降雨强度对三峡库区坡耕地土壤氮、磷流失主要形态的影响

揭示紫色土坡耕地在不同降雨条件下对土壤养分流失及其环境效益的影响,对于保护三峡库区水环境具有重要意义。通过径流场试验分析2010年5月1日-7月10日6次降雨过程中紫色土坡耕地的氮、磷流失特征。结果表明:大雨时产生的径流量分别为中雨和小雨时的2.34,7.59倍,同时大雨产生的径流中TN、TP含量高于小雨和中雨时,大雨导致的氮、磷流失远远超过中雨与小雨。大雨时产生的累积泥沙量分别是中雨和小雨的8.34,111.38倍。紫色土坡耕地径流中TN、TP的主要形式是有泥沙携带的颗粒态氮、磷,降雨量越大,颗粒态氮、磷的比例越高。中雨产生的径流中颗粒态氮占TN的74.9%～75.9%,大雨产生的径流中颗粒态氮占TN的比例更高,达到85.0%～92.6%。颗粒态磷是径流中磷的主要形态,大雨、中雨、小雨产生的径流中颗粒态磷占TP的比例分别为96.6%～97.7%,93.9%～96.2%,90.5%～94.4%。紫色土坡耕地氮、磷流失主要是以泥沙为载体,这在降雨量较大时表现得尤为明显。控制坡耕地氮、磷流失应着重考虑控制降雨量较大时的氮、磷流失。     

宁夏荒漠草原种子雨研究

近年来,有关土壤种子库研究的报道较多,但种子雨的研究较少,因此以宁夏荒漠草原为研究对象,采用样线法,以培养皿为种子雨收集器,对种子雨的散布特点及种子雨与地上植被的关系进行了研究。结果表明:种子雨的植物种类为8种,多年生草本植物所占比例较大为62.5%;种子雨的散布8—10月份为逐渐递增的趋势,10月份为种子雨散布的高峰期,8—10月份种子雨的密度分别为（73.60±12.24）个/m²,（77.85±11.81）个/m²,（240.62±41.08）个/m²;种子雨植物密度和地上植物密度没有显著的相关性;种子雨植物种和地上植物种的相似性为0.457,相似性较低。研究结果可以为种子雨、种子库、地上植被间相互关系的研究提供参考。     

Vegetation cover and rain timing co-regulate the responses of soil CO2 efflux to rain increase in an arid desert ecosystem

Climate models often predict that more extreme precipitation events will occur in arid and semiarid regions, where C cycling is particularly sensitive to the amount and seasonal distribution of precipitation. Although the effects of precipitation change on soil carbon processes in desert have been studied intensively, how vegetation cover and rain timing co-regulate the responses of soil CO₂ efflux to precipitation change is still not well understood. In this study, a field manipulative experiment was conducted with five simulated rain addition treatments (natural rains plus 0%, 25%, 50%, 75%, 100% of local annual mean precipitation) in a desert ecosystem in Northwest China. The rain addition treatments were applied with 16 field rain enrichment systems on the 10th day of each month from May to September, 2009. Soil water content, soil temperature and soil CO₂ efflux rates were measured in both bare and vegetated soils before and after the rain addition during a 3-week period for each rain treatment. The response magnitude and duration of soil CO₂ efflux to rain addition depended not only on the rain amount but also on the type of vegetation covers and the timing of rain addition treatments. Soil water content responded quickly to the rain addition regardless of rain amount and timing, but soil CO₂ efflux increased to rain addition only in May–July but not in late growing season (September). In addition, soil CO₂ efflux from the bare and vegetated soils showed similar increase to rain additions in May–July, but they demonstrated distinct responses to rain addition in September. The differences in the responses of soil CO₂ efflux to rain addition between the bare and vegetated soils could be explained by the root activities stimulated by added rain water, while the difference in soil CO₂ efflux response to rain addition among treatment times could be attributed to soil water condition prior to rain addition and/or soil temperature drop following rain addition. Thus, both vegetation cover and rain timing can co-regulate responses of soil CO₂ efflux to future precipitation change in arid desert ecosystems, which should be considered when predicting future carbon balance of desert ecosystems in arid and semiarid regions.     

