甜菜不育系和保持系创新选育方法比较

比较了甜菜雄性不育系和保持系的3种创新选育方法,即利用自交系、国外二倍体雄性不育杂优品种、多粒保持系改良创新不育系和保持系。     

甜菜遗传单粒种雄性不育系保持系的选育

以甜菜单粒种为基础材料,用回交转育方法,即选择优良单粒种群体品种的优良有粉植株,作为选育保持系的后备株,广泛筛选保持类型植株。初步认为：不同品种（品系）之间,保持类型植株出现的频率有差异,其中以单204的保持能力较高;品种（品系）内姊妹系植株之间杂交后代,育性分离大,不易选到具有保持类型植株。在F1代杂交组合中,中间类型植株（半不育型）出现频率为零的组合,后代育性分离程度较低,育性比较易稳定,是选育保持系理想的组合。     

水稻同核异质不育系及其保持系核基因组的SSR分析

以4套共15份同核异质水稻雄性不育系和保持系为试验材料,应用随机分布于水稻12条染色体上的42对SSR引物,分析其核基因组的遗传多样性和亲缘关系。 在15份材料间共检测到63个等位基因,多态性位点百分率为4048%,平均每个位点的等位基因数为1.5个,平均基因多样性为0.18。4套同核异质不育系的平均相同位点为54.5个,占总等位基因数的86.51%,差异位点为8.5个,占13.49%。同核异质的不育系与保持系间具有平均77.78%的相同位点和22.22%的差异位点。同质异核不育系中则具有平均53.97%的相同位点和46.03%的差异位点。同时,获得了一些不育系和保持系的指纹图谱。根据不育系和保持系聚类分析图,在遗传距离为 0.22处划分为3群,第1群包括华农A和华育A不育系及其保持系共8份材料,第2群包括N9A、N10A和N11A等3份科珍2A材料,第3群包括N12A、N13A、N14A和N12 16B等4份珍汕97A同核异质系。同一套同核异质系基本上都优先聚类在一起,与其选育系谱一致。     

浅谈甜菜育种部分专业名词

针对甜菜育种中一些名词概念不清楚、使用易混淆等问题,经过引用、分析相关文献,对这些名词进行了探讨。指出甜菜不同于小麦、水稻等作物,育种中没有恢复系;目前栽培用甜菜不育系都为同质系,异型系是指相互之间具有不育和保持能力的非特定关系的、没有共同血缘关系的品系;二环系是自交系的一种,异型保持之后的新不育系称为二元不育系;光温敏核不育是核不育的一种。     

甜菜育种案例浅析

通过理论和育种实践分析,保持系的选育应该仔细分辨花药表现类型,按照欧文理论体系选育出具有Nxxzz基因类型的材料,抗病材料的选育应该在杂交后F2代进行选育或者成系后引入外来基因进行有目的改良。     

不育系和保持系空瘪粒花药残迹的差异及在鉴别中的应用

不育系与保持系雄蕊形态结构的差异，造成了空瘪粒中花药残迹的差异。实验与分析表明：保持系花药残迹率低，平均为１５．６２％，花药残迹为枯黄色，而不育系花药残迹率高，平均为 ７７．２２％；花药残迹为白色。据此，可作为一种简易有效的方法应用于田间除杂和田间检验。     

甘蓝型油菜优质胞质不育系492A、保持系492B的选育

农艺性状好的双低甘蓝型油菜品系２２４－２同时分别与非优质的胞质不育系Ｄ６Ａ和保持系Ｄ６Ｂ杂交,使遗传基因转育到Ｄ６Ａ、Ｄ６Ｂ之中,再从（Ｄ６Ｂ＊２２４－２）ＢＣ１Ｆ２中选株与（Ｄ６Ａ＊２２４－２）ＢＣ１Ｆ２中分离朱育株测充、回交、同时测定父本品种,。这样能较快地稳定农艺性状,并将不育基因、保持基因和优良品质基因等整合到亲不育系、新保持系中,新不育系４９２Ａ和新保持系４９２Ｂ的特征性多倾向于２２４－     

