长期施肥对我国6种旱地小麦磷肥回收率的影响

为阐明长期施肥下小麦磷肥回收率的时间及空间变化特征,对我国6种旱地土壤（红壤、黑土、均壤质潮土、轻壤质潮土、塿土和黄棕壤）长期不同施肥下的磷肥回收率及相关指标进行了分析。结果表明,长期施用NPK化肥（NPK）,均壤质潮土、轻壤质潮土、塿土、黄棕壤上小麦当季磷肥回收率随时间增加而显著升高,每年平均分别上升 0.80、0.60、1.30和0.44个百分点;化肥有机肥配施（NPKM）,每年平均上升0.25～1.72个百分点。黑土上小麦磷肥回收率长期施用NPK的变化不大,施用NPKM的显著升高,平均每年上升 0.50个百分点;红壤上磷肥回收率NPK处理呈下降趋势,平均每年下降 0.86个百分点,而NPKM处理保持平稳,说明施用有机肥有利于提升磷肥回收率。不同土壤上小麦当季磷肥回收率的变化速率与土壤磷的形态密切相关,以无机钙磷为主要形态的土壤（均壤质潮土、轻壤质潮土、塿土）小麦磷肥回收率均高于以有机磷为主要形态的黑土和以无机闭蓄态磷为主要形态的红壤。小麦当季磷肥回收率受土壤性质的影响,与土壤全磷和pH值之间具有显著的正相关关系（P0.05）。     

长期不同施肥方式对砷在典型壤质潮土及作物中累积的影响

本文研究了长期(1989—2009年)不同施肥方式对砷在黄淮海地区典型壤质潮土及作物中累积的影响。田间试验设置7个处理:有机肥(OM)、OM+无机化肥氮磷钾(NPK)、NPK、NP、PK、NK和不施肥(CK),OM+NPK处理为有机肥和无机化肥氮磷钾各施一半。结果显示,长期不同施肥方式下砷在表层(0~20 cm)及亚表层(20~40 cm)土壤中的含量均有明显累积,但含量较低(<25 mg.kg 1),对农田生态环境安全的影响较小。土壤中砷的累积主要与灌溉及沉降有关,受施肥方式的影响相对较小。磷肥中砷的含量明显高于氮肥、钾肥及有机肥,磷肥的长期施用促进了砷在PK处理土壤中的累积,但在作物产量较高的情况下,对其在土壤中累积趋势的影响较小,而有机肥的添加则会减缓这种累积趋势。砷在小麦和玉米两种典型作物组织中的含量分布表现为:根系>茎叶>籽粒,其中籽粒中砷的含量显著低于根系及国家食品安全相关标准。经过长期不同方式的施肥处理,砷在小麦组织中的含量表现为:PK>OM>OM+NPK>NPK>NP>NK>CK,与土壤中有效磷含量的变化基本一致,并间接受到土壤有机质的影响。在OM、OM+NPK、NPK和NP施肥处理下,土壤有机质含量及作物产量均较高,土壤有机质含量的提高促进了砷在小麦体内的富集,但对其在玉米根系中含量的影响不明显;玉米生长期较短且产量较高,对砷的需求量较大,土壤中有效态砷含量的不足抑制了其在玉米根系中的分布,但玉米通过加强组织对砷的转移能力提高了其在茎叶中的含量。     

设施菜地利用强度对土壤磷形态分布及其有效性的影响——以江苏省水耕人为土和潮湿雏形土为例

以江苏省水耕人为土和潮湿雏形土两种土壤类型为对象,研究了设施菜地利用强度对土壤磷形态分布及其有效性的影响.结果表明:随利用强度增加,两种土壤类型的各磷形态含量均有所增加,以水溶态磷和铝结合态磷(Al-P)增加最为显著(P<0.05).而水耕人为土闭蓄态磷(O-P)占总磷百分比和潮湿雏形土残渣态磷占总磷百分比随利用强度增...     