追肥时间对小麦拔节-成熟期氧化亚氮排放的影响

2007～2008年采用3种追肥时间(雨前追肥、雨时追肥和雨后追肥)进行田间试验,观测小麦拔节-成熟期N2O排放,以探讨追肥时间对麦季N2O排放的影响。结果表明,与雨前追肥和雨时追肥相比,雨后追肥小麦拔节-成熟期N2O排放量分别减少37%～67%和22%～46%。各处理小麦产量无显著差异(p>0.05)。土壤水分含量是影响小麦拔节-成熟期N2O排放的关键因素。雨后趁墒追肥能显著减少小麦拔节-成熟期N2O排放且不影响小麦产量,是较为合理的追肥方式。     

模拟酸雨对施肥条件下赤红壤氮磷淋失特征的影响

通过土柱模拟淋洗试验,研究了施用等量有机复合肥条件下,不同酸度模拟酸雨对赤红壤氮磷淋失特征的影响。结果表明,铵态氮、硝态氮、无机氮和总氮淋失量均随酸雨pH值增大而下降;pH 2.0模拟酸雨和对照(pH 6.5)的无机氮和总氮淋失量差异不显著,但均显著高于pH 3.0、pH 4.0和pH 5.0酸雨;pH 5.0模拟酸雨无机氮和总氮淋失量均最低,表明强酸性酸雨和中性淋洗液均促进氮淋失,而酸度与土壤接近的酸雨减少氮淋失。与对照相比,模拟酸雨对DP淋失无显著影响,但显著降低PP和TP淋失;不同模拟酸雨各形态磷淋失量均无显著差异,表明酸雨对赤红壤磷淋失影响有限。酸雨对淋滤液氮磷浓度动态变化和氮磷累计淋失量动态变化等均无显著影响。     

1961-2013年东北地区夏季降水变化趋势分析

选取东北地区84个气象站1961—2013年逐日降水资料,利用Mann-Kendall统计检验方法、线性回归、气候倾向率和变异系数方法分析了近50年东北地区夏季降水日数、降水量和降水强度的时空变化特征,讨论了夏季不同等级降水日数和降水强度变化趋势和变异场特征。结果表明:近53年,东北地区夏季降水日数呈显著的下降趋势,其变化总体呈现出60年代 > 70年代≈80年代 > 90年代 > 21世纪前13年（2001—2013年）的特征,而降水量和降水强度的升降变化并不显著。东北地区夏季小雨雨日总体呈下降趋势,其中,东北地区东南部降幅最大,平均为-2.5～-1 d/10 a;中雨雨日倾向率也以下降为主;大雨、暴雨雨日倾向率的下降区域位于黑龙江中部、吉林西北部和辽东半岛,而在辽宁中部、黑龙江西部和内蒙东北部为大雨和暴雨雨日上升区。东北地区夏季小雨雨强倾向率在东北地区东南部以上升为主,升幅为0～0.1 mm/10 a,而西北部主要以下降为主,降幅为-0.1～0 mm/10 a;东北地区夏季大雨和暴雨日数波动较大,尤以暴雨日数的波动最为显著,相比于大雨和暴雨,小雨、中雨雨日和雨强的变化都要更稳定。     

酸雨对土壤呼吸的影响机制研究进展与展望

土壤呼吸是陆地生态系统与大气之间进行碳交换的主要途径,其动态变化直接影响着全球碳平衡。由于人类活动的影响,酸雨成为人类当前面临的最严重的生态环境问题之一,但其对土壤呼吸的影响及其机理尚无定论。本文综述了不同生态系统土壤呼吸对酸雨的响应特征,多数文献表明,高强度的酸雨抑制土壤呼吸,而在低强度的酸雨作用下土壤呼吸的响应存在差异。从影响土壤呼吸的4个关键生物因子,即光合作用、微生物、凋落物和根系生物量,重点讨论了酸雨对土壤呼吸的影响机制。在此基础上,提出了以下研究展望:①开展土壤呼吸对不同组成类型酸雨的响应研究;②开展与土壤碳排放相关的功能微生物对酸雨的响应研究;③开展不同物候期土壤呼吸对酸雨的响应研究;④开展土壤呼吸各过程对酸雨的响应研究;⑤建立全球酸雨地区土壤碳排放监测研究网络。     

