Effect of selenium on increasing the antioxidant activity of tea leaves harvested during the early spring tea producing season

This research was to determine the effect of foliar application of selenium on increasing the antioxidant activity of tea harvested during the early spring tea producing season using a alpha,alpha-diphenyl-beta-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging method and the linoleic acid system. The results showed that the radical scavenging ability of the tea extracts followed this order during the first 60 min: selenium-enriched tea obtained by fertilization with selenate > BHT > selenium-enriched tea obtained by fertilization with selenite > alpha-tocopherol > regular tea. Se-enriched tea obtained by fertilization with selenate exhibited the highest inhibition percentage of 84.29% at 30 min. Se-enriched tea extracts provided higher hydrogen-donating capabilities than regular tea and contrasts with BHT and alpha-tocopherol at the concentration of 100 microg of solids/mL of ethanol. There was a little change in the sequence of radical scavenging ability during the later 60 min: Se-enriched tea obtained by fertilization with selenate > Se-enriched tea obtained by fertilization with selenite > BHT > regular tea > alpha-tocopherol. The individual activity of tea extracts and references measured by the linoleic acid system showed that the tea extracts, BHT, and alpha-tocopherol manifested almost the same patterns of activity as the DPPH method. Tea enriched in selenium by fertilization with selenate still exhibited the highest inhibition activity of lipid oxidation, whereas alpha-tocopherol showed the lowest inhibition. The antioxidant activity of Se-enriched green tea harvested during the early spring tea producing season is enhanced compared to regular tea.     

Effect of selenium on the yield and quality of green tea leaves harvested in early spring

Foliar applications of a fertilizer of selenite or selenate were carried out to determine the influence of selenium on the yield and quality of green tea leaves harvested in early spring. Numbers of sprouts and the yield were significantly increased by the application of selenium. The sweetness and aroma of green tea leaves were also significantly enhanced, and bitterness was significantly decreased by the application of selenium. However, no significant differences were found in sweetness, bitterness, and aroma between tea leaves fertilized with selenite and selenate. Se concentration was significantly increased by selenium fertilization, and tea enriched by sodium selenate had a significantly higher selenium content than did tea enriched by sodium selenite. Total amino acid and vitamin C contents were significantly enhanced by the application of selenium. Tea polyphenol contents were significantly decreased by fertilization with selenium. The marked difference of tea polyphenols was also found between applications of selenite and selenate.     

不同杀青方法对绿茶品质的影响

杀青作业是提高绿茶加工品质的关键工序,为了提高茶叶加工品质,采用微波、热风、蒸汽、锅炒和蒸汽-热风组合等不同杀青方法对加工后绿茶的感官品质和茶叶内含成分品质特性进行了试验分析,结果表明：微波输出功率 10 kW、时间2.5 min、杀青叶温室75℃,杀青后茶叶的外形色泽、汤色、叶底表现较好,只有香气、滋味欠佳,咖啡碱、茶多酚、维生素C和叶绿素含量最高,分别是2.70%、34.40%、3.335×10-3 mg/g和2.24 mg/g,时间是传统杀青的1/4～1/3,能耗成本是传统杀青的1/3。蒸汽-热风组合杀青时间为6 min（蒸汽和热风各处理3 min）、叶温80℃杀青的茶叶香气最好,氨基酸保留量达到3.48%,感官品质总分达到90.75分。     

微波远红外耦合杀青工艺对绿茶品质的影响

为研究微波远红外耦合杀青工艺对绿茶品质的影响,试验分析了杀青时间、杀青功率和投叶量等因素对绿茶香气、滋味品质的影响,通过L9(34)正交试验设计,优化了绿茶微波远红外耦合杀青工艺,并与其他杀青方式进行了比较,结果表明：较佳的耦合杀青工艺为杀青功率微波10 kW +远红外6 kW,投叶量0.5 kg/min,杀青时间先微波1.5 min+后远红外1.5 min。此时杀青的茶叶香气滋味最好,感官品质总分达到91.40,茶多酚、儿茶素、咖啡碱、氨基酸、可溶性糖和芳香油质量分数分别达到17.24%、12.62%、3.10%、3.72%、4.64%、15.40×10-2 mg/g,香气滋味品质好于其他杀青方式,杀青时间是传统杀青的1/4～1/3,能耗成本是传统杀青的1/3～1/2。该杀青工艺克服了单纯使用微波杀青的不足,为绿茶加工生产提供参考。     