SOIL NUTRIENT CHANGES WITH FERTILIZER TYPE IN CASSAVA-BASED CROPPING SYSTEM

ABSTRACT

The changes in soil nutrient status following the application of different fertilizer types were studied in field experiments involving maize-melon intercrop relayed into a cassava-soybean intercrop between 1995 and 1997. The soil at the experimental site was a Kanhaplic Haplustalf, which was under continuous cultivation with arable crops for seven years and fallow for four years. The effects of organic and inorganic fertilizers were investigated singly and in combination. The type of fertilizer had no significant effect on the soil pH, although, cropping significantly lowered the pH from 6.0 to 5.7. Cropping also significantly reduced the soil organic matter and total nitrogen (N). The soil organic matter (OM) and total N were most depleted with organic fertilizer application. Complementary application of organic and inorganic fertilizers limited the degree of depletion from 31.0 to 12.1 g kg^?1 of OM and 1.8 to 0.6 g kg^?1 total N. Soil available P was increased (60%) by inorganic fertilizer while the organic fertilizer increased it by 145% and the combined fertilizer by 186%. Exchangeable calcium (Ca) was depleted by about 12% with organic fertilizer application, 15% by inorganic fertilizer and about 19% with complementary application of organic and inorganic fertilizers. Exchangeable sodium (Na) was reduced from 0.43 to about 0.38 cmol kg^?1 while magnesium (Mg) was increased from 0.5 to about 0.6 cmol kg^?1.     

Sugarcane Biomass Yield Response to Phosphorus Fertilizer on Four Mineral Soils as Related to Extractable Soil Phosphorus

ABSTRACT

The efficient use of phosphorus (P) fertilizers is very important in South Florida so that the environmental impact is minimal while meeting crop demand. To ensure that this is accomplished, an updated soil test P calibration is needed for sugarcane (Saccharum spp.) grown on Florida mineral soils, which accounts for almost 30% of the total sugarcane planted in the state. An outdoor pot experiment was conducted with the objective of evaluating four soil extractants for potential use in soil test P calibrations. Sugarcane cultivar CL 88–4730 was grown in 26L pots in a randomized complete block design with four replications of four P fertilizer rates (0, 38, 76, and 152 mg P L^?1 soil) and four soil series (2 Spodosols, 1 Entisol, and 1 Alfisol). Sugarcane biomass was significantly increased with P fertilizer application and extractable soil P significantly increased with increasing P fertilizer rate. Strongest relationships of extractable soil P with relative fresh weight yield were determined with the water, acetic acid, and ammonium acetate extractants. All extractants tested, including Mehlich 3, had significant relationships with relative yield and leaf P concentration and so all these extractants should be considered in further field calibration studies with sugarcane on Florida mineral soils.

Abbreviations: EAA: Everglades Agricultural Area; EREC: Everglades Research and Education Center; OM: organic matter; TSP: Triple superphosphate     

Effects of organic matter addition on phosphorus availability to flooded and nonflooded rice in a P‐deficient tropical soil: a greenhouse study

Addition of organic matter (OM) to flooded soils stimulates reductive dissolution of Fe(III) minerals, thereby mobilizing associated phosphate (P). Hence, OM management has the potential to overcome P deficiency. This study assessed if OM applications increases soil or mineral fertilizer P availability to rice under anaerobic (flooded) condition and if that effect is different relative to that in aerobic (nonflooded) soils. Rice was grown in P‐deficient soil treated with combinations of addition of mineral P (0, 26 mg P/kg), OM (0, ~9 g OM/kg as rice straw + cattle manure) and water treatments (flooded vs nonflooded) in a factorial pot experiment. The OM was either freshly added just before flooding or incubated moist in soil for 6 months prior to flooding; blanket N and K was added in all treatments. Fresh addition of OM promoted reductive dissolution of Fe(III) minerals in flooded soils, whereas no such effect was found when OM had been incubated for 6 months before flooding. Yield and shoot P uptake largely increased with mineral P addition in all soils, whereas OM addition increased yield and P uptake only in flooded soils following fresh OM addition. The combination of mineral P and OM gave the largest yield and P uptake. Addition of OM just prior to soil flooding increased P uptake but was insufficient to overcome P deficiency in the absence of mineral P. Larger applications of OM are unlikely to be more successful in flooded soils due to side effects, such as Fe toxicity.     

