论湖南黑茶在华东地区营销市场的发展

湖南黑茶在华东市场处于快速发展期,本文从湖南黑茶在华东市场的发展现状和湖南黑茶的优势入手,分析湖南黑茶在发展过程中应该注意的问题以及在华东市场的发展前景.     

湖南安化县黑茶质量标准检测中心挂牌成立

<正>5月26日,湖南安化县黑茶质量标准检测中心正式挂牌成立,这标志着由该中心承建的湖南黑茶质量检测与产业技术服务平台建设初步完成。据了解,湖南黑茶质量检测与产业技术服务平台是省科技厅重点支持的黑茶产业发展项目,平台设立黑茶理化检验室、黑茶感观审评室、黑茶质量与产业技术服务中心和企业     

湖南出口黑茶清洁化生产存在的问题及对策

针对目前湖南出口黑茶生产过程中存在的清洁化问题,探讨了造成这些问题的原因,并提出了湖南出口黑茶清洁化生产的对策。     

湖南黑茶的花色品种

一、湖南黑茶产销历史黑茶为我国一类特殊茶类,也是我国西北各少数民族消费的主要茶类。史籍所载16世纪以前的黑茶,多指由四川绿毛茶经做色生产的"乌茶"。明代中期,湖南安化采用炒青、揉捻、渥堆、七星灶松柴明火干燥等工艺生产黑毛茶,因采用这种方法生产的黑茶质优价廉,明朝万历年间,朝廷准许湖南黑茶运销西北,此后湖南黑茶逐步     

湖南黑茶茶艺

湖南黑茶属于我国特有的紧压茶类,在边疆少数民族地区具有很大的受众人群,近年来因其独特的保健功效逐渐被内地茶人所接受,但湖南黑茶的茶艺一直以来缺少系统研究,本文从湖南黑茶的清饮、调饮、药饮方式入手,探讨湖南黑茶的品饮与茶艺表演技巧.     

湖南茶业市场调查及消费趋势分析

为了解湖南茶业经营状况,采用问卷调查方法,对湖南茶叶市场的消费情况进行分析,了解湖南茶叶消费趋势。调查结果发现湖南茶业规模较大,有着坚实的基础。在消费市场中,消费者喜欢绿茶、黑茶等产品,茶叶产品消费受产品质量、口感、价格等因素影响,消费者对茶叶的质量和安全缺少足够的信任。对此,提出具体的发展建议,旨在推动湖南茶业进入发展的快车道,实现优势产品和品牌的迅速崛起。     

湖南黑茶感官审评茶汤制备方法研究

选择不同等级湖南代表性黑茶作为研究对象,研究了不同冲泡时间的一次冲泡法对黑茶冲泡的动态变化,对水浸出物和品质成分进行测定与分析,并与现行国家标准的二次冲泡法所获得的香气、汤色、滋味、叶底进行感官品质进行了比较;探讨了不同方法制备的湖南黑茶感官审评用茶汤内质表现及主要品质成分浸出规律。研究结果表明,对于紧压型湖南黑茶,一次冲泡法氨基酸、茶多酚、儿茶素、生物碱等主要品质成分及总的水浸出物都比国家标准的二次冲泡法浸出更为充分。感官审评结果发现,采用100℃沸水,1∶50茶水比,一次性冲泡8min能制备浓度适中,适合内质评价的湖南黑茶茶汤。此方法操作便利,能够为不同等级、不同压制程度的湖南黑茶提供较客观的内质评价。     

“中茶”牌湖南黑茶的春天已悄然到来

以安化茶厂为基地,益阳茶叶市场为窗口,做大做强湖南黑茶益阳是湖南黑茶重要产地,是武陵山区和雪蜂山区茶叶进出口的通道,益阳茶叶市场的落成为湖南茶叶,特别是黑茶的发展提供了一个窗口。为进一步做大做强湖南黑茶,中粮集团总裁助理,中土畜进出口总公司常务副总裁,中国茶叶股份有限公司董事长朱     

湖南省黑茶产业化工作座谈会胜利召开

2007年12月19日,主题为"提高全省黑茶品质,加强黑茶产品管理,推进黑茶产业进程,做大做强湖南黑茶产业,为富民强省,建设社会主义新农村做出贡献,同时,动员全省各有关部门大力支持黑茶产业的发展,打造湖南黑茶品牌,增强企业提高黑茶品质的自觉性"的湖南省黑茶产业化工作座谈会在益阳市华天酒店召开。     

质量立足展魅力 品牌为翼展翅飞——湖南华莱抓质量创品牌之路

近年来,随着世人对黑茶的深入了解,黑茶的保健价值逐渐被揭秘。从2005年开始,湖南省就将黑茶作为振兴产区农业经济的重要项目。政府从技术、政策、市场上都给予了很多扶持与优惠,黑茶的制作工艺更是被列为＂国家非物质文化遗产名录＂。为做大做强湖南安化黑茶产业,打造安化黑茶品牌,湖南省把支持安化黑茶产业的发展作为落实中央惠农政策...     