大豆M型质核互作雄性不育三系选育方法的研究

大豆雄性不育三系选育方法，首先测交父本必须是真正纯合的材料，选用地域或类型差异显著的父本配制组合，更易选出强优组合，采用分期播种方法，能够有效调节纬度差异较大地区父母花期相遇。     

利用M型质核互作不育系配制高产组合的研究

用大豆M型质核互作雄性不育系W931A作母本配制了22个杂交组合，对其F1、F2进行产量测定表明：所有杂交组合的F1都具有超亲优势，变幅为3.78%-132.16%，平均超亲优势为44.22%，其中19个杂交组合的F1具有超标优势，变幅为6.04%-66.04%，平均超标优势为31.06%；F2代的超亲优势平均为3.18%，超标优势平均为-6.24%。统计结果认为：F1的产量优势与恢复系（父本）的来源关系密切，来自南方父本的杂交组合的超亲和超标优势分别比黄淮父本的杂交组合高22.93%、24.83%；F2代杂种优势衰退显著，不宜利用。     

蓝标型小麦核不育、保持系的遗传改良

为改善蓝标型小麦核不育、保持系的农艺性状,使其能够应用于杂种小麦生产,利用轮回选择、标记及育性分离鉴定方法对原蓝标型小麦核不育、保持系进行了遗传改良,初步转育出了新型蓝标型不育、保持系。试验结果表明,改良后的不育、保持系育性稳定,农艺性状较好,生长发育正常。这说明利用轮回选择、标记及育性分离选择是蓝标型小麦核不育、保持系转育和遗传改良的有效途径。     

Comparisons on Genetic Diversity among the Isonuclear-Alloplasmic Male Sterile Lines and Their Maintainer Lines in Rice

Four sets of rice isonuclear-alloplasmic lines including 16 male sterile lines and their maintainer lines were analyzed by using 91 pairs of SSR primers to study the genetic diversity of nuclear genome and their relative relationships. A total of 169 alleles were detected in the 16 lines, with a frequency of polymorphic loci of 53.85% and an average number of alleles per locus of 1.8, and the average gene diversity was 0.228. Four sets of the isonuclear-alloplasmic male sterile lines shared 146 identical alleles, corresponding to 86.39% of the total alleles; meanwhile, there are 23 different alleles among the tested materials, being 13.61% of the total alleles. On average, 78.70% identical alleles and 21.30% different alleles of the total alleles were detected between the isonuclear-alloplasmic male sterile lines and their maintainer lines. There were 53.85% identical alleles and 46.15% different alleles of the total alleles among the homozygous allonucleus male sterile lines. The fingerprints were established for some male sterile lines and maintainer lines. All the materials tested were divided into three groups at the 0.2 genetic distance based on the cluster analysis. Eight lines of Huanong A and Huayu A (including Huanong B and Huayu B) were in the first group, four lines of Kezhen A (including Kezhen B) in the second group, and four lines of Zhenshan 97A (including Zhenshan 97B) in the third group. For the isonuclear-alloplasmic male sterile lines, the similarity coefficient between Y (Yegong) type and WA (wild abortive) type or between CW (Raoping wild rice) and WA type reached 87-98%.     

雄性不育单粒型甜菜制种技术与良繁基地的建立

概述了2000-2004年在张掖市甘州区、高台县、民乐县雄性不育单粒型甜菜制种的成功经验；提出了雄性不育单粒型甜菜制种技术规程；建立了高产优质的良繁体系与基地。其制种产量可达到1500-3000kg／hm^2，发芽率达到国家行业标准2级以上。     