低温液氮粉碎对绿茶粉品质影响

为减少茶叶粉碎过程中热敏性物质损失,提出茶叶低温液氮粉碎的新方法。该论文以绿茶为原料,在粉碎过程中添加液氮,比较常规粉碎与低温液氮粉碎方法处理对绿茶粉品质的影响。结果表明,与常规粉碎法相比,液氮粉碎法的出粉率高,所得的茶粉泡制成的茶汤在色泽、滋味和品质评分上明显占优,其水浸出物中茶多酚、咖啡碱、游离氨基酸、可溶性蛋白、可溶性糖等功效成分的质量分数分别高出25.12%、10.12%、9.50%、6.75%、12.63%、9.05%;2种茶粉的香气成分组成基本相同,但液氮粉碎法所得茶的茶粉中法呢烯、橙花叔醇、1H-吲哚、己酸-3-己烯酯、五甲基庚烷、苦杏仁苷、3-甲基丁酸2-甲基丙酯质量分数分别高出10.88%、13.70%、14.06%、5.61%、2.08%、24.39%、5.68%。表明液氮粉碎能较好的保留茶粉的品质,为液氮粉碎在绿茶加工中的应用提供参考。     

丘陵茶园不同机采方式对秋季茶鲜叶产量和名优绿茶品质的影响

经过连续4年的田间试验, 比较了2次机采、重度机采、轻度机采和不机采对照等4个处理对白露毛尖茶产量和品质的影响.结果表明: 2次机采和重度机采处理显著增加秋季茶芽密度和1芽1叶初展鲜叶产量, 显著降低单个芽头的平均重量、长度及符合加工白露毛尖茶芽大小标准的茶芽合格率; 符合加工白露毛尖茶芽大小标准的1芽1叶初展鲜叶产量轻度机采处理最高; 内含成分分析表明, 4个处理秋季1芽1叶初展鲜叶均适宜加工白露毛尖茶, 以不机采对照处理感官品质最好.试验表明适度机采可提高秋季白露毛尖茶鲜叶产量, 不机采或轻度机采可获得更多优质的白露毛尖茶鲜叶原料.     

硒对农产品营养品质的影响

硒是人体必需的营养元素,作为重要物质参与机体的新陈代谢,摄入量不足会引发多种疾病,富硒农产品是膳食补充硒元素的重要来源之一.本文分析了农产品富硒的主要方式,综合阐述了硒对植物性农产品中蛋白质、脂肪、多糖、其他元素、次生代谢产物和动物性农产品营养品质的影响,为富硒农产品的生产,特别是富硒农产品营养品质的调控与提升提供理论...     

Effect of green tea supplementation on insulin sensitivity in Sprague-Dawley rats

Epidemiological observations and laboratory studies have shown that green tea has a variety of health effects, including antitumor, antioxidative, and hypolipidemic activities. The aim of this study was to examine whether it had an effect on glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity in Sprague-Dawley rats. In experiment 1 (in vivo study), rats were divided into two groups: a control group fed standard chow and deionized distilled water and a "green tea" group fed the same chow diet but with green tea instead of water (0.5 g of lyophilized green tea powder dissolved in 100 mL of deionized distilled water). After 12 weeks of green tea supplementation, the green tea group had lower fasting plasma levels of glucose, insulin, triglyceride, and free fatty acid than the control rats. Insulin-stimulated glucose uptake of, and insulin binding to, adipocytes were significantly increased in the green tea group. In experiment 2 (in vitro study), a tea polyphenol extract was used to determine its effect on insulin activity in vitro. Green tea polyphenols (0.075%) significantly increased basal and insulin-stimulated glucose uptake of adipocytes. Results demonstrated that green tea increases insulin sensitivity in Sprague-Dawley rats and that green tea polyphenol is one of the active components.     

基于改进YOLOv5s的名优绿茶品质检测

针对实际检测过程中茶叶数量多、体积小、茶叶之间颜色和纹理相似等特点,该研究提出了一种基于YOLOv5s的名优绿茶品质检测算法。首先,该算法在骨干网络层引入膨胀卷积网络,通过增大感受野的方式增强茶叶微小特征的提取。其次,改进特征融合进程,基于通道注意力和空间注意力抑制无关信息的干扰,构建CBAM注意力机制优化检测器。接着根据swin transformer网络结构在多个维度对小尺度茶叶的特征进行交互和融合。最后,配合SimOTA匹配算法动态分配茶叶正样本,提高不同品质茶叶的识别能力。结果表明,改进后的算法精准度、召回率、平均精度均值、模型体积、检测速度分别为97.4%、89.7%、91.9%、7.11MB和51帧/s,相较于基础的YOLOv5s平均精度均值提高了3.8个百分点,检测速度提高了7帧/s。利用相同数据集在不同目标检测模型上进行对比试验,与Faster-RCNN、SSD、YOLOv3、YOLOv4等模型相比,平均精度均值分别提升10.8、22.9、18.6、8.4个百分点,进一步验证了该研究方法的有效性和可靠性。     