长期不同施肥红壤磷素特征和流失风险研究

为探索长期施肥对红壤磷素吸附固持的影响,分析不同施肥土壤磷流失风险及影响因素。在南方丘陵区红壤上开展了持续25年的长期定位试验,处理包括:不施肥(CK)、施氮肥(N)、施磷肥(P)、施钾肥(K)、施氮磷钾肥(NPK1)、施2倍量氮磷钾肥(NPK2)、单施有机肥(OM)和氮磷钾配施有机肥(MNPK)。研究了不同施肥下土壤全磷、Olsen-P、Mehlich1-P、CaCl2-P含量及磷吸持指数(PSI)、磷饱和度(DPS)的变化,探讨不同施肥处理土壤对磷的吸附和解吸特征,并分析了土壤磷指标与土壤有机碳、pH、CEC之间的关系。结果表明:长期施用化学磷肥有利于补充土壤磷素,特别是土壤全磷,并使Olesn-P和Mehlich 1-P有增加趋势,而对CaCl2-P影响不显著;施用化肥对DPS影响不显著,单施磷会降低PSI,低量氮磷钾提高了PSI,高量氮磷钾处理与对照差异不显著;长期施用有机肥(猪粪)土壤全磷增加,而Olsen-P、Mehlich 1-P和CaCl2-P则大幅累积, PSI显著降低, DPS显著增加。长期施用化肥处理土壤对新添加磷的吸附较强,长期施用有机肥降低了土壤对新添加磷的吸附;土壤全磷、Olsen-P、Mehlich1-P、CaCl2-P、PSI、DPS及最大吸附容量(Qm)与土壤pH、CEC、土壤总有机碳(TSOC)、土壤水溶性有机碳[冷水提取水溶性有机碳(CWSOC)和热水提取水溶性有机碳(HWSOC)]间相关性较高;土壤磷指标和土壤有机碳、pH、CEC指标之间存在典型相关关系,第1对和第2对典型变量的典型相关系数分别为0.997和0.951,达显著水平。研究表明,施用有机肥是调节土壤磷的供给和保持的重要措施,土壤水溶性有机碳和pH可能是反映红壤磷素供应和流失的关键指标。     

The role of iron oxides in the preservation of soil organic matter under long-term fertilization

Purpose

The aim of this paper is to enlighten the role of highly reactive iron (Fe) minerals in soil organic carbon (SOC) preservation in soil aggregates.

Materials and methods

The effects of four long-term (37-year) fertilization regimes (NPK, chemical fertilization; NPKM, chemical fertilization + cattle manure; M, cattle manure; CK, non-fertilization control) on organic carbon (OC) stability, soil iron fractions in bulk soil, and soil aggregates were studied to characterize the capacity and mechanism of Fe minerals to preserve SOM in soil.

Results and discussion

Long-term fertilization significantly altered the Fe fractions in soil and soil aggregates. The two applications with manure (NPKM and M) increased the non-crystalline Fe content, while the chemical fertilizer (NPK) increased the crystalline Fe content. Besides, long-term fertilization with manure greatly increased the content of SOC and soil total nitrogen (STN). The non-crystalline Fe was positively correlated with the SOC content in both soil and soil aggregates. Meanwhile, the long-term fertilization treatments greatly changed the mass distribution and OC content of soil aggregates.

Conclusions

Long-term manure fertilization promoted the formation of non-crystalline Fe fractions, which bounds to SOC to form soil macro-aggregates. Thus, the formation of SOC-Fe association in soil and soil aggregates plays a crucial role in SOC preservation.