A two-year experience on 15N-urea fertilization of a corn field amended with fly ash

Soybean seedlings (Glycine max) were exposed to simulated acid rain containing sulfate ion only or a mixture of sulfate, nitrate and chloride anions, using a continuous rain generating system in a side opened glasshouse. Plants were subjected to acid rain treatment twice a week, for a 1 or 3 hr period at a rate of 2.2 or 5.0 mm hr^?1, respectively. Dry seed yield in plants treated with simulated acid rain at pH 2.0, in the three of 4 experiments conducted over a 3 yr period, was significantly less than that at pH 3.0 or higher. Simulated acid rain treatment at pH 3.0 or higher did not significantly affect yield compared to pH 5.6; however, plants exposed to simulated acid rain at pH 4.0 tended to yield more than those treated with pH 5.6 rain. Based on the current 3 years of research in which results from 4 experiments were combined, rain acidity at current levels in Japan would not directly affect seed production of selected cultivars of soybean.     

Comparing micrometeorology of rain forests in Biosphere-2 and Amazon basin

Micrometeorological variables measured in the BIOSPHERE-2 Center (B2C) enclosed rain forest biome for 1 year were compared with similar measurements made in the Amazon rain forest. In the B2C rain forest, the overlying glass and supporting structure significantly reduces (by approximately a factor of two) the incoming solar radiation. Monthly mean values of above-canopy and within-canopy air temperature, vapor pressure, and vapor pressure deficit are reasonably similar to those of the Amazon rain forest, but there are marked differences in the above-canopy values of these variables in the Arizona summer. Monthly mean diurnal trends also show significant differences. Measurements of vertical air temperature gradient clearly showed two very distinct environments in the 27.4 m high rain forest dome during daylight hours. There is a comparatively cool and fairly well-mixed environment (which is reasonably similar to that found in a natural rain forest) below about 10 m and a hot, thermally stable environment above about 15 m. The nature of the atmospheric turbulence within the B2C rain forest also is significantly different from that normally found in natural rain forests. There is little turbulent mixing above the forest canopy in this enclosed environment. These findings are important for guiding the operation and use of this experimental rain forest facility in future research and for understanding how the rain forest biome functions in an enclosed environment.     

安徽淮河流域各级降水时空变化及其对农业的影响

利用淮河流域安徽省境内多个台站的逐日降水资料,采用点面结合、长短期结合的方式,分析淮河流域不同级别的降水量、降水日数和降水强度的时空分布特点及其对农业生产的影响。结果表明,年总降水量、大雨量和暴雨量随时间变化的趋势不显著,但年总降水日数减少,大雨以上级别雨日有微弱增加趋势,夏季降水量和大雨以上级别降水占总降水量的比例也有增加趋势;年和夏季的大雨和暴雨强度随时间呈显著的二次曲线关系,20世纪90年代后呈增大趋势;产量与降水量和降水日数均为二次曲线关系,与降水量的相关系数高于降水日数。近年来,平均年降水量和夏季降水量均高于农作物获得高产的最适值,涝灾受灾面积有明显的增加趋势。     

Effect of simulated acid rain on mycorrhizal infection of Pinus strobus L.