适宜氮肥施用量显著提升夏季绿茶品质

[目的]我国30％的茶园氮肥施用过量.氮肥过量施用不仅造成能源浪费和茶园土壤质量恶化 (如酸化、板结等),还使茶叶特别是绿茶增产提质边际效应逐渐下降.夏季绿茶品质 (尤其是香气) 往往低于春茶,但其产量却远大于春茶,因此,研究施氮对夏季绿茶的品质影响,为夏季绿茶提质增效提供理论依据.[方法]茶园氮肥长期定位试验位于浙江...     

Degradation of green tea catechins in tea drinks

Green tea cateachins (GTC). namely (-) epicatechin (EC), (-) epicatechin gallate (ECG), (-) epigallocatechin (EGC), and (-) epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG), have been studied extensively for their wide-ranging biological activities. The goal of the present study was to examine the stability of GTC as a mixture under various processing conditions. The stability study demonstrated that GTC was stable in water at room temperature. When it was brewed at 98 degrees C for 7 h, longjing GTC degraded by 20%. When longjing GTC and pure EGCG were autoclaved at 120 degrees C for 20 min, the epimerization of EGCG to (-) gallocatechin gallate (GCG) was observed. The relatively high amount of GCG found in some tea drinks was most likely the epimerization product of EGCG during autoclaving. If other ingredients were absent, the GTC in aqueous solutions was pH-sensitive: the lower the pH, the more stable the GTC during storage. When it was added into commercially available soft drinks or sucrose solutions containing citric acid and ascorbic acid, longjing GTC exhibited varying stability irrespective of low pH value. This suggested that other ingredients used in production of tea drinks might interact with GTC and affect its stability. When canned and bottled tea drinks are produced, stored, and transported, the degradation of GTC must be taken into consideration.     

适宜施氮钾水平提高滴灌秋茶的产量及品质

2018年5月至10月在山东省日照市开展田间试验,研究滴灌条件下不同施氮(纯N)水平(0 kg/hm~2,N0;45 kg/hm~2,N1;75 kg/hm~2,N2;105 kg/hm~2,N3)和施钾(K2O)水平(0 kg/hm~2,K0;27 kg/hm~2,K1;54 kg/hm~2,K2;81 kg/hm~2,K3)对秋季茶叶产量及品质的影响。结果表明:在不同氮水平的对比中,施氮量为75 kg/hm~2(N2K2)时取得最高鲜叶产量及茶多酚、儿茶素、水浸出物含量;施氮量105 kg/hm~2(N3K2)时氨基酸、咖啡碱含量高于其他处理,且酚氨比最小。在不同钾水平的对比中,施钾量81 kg/hm~2(N2K3)时取得最高鲜叶产量且叶绿素、咖啡碱含量最高;施钾量54 kg/hm~2(N2K2)时氨基酸、茶多酚、儿茶素、水浸出物含量最高;施钾量为27 kg/hm~2(N2K1)时酚氨比最小。综合分析所有施肥处理的产量与品质,施氮量105 kg/hm~2、施钾量54 kg/hm~2(N3K2)时表现最优。     

Effect of far-infrared irradiation on catechins and nitrite scavenging activity of green tea

The processed green tea leaves were irradiated by far-infrared (FIR) at eight temperatures (80, 90, 100, 110, 120, 130, 140, and 150 degrees C) for 10 min. After FIR irradiation, green teas were prepared by soaking the leaves in boiling water, and the physicochemical characteristics of the green tea were determined. FIR irradiation at 90 degrees C increased total phenol contents of green tea from 244.7 to 368.5 mg/g and total flavanol contents from 122.0 to 178.7 mg/g, compared with non-irradiated control. FIR irradiation also significantly affected the amounts of epigallocatechin and epigallocatechin gallate. Nitrite scavenging activity also increased with increasing FIR irradiation until the temperature reached 110 degrees C. However, the overall color changes of green tea irradiated with FIR at 90 and 100 degrees C were negligible. These results indicate that the chemical quality of green tea is significantly affected by FIR irradiation temperature of the green tea leaves.     