Comparative Assessment of the Efficacy of Various Nitrogen Fertilizers

Summary

The efficiency of N fertilizers is usually poor; often less than 50% of the applied N is taken up by the crop. This review focuses on various N fertilizers with respect to the significance of different N loss pathways, namely (i) ammonia volatilization, (ii) dinitrogen and nitrogen oxide emissions, and (iii) nitrate leaching. Further, the significance of biological N immobilization, ammonium fixation and, finally, the impact of nitrate vs. ammonium uptake on crop yield are also discussed. The reviewed literature shows that N fertilizers may differ markedly in their susceptibility to losses. There is, however, considerable scope to improve N efficiency of each N source by proper N management practices.     

Studies on natural repellents against potato tuber moth (Phthorimaea operculella Zeller) in country stores

Summary The effects of the leaves of five plant species, one from each of the generaAmbrosia, Anemone, Eupatorium, Eucalyptus andLantana, on potato tuber moth were investigated under indigenous storage conditions at the Central Potato Research Station, Shillong (1800 m above sea level). Their action was compared with that of a biological insecticide (spores ofBacillus thuringiensis), a chemical insecticide (carbaryl), and an untreated control. The data collected after six months storage on tuber damage, sprout damage and the rotting indicated that the leaves ofLantana aculeata provided most protection to the tubers, reducing damage from over 70% in the check to below 5%, and sprout damage from over 45% to below 3%. Next best wasEucalyptus globulus followed byB. thuringiensis. They may be used on tubers stored for table use or for seed as they had no adverse effect on germination or on the yield of a subsequent crop.     

Mineral composition of some traditional Mexican teas

Teas of plant origin traditionally consumed by the Mountain Pima of Chihuahua, Mexico, were analyzed for mineral nutritional content. Fe, Cu, Zn, Ca, and Mg composition was determined for native teas made from shoots ofTagetes lucida, T. filifolia, Elytraria imbricata, andHolodiscus dumosus, and from root xylem ofCeanothus depressus andPhaseolus ritensis. Native uses of these teas are also described.     

Novel food and non-food uses for sorghum and millets

Sorghum and millets have considerable potential in foods and beverages. As they are gluten-free they are suitable for coeliacs. Sorghum is also a potentially important source of nutraceuticals such antioxidant phenolics and cholesterol-lowering waxes. Cakes, cookies, pasta, a parboiled rice-like product and snack foods have been successfully produced from sorghum and, in some cases, millets. Wheat-free sorghum or millet bread remains the main challenge. Additives such as native and pre-gelatinised starches, hydrocolloids, fat, egg and rye pentosans improve bread quality. However, specific volumes are lower than those for wheat bread or gluten-free breads based on pure starches, and in many cases, breads tend to stale faster. Lager and stout beers with sorghum are brewed commercially. Sorghum's high-starch gelatinisation temperature and low beta-amylase activity remain problems with regard to complete substitution of barley malt with sorghum malt . The role of the sorghum endosperm matrix protein and cell wall components in limiting extract is a research focus. Brewing with millets is still at an experimental stage. Sorghum could be important for bioethanol and other bio-industrial products. Bioethanol research has focused on improving the economics of the process through cultivar selection, method development for low-quality grain and pre-processing to recover valuable by-products. Potential by-products such as the kafirin prolamin proteins and the pericarp wax have potential as bioplastic films and coatings for foods, primarily due to their hydrophobicity.     

In vitro antimicrobial activity of different accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. from Uruguay

Summary The in vitro antimicrobial activity of extracts from accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. collected in the south of Uruguay was investigated against five microorganisms including the pathogenRalstonia solanacearum. A total of 30 extracts corresponding to organic and aqueous extracts were studied. Interestingly, most of the positive results for growth inhibition were againstR. solanacearum. The extracts were also analyzed for the presence of glycoalkaloids and lectins. Six of the ten aqueous extracts showed lectin presence and a wide variation in the type and amounts of glycoalkaloids, was found. Results indicate that there is no clear relationship between the antimicrobial activity against the five microorganisms screened and the presence or amounts of lectins and glycoalkaloids, traditionally regarded as possible antimicrobial metabolites in theSolanum genus, which indicates the presence of as yet unidentified antimicrobial compounds.     