Mycorrhizal infection but not growth of white pine seedlings was reduced by application of simulated rain at pH 3.5 at 3 times ambient rates to plants grown in steamed Mardin soil inoculated with Pisolithus tinctorius. In unsteamed Mardin soil, the simulated acid rain at 3 times ambient rates had no effect on mycorrhizal infection or growth of pine seedlings if the rain was applied to the plants and soil or to only the soil before planting, except that nitrate-containing acid rain increased growth, infection and N content. In limed Mardin soil, the simulated acid rain reduced mycorrhizal infection if applied to the plants and soil as the seedlings were growing but not if applied to the soil before planting. Application of pH 3.5 rain at ambient rates had no detectable influence on mycorrhizal infection in 6 of 9 soils tested, but it stimulated infestion in 3 soils if the simulated rain contained only sulfate and in 1 soil if it had both sulfate and nitrate.     

Investigation of Alkaline Nature of Rain Water in India

Increased industrialization and urbanization lead to the atmospheric acidity which causes acid rain. However, in India, the nature of rain water has been observed to be alkaline. The reason for alkaline nature of rain water is found to be the buffering of acidity by soil-derived aerosols which are rich in Ca. Over the Indian Ocean where concentrations of soil dust are negligible, the acid rain has been observed to be a common phenomenon during INDOEX campaigns. In the Indian subcontinent, observations have indicated that rain becomes acidic when the buffering potential of rain water is weak. The weak buffering potential may be due to less interference of soil dust, acidic nature of soil or very high influence of industrial source.     

模拟酸雨对茶园土壤中铅的溶出及形态转化的影响

采用模拟酸雨连续淋洗的方法,研究了茶园土壤的酸化以及不同铅污染程度土壤中铅的溶出和形态转化规律。结果表明,土壤的酸化程度受酸雨酸性强度的控制,酸雨pH越低,土壤酸化程度越强;土壤中铅的溶出总量随模拟酸雨的酸度和土壤本身含铅量的增加而增加,但是土壤滤液中铅含量随时间变化的规律只受模拟酸雨的pH影响;土壤铅污染程度越严重,其中的活性态铅含量越高,同时pH<4.5的酸雨会使土壤中的非活性态铅大量向活性态转化,这将导致土壤中铅的活化而增加其生态风险。     

Effects of Simulated Acid Rain on Pinus densiflora: Inhibition of Net Photosynthesis by the Pheophytization of Chlorophyll

This research addressed the effects of simulated acid rain on the chlorophyll contents of leaves of Pinus densiflora, on the net photosynthetic rate on a unit chlorophyll basis, and on chlorophyll degradation. When NO₃- concentrations in rain water increased, the chlorophyll_a+b contents of the leaves increased in parallel, even though the pH of the simulated rain decreased. The nitrogen content of the rain was sufficient to stimulate the production of chlorophyll and was able to override any degradative effect expected due to the H⁺ input from acid rain. The absorption spectrum of chlorophyll extracted from the leaves exposed to acid rain showed peaks at 665, 606 and 535 nm, characteristic of pheophytin a, indicating degradation of chlorophyll to pheophytin. Net photosynthetic rate on the basis of chlorophyll content was reduced by acid rain, even though the total chlorophyll content of the leaves was increased. The acid rain does, therefore, simultaneously increase chlorophyll content and reduce the efficiency of the use of chlorophyll in photosynthesis. This reduced efficiency may be linked to the increase in the rate of degradation of chlorophyll to pheophytin.     

酸雨对黄土磷的淋溶效应

采用室内土柱模拟淋溶试验,分析了陕西省杨凌区3种土壤在5个酸雨梯度的侵蚀作用下,土壤磷的释放和迁移规律.结果表明,酸雨会使土壤受到一定程度的酸化,而土壤的酸化程度与酸雨的pH值、土壤的类型、土壤的pH值、阳离子交换量、有机质含量有关.土壤对酸雨的缓冲能力由大到小的顺序为:腐殖质层＞母质层＞黏化层.随着酸雨累积淋溶量的增加,土壤磷的释放总量呈增加趋势,但淋失率会下降.酸雨的pH值为5时土壤磷的累积淋失量最大,土壤磷的累积淋失量和淋失率顺序为:腐殖质层＞黏化层＞母质层.酸雨对腐殖质层的磷具有最强侵蚀效应.母质层和黏化层的酸化主要发生在土壤表层,而腐殖质层酸化主要发生在土壤底层,酸雨侵蚀后腐殖质层酸化最严重.长期的酸雨侵蚀会导致土壤磷流失,造成土壤养分贫瘠化.     