SRAP对东北区骨干甜菜单胚品系的遗传多样性分析

为了探明东北区甜菜单胚不育系的遗传基础和类群划分,使用SRAP分子标记技术对48份东北区甜菜单胚品系骨干材料的遗传多样性进行分析。筛选出21对多态性较高的引物组合对供试材料进行PCR扩增,共扩增出366条带,其中196条是多态性带,平均多态性条带比率是53.6%。平均遗传距离是0.3945,平均遗传相似系数是0.6740。利用MEGA3.1软件,在遗传距离0.20处,供试材料被分为5个类群。结果表明,东北区48份甜菜单胚品系骨干材料的遗传多样性较为丰富,利用各类不育系做亲本,将可获得杂交优势好的杂交组合。     

甜菜细胞质雄性不育系与其保持系游离脯氨酸含量的差异

以甜菜3个细胞质雄性不育系及其相应保持系为材料,对营养生长阶段叶片中的脯氨酸含量进行了研究.结果表明:在甜菜营养生长阶段的4个时期中,脯氨酸含量基本表现为保持系高于不育系.说明不育系和保持系在营养生长阶段生理生化代谢上已经存在差异.     

Development and Application of SCAR Markers for Discriminating Cytoplasmic Male Sterile Lines from Their Cognate Maintainer Lines in Indica Rice

The DNA fragments about 1 600 bp were amplified using random amplified polymorphism DNA (RAPD) primer OPA12 with the templates of mitochondrial DNA of Zhenshan 97A and Zhenshan 97B,and were sequenced.The nucleotide sequences and lengths of the fragments from Zhenshan 97A and Zhenshan 97B showed no difference.The precise length of the fragment was 1 588 bp.Sequence characterized amplification region (SCAR) primers were then developed to discriminate the cytoplasmic male sterile (CMS) lines and their maintainer lines.A specific 1 588 bp fragment could be amplified with SCAR primers,CHI19F2/CHI19R2 and CHI20F3/CHI23R3,in the mitochondrial DNA of Zhenshan 97A,but not Zhenshan 97B.Furthermore,the specific fragment could be also amplified from the total DNA from green leaf tissues of Zhenshan 97A with SCAR primers,but not Zhenshan 97B.With the corresponding primers,the specific fragment could also be amplified from the total DNA of green leaves of other two CMS lines with wild abortive type cytoplasm (CMS-WA),namely Zhenpin A and Tianfeng A,but not in their maintainer lines.Moreover,using total DNA as template,each of the four pairs of SCAR primers could also be used to amplify the 1 588 bp fragment in CMS-ID (Indonesia paddy type) line Ⅱ-32A,but not in II-32B,and the specific fragment was amplified from the DNA of both F1 and F2 seedlings of Shanyou 63.The results of detecting the genetic purity of a man-made mixture of the seeds of Zhenshan 97A using CHI20F3/CHI23R3 were completely consistent with the phenotypes.Taken together,these results indicated that the specific 1 588 bp-fragment amplified by CHI20F3/CHI23R3 was the unique amplification products of CMS mitochondrial DNA,and could be used to distinguish CMS-WA and CMS-ID lines from their corresponding maintainer lines at the seedling stage.     

甜菜单粒型三倍体杂交种吉洮单162的选育

吉洮单162是以单粒二倍体雄性不育系JTD-2A为母本,多粒四倍体品系TL1-3为父本,按31∶比例自然杂交而成。该品种在2002～2003年黑龙江省甜菜品种区域试验中,平均根产量为40985.55kg/hm2,比对照品种甜研303增产19.38%;含糖16.59%,比对照品种低0.45度;产糖量为6847.28kg/hm2,比对照品种增加16.44%。吉洮单162稳定性好,抗褐斑病,耐根腐病,适宜在黑龙江和吉林省及其它气候、土壤类似地区种植。     

甜菜二倍体雄性不育系杂交种内蒙古九号的选育

内蒙古九号是以二倍体雄性不育系为母本、3个自交系为父本配制而成的杂交种,经过1980～1984年小区试验、1985～1987年全国区域试验,并于1985、1988、1989年分别在内蒙古、河北、陕西等省(区)进行了生产示范,该杂交种突出的优点是适应性强、抗旱能力强,尤其是在无灌溉条件的丘陵地区种植,产质量表现均优于引进或当地推广品种。