Discrimination of the production season of Chinese green tea by chemical analysis in combination with supervised pattern recognition

High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) has been used to quantify levels of free amino acids, catechins, and caffeine in Chinese green tea. Levels of free amino acids and catechins in green tea leaves show obvious variation from spring to summer, which is useful information to identify the production season of commercial green tea. Supervised pattern recognition methods such as the K-nearest neighbor (KNN) method and Bayesian discriminant method (a type of linear discriminant analysis (LDA)) were used to discriminate between the production seasons of Chinese green tea. The optimal accuracy of the KNN method was ≤97.61 and ≤94.80% as validated by resubstitution and cross-validation tests, respectively, and that of LDA was ≤95.22 and ≤93.54%, respectively. Compared with LDA, the KNN method did not require a Gaussian distribution and was more accurate than LDA. The KNN method in combination with chemical analysis is recommended for discrimination of the production seasons of Chinese green tea.     

磷与有机物配施对南方茶园土壤硒有效性的影响

硒在南方酸性土壤中极易被固定,其有效性较低,影响该区域茶树硒吸收。通过研究磷与氨基酸和黄腐酸对茶园土壤硒有效性的影响,为提高南方富硒茶园土壤有效硒和茶叶硒吸收率提供理论依据。茶园田间试验采用磷(P)、氨基酸(A)、黄腐酸(H)三因素,磷两水平设计,磷处理水平为P1(168.8 kg/hm²)、P2(337.5 kg/hm²),氨基酸与黄腐酸不设梯度,施用量均为112.5 kg/hm²,共设置7个处理,各处理分别为CK、A、P1-A、P2-A、H、P1-H和P2-H,研究有机物料单施或磷与有机物料配施对茶叶硒含量及茶园土壤硒有效性的影响。结果表明:(1)氨基酸单施(A)和氨基酸与高磷配施(P2-A)茶叶硒含量均显著高于CK,较CK分别提高40.03%和20.40%;(2)氨基酸单施(A)和氨基酸与高磷配施(P2-A)均能显著提高土壤有效硒含量,施用氨基酸(A)有效硒的增加主要来源于可溶态硒的增加,而氨基酸与高磷配施(P2-A)的有效硒主要来源于可溶态硒和交换态硒的增加;(3)氨基酸单施(A)和氨基酸与高磷配施(P2-A)均提高了可溶态硒中四价硒的含量,是茶叶硒含量增加的主要原因。氨基酸和黄腐酸虽均为有机酸类,但在南方茶园中氨基酸对土壤硒的活化作用更佳,氨基酸单施或与高磷配施后能提高土壤硒的有效性,进而改善茶叶硒的吸收。     

萌芽前叶面喷施硒酸钠提高茶叶含硒量及品质

【目的】探究在茶树不同生育时期叶面喷施不同硒肥对夏茶产量、品质及硒含量的影响,为生产富硒茶提供技术依据。【方法】田间试验在浙江嵊州进行,供试茶树品种为‘中茶108’。试验采用二因素列区设计,主处理为硒肥种类(A因素),副处理为硒肥喷施时期(B因素)。主处理设喷施清水对照(A0)、硒酸钠(A1)、亚硒酸钠(A2)和酵母硒(A3);副处理设夏茶顶芽萌发前(5月12日,B1)与1芽1叶期(5月20日,B2)两个喷施时期。硒肥喷施浓度均为Se 50 mg/L,硒肥溶液喷施量为1.8 L/m2。当茶树蓬面1芽2叶占比达30%左右时,每个小区随机选取30 cm×30 cm茶蓬,调查蓬面新梢总数、1芽2叶数量、1芽2叶长度和百芽重。同时,取1芽2叶新梢样品,测定茶多酚、儿茶素、咖啡碱、游离氨基酸、花青素以及硒含量。【结果】与A0B1处理相比,A3B1处理茶树萌展值显著降低了0.14,但对茶树蓬面新梢总数无明显影响;A2B1处理茶树1芽2叶新梢长度和百芽重分别显著降低了1.04 cm和1.94 g。A1B2和A3B2处理茶树蓬面新梢总数分别显著降低了17.66和22.33,但不影响其萌展值;A1B2显...     