建设工程迹地岩土坡植被营造试验研究——以珠海市为例

对建设工程迹地岩土坡植被营造技术进行了探讨,认为应根据岩土坡的不同类型采取不同的植被营造技术措施。在植被营造过程中,始终采用林、草、藤结合模式,加强坡面植被多层次覆盖,起到明显的蓄水保土的效果。据测定,植被营造之后,暴雨平均减少径流量15.5%,保沙率41.0%;大雨平均减少径流量26.7%,保沙率64.0%;中雨平均减少径流量32.0%,保沙率73.0%;小雨平均减少径流量75.0%,保沙率100%。     

Stages in the History of China's Acid Rain Control Strategy in the Light of China-Japan Relations

We analyze the history of acid rain in China over the last three decades in the light of the relationship between China and Japan. China has been aware of the problem of acid rain and has been conducting scientific research since the late 1970s. However, little effort has been put into practical countermeasures. In the early 1990s, acid rain was re-evaluated as an international environmental problem. Meanwhile, Japan became concerned about trans-boundary air pollution from China. What is important is that Japan's concern strongly influences China's acid rain policy. In the context of growing international concern for environmental problems, China has taken remarkable steps to control acid rain. In this respect, dealing with acid rain is an issue of national pride for China.     

海河流域不同等级降水强度和雨日的时空变化特征

利用1960-2013年海河流域30个气象站点的日降水量资料,采用一元线性趋势、5a滑动趋势、MannKendall检验、Morlet小波分析、反距离空间插值(IDW)等方法,对海河流域不同等级降水强度和雨日的时空变化特征进行研究。结果表明,(1)与东南部地区相比,海河流域西北部地区大雨以上级别雨日少,强度小,而小雨雨日相对更多,强度相对更大,暴雨以上级别雨日表现出由东南向西北递减的趋势。(2)小雨是海河流域主要降水形式,近54a来小雨日数呈极显著减少趋势(P0.01),小雨强度呈极显著增大趋势(P0.01),其它量级雨日和强度的线性变化趋势均不显著;不同等级降水强度和雨日的M-K检验结果显示,小雨日数发生减少突变,小雨强度发生由弱向强的转折变化,但未出现突变,其它雨量等级未发生突变。(3)不同等级降水日数的变化周期集中在10a、17a左右,各等级降水强度的变化周期均集中在17a左右。     

Source areas for chemical components in Minnesota rain

Air parcel back trajectories were used to quantify the contributions of major source areas to the chemical composition of rainwater in an area of central Minnesota. Air masses arriving from the SW contributed the majority of the rain, and the rain contained the highest concentrations of the chemical components. However, rain from the SW quadrant was less acidic than rain arriving from other quadrants because it contained a disproportionate amount of alkaline cations. It was inferred from meteorological evidence that components in rain arriving at the study site from the SW quadrant may have come from eastern and southern U.S.A. sources and been transported around a high pressure system to Minnesota. Rain from the SE quadrant was the most acidic. Concentrations of substances in rain arriving from the NW were higher than expected, consistent with a possible impact from western coal development.     

闽北坡地不同土地利用方式的降雨与土壤侵蚀的关系研究

以闽北农地、果园、竹林地、清耕地4种土地利用方式为研究对象,分析了54场降雨条件下不同土地利用类型的土壤流失量差异及次降雨量与土壤流失量的关系.结果表明:土壤流失量大小顺序为:清耕地>果园>竹林地>农地;小雨、中雨、大雨、暴雨4个雨强等级的土壤流失量均以清耕地为最大,果园次之,竹林地的土壤流失量除在小雨小于农地,其它三个雨量级都高于农地;竹林地和农地从大雨开始土壤流失量增加较快,果园和清耕地从中雨开始土壤流失量增加较快;4种不同土地利用方式的土壤流失量与次降雨量的关系呈指数函数关系.