     

Unlocking fixed soil phosphorus upon waterlogging can be promoted by increasing soil cation exchange capacity

Phosphorus (P) adsorbed by iron (Fe) oxyhydroxides in soil can be released when the Fe(III) minerals are reductively dissolved after soil flooding. However, this release is limited in tropical soils with large Fe contents and previous studies have suggested that P sorbs or precipitates with newly formed Fe(II) minerals. This hypothesis is tested here by scavenging Fe²⁺ in flooded soils by increasing the cation exchange capacity (CEC) of soil through resin application (30 cmol_c kg^?1; Na‐form). Three soils from rice paddies with contrasting properties were incubated in aerobic and anaerobic conditions with or without resin and with or without addition of organic matter (OM) to stimulate redox reactions. Dissolved Fe was 0.1–1.1 mm in unamended anaerobic soils and decreased to less than 0.07 mm with resin addition. Anaerobic soils without resin and aerobic soils with or without resin had marginal available P concentrations (<2 mg P kg^?1; anion‐exchange membrane P). In contrast, available P increased 3‐ to 14‐fold in anaerobic soils treated with resins, reaching 16 mg P kg^?1 in combination with extra OM. Application of Ca‐forms of resin did not stimulate P availability and dissolved Ca concentrations were larger than in unamended soils. Resin addition can increase P availability, probably by a combination of reducing solution Fe²⁺ (thereby limiting the formation of Fe(II) minerals) and increasing the OM solubility and availability through reducing dissolved Ca²⁺. The soil CEC is a factor controlling the net P release in submerged soils.     

Cypermethrin persistence and soil properties as affected by long-term fertilizer management

Abstract

Little is known about the effects of long-term fertilization on pesticide persistence. A long-term field experiment was thus conducted to study the influence of fertilization on soil physicochemical properties, microbial biomass carbon, microbial quotient, enzyme activities, and cypermethrin dissipation. Five fertilization treatments were arranged: organic manure (OM), NPK fertilizer, PK fertilizer, NK fertilizer, and no fertilizer (control). Soil organic C, N, P contents and enzymatic activities were higher in soils with balanced fertilization as opposed to those with unbalanced fertilization, especially fertilization with organic manure. The longest half-life of cypermethrin was in the NK treatment (15.1 d), the least in the PK treatment (9.6 d). Pesticide dissipation in non-sterilized and sterilized soils showed that changes of cypermethrin persistence were caused by biodegradation. Soil N/P ratio (ratio of soil-available N to available P) and available N content positively correlated with half-life (p<0.05), and could limit cypermethrin dissipation greatly. These results indicate that in agricultural practice, oversupplying N should not be advocated. P application may be an efficient way to decrease N/P ratio and enhance cypermethrin dissipation in soil with high available N content. Based on a comprehensive consideration of soil fertility, crop yield, and environment, a mixed application of organic manure and inorganic fertilizers is recommended in the region, although balanced fertilization results in slower cypermethrin dissipation than does N-deficiency treatment.     

砂土供磷特性及磷肥效应研究

砂土供磷特性及磷肥效应的研究结果表明，砂土磷素形态以无机磷为主，有机磷甚少，仅占全磷含量的８．８４％。无机磷占９１．１５％，无机磷形态组成以磷酸钙为主，Ｃａ－Ｐ平均为无机磷总量的８６．１％，Ｏ－Ｐ占９．６％，Ａｌ－Ｐ占３％，Ｆｅ－Ｐ占１．３％。各种形态无机磷与速效磷的关系为：ｙ（速效磷）＝４９．３０ｘ１（ＡＬ－Ｐ）＋２１．８５４７ｘ４（Ｃａ－Ｐ）－３．４２０９，表明Ａｌ－Ｐ、Ｃａ－Ｐ对砂土速效磷的     

Increasing phosphorus fertilizer value of recycled iron phosphates by prolonged flooding and organic matter addition