水稻季施肥对后季绿肥物质养分积累的影响

田间试验条件下,研究水稻季不同氮、磷、钾肥用量对后季绿肥物质养分积累的影响,为水稻-紫云英轮作条件下适宜化肥用量的确定提供依据。结果表明,水稻季施氮、磷、钾肥处理的绿肥鲜草产量分别较不施氮、磷、钾肥处理增加27.9% ~ 40.9%、12.6% ~ 37.2%、21.4% ~ 46.2%。水稻季不同氮肥处理比较,施氮处理的氮积累量较不施氮处理增加48.8% ~ 62.3%,氮肥（N）用量为142.4 kg/hm2时,绿肥碳、氮、钾积累量最高,氮肥用量为71.2 kg/hm2时,绿肥磷积累量最高。水稻季不同磷肥处理比较,施磷处理的绿肥磷积累量较不施磷处理增加33.0% ~ 78.3%,磷肥（P）用量为49.1 kg/hm2时绿肥的碳、氮、磷、钾积累量均最高。水稻季施钾处理的绿肥钾积累量较不施钾处理增加22.2% ~ 44.8%,水稻季钾肥（K）用量为67.5 kg/hm2和101.2 kg/hm2时,绿肥的碳、氮、磷、钾积累量较高,且两处理间相差较小。本试验条件下,水稻季氮、磷、钾用量分别为142.4、49.1、67.5（或101.2）kg/hm2时,绿肥的产量及碳、氮、磷、钾积累量最高,分别为15 833 kg/hm2和929.2、44.6、5.8、45.9 kg/hm2。     

茶鲜叶萎凋过程中摊青工艺对白茶品质的影响

为探明茶鲜叶萎凋过程中摊青工艺对白茶风味品质和生化成分的影响,在控温除湿环境中以基于静态摊晾于水筛加工而成的白茶为对照,在不同茶鲜叶减重率（65%、70%和75%）时对在制品进行并筛或堆青处理。结果表明,各处理制成的白茶呈现出较为相似的感官品质特征,但堆青处理相较并筛处理及对照茶样的香气鲜度下降而滋味甜度提高。在并筛处理中以在减重率为70%时并筛略优于在减重率为65%时并筛的白茶品质,且二者均以薄并筛处理较优于对照茶样。在减重率达75%时对在制品进行相同时长不同厚度的堆青处理（堆青方式：2～6筛并1筐）以厚堆处理的白茶品质较优,而不同时长相同厚度的堆青处理（堆青时长：2～6 d）则以短时堆青的白茶品质为佳。不同摊青处理白茶的儿茶素类、生物碱和主要氨基酸组分无明显规律性差异。相较静态/并筛工艺组,堆青工艺组茶样中呈甜味的脯氨酸和苯乙醇、橙花醇、香叶醇等花果香成分显著降低（P<0.05）。基于茶样生化组成的模式识别可将全部供试茶样划分成静态/并筛工艺组与堆青工艺组2种类群。堆青处理可通过促进脂肪酸代谢,增加烷烃类、降异戊二烯类和醛类化合物含量来有效调节白茶样品的生化组成;橙花醇、橙花醛和香草醛等23种化合物可视为其与静态/并筛工艺组茶样相互区分的主要特征标识物（群）。研究结果可为基于摊青方式的白茶风味品质工艺技术调控提供参考依据。     

茶树硒营养的研究进展

本文就硒元素在茶树体内的分布、含量及其赋存形态以及外施硒肥和土壤硒对茶树生长、茶叶硒含量及茶叶产量的影响等几个方面的研究成果进行了综述,以期为茶园科学施肥和开发富硒茶提供理论依据.     

自动化加工生产线改善机采绿茶理化品质研究

以茶树机采鲜叶为原料,选配、改装和组建了茶叶加工自动化生产线,并跟踪加工工序中茶坯理化成分的动态变化,以同一原料所制的传统炒青工艺为对照,比较新设备和新工艺对机采卷曲形绿茶色泽和品质成分的影响。结果发现:新的生产线在杀青、二青、做形和提香等关键工序中,集成应用了电磁加热耦合热风、热管余热回收和流化床干燥技术,提高了茶叶的滋味和色泽品质,所制卷曲形绿茶的感官得分比传统炒青绿茶高2分,酚氨比相对较低(P0.05),干茶的色相值、茶汤、叶底的亮度和色相值相对更好(P0.01);相比传统单机加工设备,该生产线可日均生产绿茶1 750 kg,产能提高了37.5%,能耗成本为4.6～4.8元/kg干茶;热效率提高100%,用工成本减少50%。机采卷曲形绿茶自动化生产线扩大了茶叶加工产能,减轻了劳动强度,提高了卷曲形绿茶品质,为实际生产提供了指导。