量呈显著或极显著负相关。     

黑河下游额济纳旗农业特色产业的选择与评价

依据统计数据和部分调查资料分析了额济纳旗当前农业特色产业的发展现状。通过对现有农作物经济效益和灌溉用水量的比较分析,认为额济纳旗种植紫花苜蓿等饲草作物最具优势,可以促进本地区畜牧业的发展。分析了本地区畜牧业发展的主要制约因素,提出了适宜本地区的畜牧业发展模式。     

黑河流域绿洲植被长势年内变化和最佳期分析

利用2008年黑河流域SPOT-VEGETATION NDVI数据,采用数学统计、一元线性回归方法,对绿洲植被年内长势变化的过程、速度和幅度进行了定量分析;利用空间统计方法对各地区年内长势最佳期进行了分析.结果表明:(1)绿洲植被长势在一年中呈阶段性显著:第1-18旬(1-6月)明显上升,第19-22旬(7-8月上旬)波动,第23-36旬(8月中旬-12月)明显下降.(2)绿洲植被长势变化速度具有明显的时间差异性,第14-15旬的长势速度增加最快,第27-29旬的减少最快,而且增加和减少相当的区域略具空间一致性.(3)绿洲植被长势变化的幅度也具有明显的空间差异.绿洲核心区域年内长势变化最大,向外围依次递减.(4)各区域绿洲植被长势最佳期的出现具有差异性.总体而言以出现在第22旬(8月上旬)的区域占绝对优势,其次为第20旬和第18旬等.因此在选择遥感影像时针对全流域绿洲整体的研究可以选择8月上旬的影像,而针对局部区域可以选择6月下旬、7月中旬或9月下旬的影像.     

Assessment of wetland fragmentation in the middle reaches of the Heihe River by the type change tracker model

The quantitative research of wetland landscape fragmentation in the middle reaches of the Heihe River is important for the wetland and oasis sustainable development in the Hexi Corridor. Based on the data of remote sensing and GIS, we constructed the type change tracker model with sliding window technique and spatially morphological rule. The suitable scale and optimum scale of the fragmentation model of wetland landscape in the middle reaches of the Heihe River were determined by the area frequency statistics method, Chi-square distribution normalized scale variance, fractal dimension and diversity index. By integrating type change tracker model and the optimum scale with GIS spatial analysis, the spatial distribution characteristics of wetland landscape fragmentation in different periods and the related spatial-temporal change process were clarified. The results showed that(1) the type change tracker model, which analyzes the spatial pattern of wetland fragmentation on the pixel level, is better than the traditional wetland fragmentation analysis on the landscape and patch levels;(2) The suitable scale for the wetland fragmentation ranged from 150 m×150 m to 450 m×450 m and the optimum scale was 250 m×250 m in the middle reaches of the Heihe River; and(3) In the past 35 years, the total wetland area decreased by 23.2% and the fragmentation of wetland markedly increased in the middle reaches of the Heihe River. The areas of core wetlands reduced by 12.8% and the areas of perforated, edge and patch wetlands increased by 0.8%, 3.1% and 8.9%, respectively. The process of wetland fragmentation in the research region showed the order of core wetland, perforated or edge wetland, patch wetland or non-wetland. The results of this study would provide a reference for the protection, utilization and restoration of limited wetland resources and for the sustainable development of the regional eco-environment in the Heihe River Basin.     

黑河中游湿地胡杨蒸腾速率与叶性状的关联性分析

干旱区湿地植物叶片蒸腾作用与叶性状的关联性研究,对揭示植物叶片叶脉网络性状、叶片形态构建模式与植物体内水分平衡间的内在联系至关重要.以黑河中游湿地胡杨(Populus euphratica)为研究对象,按胡杨林距离水域的远近分别设置:I(离水域30～110 m,土壤含水量(SMC)58.23％)、II(离水域160～2...     

黑河流域干旱化驱动力机制及其趋势预测

干旱与水资源短缺是黑河流域的基本环境特征。候变暖的背景下,该地区的降水量虽然有所增加,但是远远不能抵消气温升高带来的蒸发量。在气候干旱化增强的背景下,黑河流域的径流量在上游呈现增加的趋势,由于中上游对水资源的开发利用,使得黑河流域越往下游,径流量减少越明显,下游的水文干旱进一步加剧。受气候干旱、水文干旱、人为干旱的影响,近50a干旱灾害面积急剧扩张,选取1957—2004年的张掖市旱灾面积统计资料,采用马儿可夫预测方法,预测了2005—2010年的旱灾面积的状态概率,并提出一些对策。