Iron (Fe) minerals are commonly used to remove phosphorus (P) from waste streams, producing P-loaded Fe(III) oxides or Fe(II) phosphate minerals (e.g., vivianite). These minerals may be used as fertilizers to enhance P circularity if solubilized in soil. Here, we tested the P fertilizer value of recycled Fe phosphates (FePs) in a pot trial and in an incubation experiment, hypothesizing that P release from FePs is possible under Fe(III)-reducing conditions. First, a pot trial was set up with rice (Oryza sativa) in all combinations of soil flooding or not, three P-deficient soils (acid, neutral, and calcareous), and six FePs (three Fe(III)Ps and three Fe(II)Ps) referenced to triple superphosphate (TSP) or zero amendments. Shoot P uptake responded to TSP application in all treatments but only marginally to FePs. The redox potential did not decrease to -200 mV by flooding for a brief period (13 d) during the pot trial. A longer incubation experiment (60 d) was performed, including a treatment of glutamate addition to stimulate reductive conditions, and P availability was assessed with CaCl₂ extraction of soils. Glutamate addition and/or longer incubation lowered soil redox potential to < -100 mV. On the longer term, Fe(III) minerals released P, and adequate P was reached in the calcareous soil and in the neutral soil amended with Fe(III)P-sludge. It can be concluded that prolonged soil flooding and organic matter addition can enhance the P fertilizer efficiency of FePs. Additionally, application of FeP in powder form may enhance P availability.     

农田土壤重组有机碳平衡的研究

Considerable evidence that the soil organic matter （OM） level in agricultural soils will gradually over time reach an equilibrium state under certain bioclimatic conditions and for certain cropping systems has been accumulating. Although models or long-term experiments have been used, this research used physical fractionation procedure to attain an soil OM equilibrium value. To obtain soil OM equilibrium values in the heavy fraction, typical soils from three long-term field experiments at Fengqiu and Yingtan State Key Agro-Ecological Experimental Stations in China were studied using a simple density fractionation procedure and employing the Langmuir equation. Results for the fluvo-aquic soil with organic fertilizer treatments indicated that the soil OM equilibrium value in the heavy fraction was twofold more than that in the inorganic treatments; however, for the paddy soil developed on red soil the OM equilibrium value in the heavy fraction for both treatments was almost identical. It suggested that for fiuvo-aquic soils the increased potential of OM for the heavy fraction in the long run was larger for the organic than the inorganic fertilizer applications, whereas for paddy soils developed on red soils under the same conditions the present OM content in the heavy fraction was at or close to this equilibrium level for all treatments, and increased potential was very limited.     

Long-term application of organic manure and nitrogen fertilizer on N2O emissions, soil quality and crop production in a sandy loam soil

A long-term field experiment was established to determine the influence of mineral fertilizer (NPK) or organic manure (composed of wheat straw, oil cake and cottonseed cake) on soil fertility. A tract of calcareous fluvo-aquic soil (aquic inceptisol) in the Fengqiu State Key Experimental Station for Ecological Agriculture (Fengqiu county, Henan province, China) was fertilized beginning in September 1989 and N₂O emissions were examined during the maize and wheat growth seasons of 2002-2003. The study involved seven treatments: organic manure (OM), half-organic manure plus half-fertilizer N (1/2 OMN), fertilizer NPK (NPK), fertilizer NP (NP), fertilizer NK (NK), fertilizer PK (PK) and control (CK). Manured soils had higher organic C and N contents, but lower pH and bulk densities than soils receiving the various mineralized fertilizers especially those lacking P, indicating that long-term application of manures could efficiently prevent the leaching of applied N from and increase N content in the plowed layer. The application of manures and fertilizers at a rate of 300 kg N ha⁻¹ year⁻¹ significantly increased N₂O emissions from 150 g N₂O-N ha⁻¹ year⁻¹ in the CK treatment soil to 856 g N₂O-N ha⁻¹ year⁻¹ in the OM treatment soil; however, there was no significant difference between the effect of fertilizer and manure on N₂O emission. More N₂O was released during the 102-day maize growth season than during the 236-day wheat growth season in the N-fertilized soils but not in N-unfertilized soils. N₂O emission was significantly affected by soil moisture during the maize growth season and by soil temperature during the wheat growth season. In sum, this study showed that manure added to a soil tested did not result in greater N₂O emission than treatment with a N-containing fertilizer, but did confer greater benefits for soil fertility and the environment.     