Extreme resistance to infection by potato virus X in genotypes of wild tuber-bearingSolanum species

Summary Clones derived from thirty-one different accessions (nineteen of Argentine origin) belonging to eightSolanum species were screened for resistance to infection by potato virus X strain cp (PVX cp) by mechanical inoculation of plantlets that had been micropropagated in vitro. Estimates of PVX multiplication obtained by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay and slot blot nucleic acid hybridization allowed the identification of resistant clones derived from five accessions belonging toS. commersonii S. oplocense, S. sparsipilum andS. tuberosum andigena. Resistant genotypes supported PVX concentrations 5 to 15 times smaller than did the susceptible control cultivar Spunta. Graft inoculation test confirmed the presence of extreme resistance similar to that conferred by the ‘immunity’ gene X¹ (also called RX_act).     

Cyanobacteria Secondary Metabolites as Biotechnological Ingredients in Natural Anti-Aging Cosmetics: Potential to Overcome Hyperpigmentation,Loss of Skin Density and UV Radiation-Deleterious Effects

The loss of density and elasticity, the appearance of wrinkles and hyperpigmentation are among the first noticeable signs of skin aging. Beyond UV radiation and oxidative stress, matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) assume a preponderant role in the process, since their deregulation results in the degradation of most extracellular matrix components. In this survey, four cyanobacteria strains were explored for their capacity to produce secondary metabolites with biotechnological potential for use in anti-aging formulations. Leptolyngbya boryana LEGE 15486 and Cephalothrix lacustris LEGE 15493 from freshwater ecosystems, and Leptolyngbya cf. ectocarpi LEGE 11479 and Nodosilinea nodulosa LEGE 06104 from marine habitats were sequentially extracted with acetone and water, and extracts were analyzed for their toxicity in cell lines with key roles in the skin context (HaCAT, 3T3L1, and hCMEC). The non-toxic extracts were chemically characterized in terms of proteins, carotenoids, phenols, and chlorophyll a, and their anti-aging potential was explored through their ability to scavenge the physiological free radical superoxide anion radical (O₂^•−), to reduce the activity of the MMPs elastase and hyaluronidase, to inhibit tyrosinase and thus avoid melanin production, and to block UV-B radiation (sun protection factor, SPF). Leptolyngbya species stood out for anti-aging purposes: L. boryana LEGE 15486 presented a remarkable SPF of 19 (at 200 µg/mL), being among the best species regarding O₂^•− scavenging, (IC₅₀ = 99.50 µg/mL) and also being able to inhibit tyrosinase (IC₂₅ = 784 µg/mL), proving to be promising against UV-induced skin-aging; L. ectocarpi LEGE 11479 was more efficient in inhibiting MMPs (hyaluronidase, IC₅₀ = 863 µg/mL; elastase, IC₅₀ = 391 µg/mL), thus being the choice to retard dermal density loss. Principal component analysis (PCA) of the data allowed the grouping of extracts into three groups, according to their chemical composition; the correlation of carotenoids and chlorophyll a with MMPs activity (p < 0.01), O₂^•− scavenging with phenolic compounds (p < 0.01), and phycocyanin and allophycocyanin with SPF, pointing to these compounds in particular as responsible for UV-B blockage. This original survey explores, for the first time, the biotechnological potential of these cyanobacteria strains in the field of skin aging, demonstrating the promising, innovative, and multifactorial nature of these microorganisms.     

Marine Pharmacology in 2009–2011: Marine Compounds with Antibacterial,Antidiabetic, Antifungal,Anti-Inflammatory,Antiprotozoal, Antituberculosis,and Antiviral Activities; Affecting the Immune and Nervous Systems,and other Miscellaneous Mechanisms of Action ?

The peer-reviewed marine pharmacology literature from 2009 to 2011 is presented in this review, following the format used in the 1998–2008 reviews of this series. The pharmacology of structurally-characterized compounds isolated from marine animals, algae, fungi and bacteria is discussed in a comprehensive manner. Antibacterial, antifungal, antiprotozoal, antituberculosis, and antiviral pharmacological activities were reported for 102 marine natural products. Additionally, 60 marine compounds were observed to affect the immune and nervous system as well as possess antidiabetic and anti-inflammatory effects. Finally, 68 marine metabolites were shown to interact with a variety of receptors and molecular targets, and thus will probably contribute to multiple pharmacological classes upon further mechanism of action studies. Marine pharmacology during 2009–2011 remained a global enterprise, with researchers from 35 countries, and the United States, contributing to the preclinical pharmacology of 262 marine compounds which are part of the preclinical pharmaceutical pipeline. Continued pharmacological research with marine natural products will contribute to enhance the marine pharmaceutical clinical pipeline, which in 2013 consisted of 17 marine natural products, analogs or derivatives targeting a limited number of disease categories.