潮土肥力演变与施肥作用的长期定位试验初报

１９８９－１９９４年在河南封丘潮土上,对几种主要肥料的效益。以及不同施肥条件对土壤养分供应能力的影响进行了长期定位试验,试验结果表明;潮土的生产潜力很大,贫瘠的潮土单施Ｎ肥或Ｐ肥收效甚微,只要Ｎ,Ｐ肥配合施用,其交互增产作用极显著,如一旦停止施肥,产量又将急剧下降到很低水平,在富Ｋ的潮土上,连续五年不施Ｋ肥和有机肥,对小麦产量尚不构成影响,然而耕层土壤中的速效Ｋ以每年３．８ｍｇ／ｋｇ的速度下降,已     

长期施肥对我国典型土壤活性有机质及碳库管理指数的影响

对我国重点农区的6种典型土壤红壤、灰漠土、垆土、潮土、褐土、黑土长期耕作施肥后的活性有机质及碳库管理指数(CMI)进行了研究,探讨施肥对不同土壤活性有机质和CMI的影响。土壤活性有机质用KMnO4氧化法测定,采用3种浓度KMnO4(33、1673、33.mmol/L)将土壤活性有机质分为高活性有机质、中活性有机质和活性有机质3部分。结果表明,只耕作不施肥(CK)10年后土壤活性有机质含量降低,CMI下降11.1～63.6,其中垆土、褐土下降幅度最大、黑土最小。施用化肥也使土壤活性有机质下降,其中单施氮(N)的潮土活性有机质下降最大,达31.3%;化肥配合施用(NPK)的红壤活性有机质下降最大,其余土壤相对较小。施肥使土壤活性有机质和总有机质含量增加,高于初始土壤和CK。施用有机肥或有机肥配施化肥,土壤活性有机质含量和CMI均显著增加,CMI以红壤上升最大,达91.4,潮土最小,仅为4.6。土壤活性有机质的数量及CMI变幅大于土壤总有机质的变化幅度,以CMI变化为大,说明CMI是评价施肥耕作对土壤质量影响的最好指标。土壤活性有机质分组结果表明,红壤活性有机质组成以高活性有机质为主;垆土、灰漠土活性有机质以高活性和中活性两部分为主;潮土以中活性有机质为主。施肥对红壤、灰漠土活性有机质组分影响明显,对垆土、潮土影响相对较小。     

Corn biomass,uptake and fractionation of soil phosphorus in five soils amended with organic wastes as P fertilizers

Abstract

Sustainable food production includes mitigating environmental pollution and avoiding unnecessary use of non-renewable mineral phosphate resources. Efficient phosphorus (P) utilization from organic wastes is crucial for alternative P sources to be adopted as fertilizers. There must be predictable plant responses in terms of P uptake and plant growth. An 18-week pot experiment was conducted to assess corn (Zea mays L.) plant growth, P uptake, soil test P and P fractionation in response to application of organic P fertilizer versus inorganic P fertilizer in five soils. Fertilizers were applied at a single P rate using: mono-ammonium phosphate, anaerobically digested dairy manure, composted chicken manure, vegetable compost and a no-P control. Five soils used varied in soil texture and pH. Corn biomass and tissue P concentrations were different among P fertilizers in two soils (Warden and Quincy), with greater shoot biomass for composted chicken manure and higher tissue P concentration for MAP. Plant dry biomass ranged from highest to lowest with fertilizer treatment as follows: composted chicken manure?>?AD dairy?=?MAP?=?no-P control?=?vegetable compost. Soil test P was higher in soils with any P fertilizer treatment versus the no-P control. The loosely bound and soluble P (2.7?mg P kg^?1) accounted for the smallest pool of inorganic P fractions, followed by iron bound P (13.7?mg P kg^?1), aluminum bound P (43.4?mg P kg^?1) and reductant soluble P (67.9?mg P kg^?1) while calcium bound P (584.6?mg P kg^?1) represented the largest pool of inorganic P.     

连续种植蔬菜对潮土磷素水平的影响

Soil P status, inorganic P fractions, and P sorption properties were studied using sandy fluvo-aquic horticultural soils, which are high in organic matter content for vegetable production in comparison with a soil used for grain crop production in Zhengzhou, Henan Province, China. P fractions, Olsen-P, and OM were determined at different depths in the soil profile and sorption isotherm experiments were performed. Most P in excess of plant requirements accumulated in the topsoil and decreased with soil depth. Total P, inorganic P, and OM concentrations increased with continued horticultural use. Olsen-P concentrations in the 0-20 cm depth of horticultural soils were 9 to 25 times higher than those of the grain crop soil. A linear transformation of the Langmuir equation showed that the P adsorption maximum (491.3 mg P kg^-1) and the maximum phosphate buffering capacity (162.1 L kg^-1) for 80-100 cm were greater in the grain crop soil than the horticultural soils. Thus, the most immediate concern with excess P were in areas where heavy P fertilizer was used for vegetable crops and where soil P sorption capacities were low due to sandy soils and high organic matter content.     

Phosphate sorption characteristics of major soils in Okinawa,Japan

Abstract

Phosphate sorption isotherms were determined for 16 representative major soils developed from different parent materials on Okinawa. Phosphate sorption characteristics were satisfactorily described by the Langmuir equation, which was used to determine phosphorus (P) sorption maxima of the soils. Phosphate sorption maxima ranged from 630 to 2208 mg P kg^‐1 soil (mean 1,362 mg P kg^‐1). The standard P requirement (i.e., the amount of P required to attain 0.2 mg P L^‐1 equilibrium solution) followed the same trend as sorption maximum (r =0.94***), with values ranging from 132 to 1,020 mg P kg^‐1 soil (mean 615 mg P kg^‐1). This mean value corresponds to fertilizer addition of 923 kg P ha^‐1 indicating that the soils have high P fertilizer requirements. Results of simple linear regression analysis indicated that sorption maximum was significantly correlated with clay content, organic matter, oxalate iron (Fe), pyrophosphate Fe, DCB aluminum (Al), oxalate Al, and pyrophosphate Al, but not with DCB Fe, pH, or available P content. The best regression model for predicting sorption maximum was the combination of clay, organic matter, pyrophosphate Fe, and DCB Al which altogether explained 79% of the variance in sorption maximum. The equation obtained could offer a rapid estimation of P sorption in Okinawan soils.     

The accumulation and transfer of arsenic and mercury in the soil under a long-term fertilization treatment

Purpose

The North China Plain (NCP) is a strategic grain production base in China with a wild distribution of fertile soils. During the past 20 years, high-input intensive agriculture with excess chemical fertilizer application has sustained high grain yields, but may have resulted in contamination of some elements in farmland. In this study, the accumulation and transfer of arsenic (As) and mercury (Hg) in typical Calcaric Fluvisols with long-term different fertilization practices were investigated.

Materials and methods

Field experiments with seven treatments were launched in 1989, and soil and plant samples were collected and analyzed periodically. The treatments include OM (organic manure), OM?+?NPK (50 % organic manure?+?50 % chemical fertilizer), NPK, NP, PK, NK, and CK (the control experiment with no fertilizer).

Results and discussion

With over 20 years (1989–2009) of cultivation, various extents of As and Hg accumulations were really observed in the soil. The higher As and Hg contents were found in P fertilizers than those in N, K, or OM fertilizers. As a result, the long-term P fertilization slightly promoted Hg accumulations with decreased soil Hg concentrations in the order of NPK?≈?NP?≈?PK?≈?OM?+?NPK?>?OM?>?NK?≈?CK, which was similar to the order of crop yields. At the tillage layer (0–20 cm), Hg accumulation in the soil was enhanced by crop production, due to the highly accumulated Hg in plant roots finally remained in the soil. However, no significant differences of soil As concentrations can be found between treatments with and without P fertilizers probably due to water leaching and plant uptake.

Conclusions

Soil As and Hg were mainly contributed by fertilizers, irrigation, and atmospheric deposition in recent years, but they did not exhibit in significant accumulations in the soil. The contents of As and Hg were not above the critical safe levels of soils for crop production (As, <30 mg kg^?1; Hg, <500 μg kg^?1). Arsenic and Hg tended to move downward in the soil profile and the movement was hindered by clay minerals.